An animal feed revolution: How microbial protein sources will create a sustainable future

Transcription

1 An animal feed revolution: How microbial protein sources will create a sustainable future Margareth Øverland, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet Norges miljø- oget 0

2 Outline Food security and need for sustainable feeds Opportunities and challenges in the Aquaculture industry Development of salmon feed composition (%) Microbial feed resources Production of protein from natural gas Nutritonal value and health beneficial effects of bacterial meal Development of novel feed resources from trees and seaweed Nutritonal value and health beneficial effects of yeast

3 Foods of Norway aims to feed fish and farm animals using sustainable new ingredients Three faculties Three faculties at NMBU: at NMBU: Biosciences Host, BioSciences Chemistry, Chemistry, Biotechnology Biotechnology and Food and Science Food Science Veterinary Veterinary Medicine Medicine

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5 Food security Challenges: Climatic changes, Limited agricultural land, Over-reliance on imported feed resources Foto: NMBU; Spire, Shutterstock

6 Aquaculture is expanding to meet world s fish demand Source:

7 Constraints in the growth of the aquaculture industry Bottlenecks Limited access to marine ingredients Large dependence on imported feedstuffs Need for novel protein sources Photo: Shutterstock

8 Development of salmon feed composition (%) 100% Composition of salmon feed, % 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Marine protein Marine oils Plant proteins Plant oils Starch Micro-ingr. Source: Ytrestøyl et al., 2015

9 Looking ahead? Should we use human food to feed our farm animals? , 9 billion people - Global protein shortage - Climatic changes - Pressure on agricultural land - Political unstability

10 Microbial feed resources 500 kg soybeans produce ca kg protein per day. 500 kg yeast cells produce ca. 50 tonnes protein per day.

11 Production of protein from natural gas Gas Natural gas Recirculated liquid Spraydryer Oxygen UF Ammonia Minerals Suspended gas Steam Bacterial BIOPROTEIN meal Gas Minerals Harvest Centrifuges Heat treatment Methylococcus capsulatus

12 Bacterial meal Methylococcus capsulatus Methanotroph bacteria High protein content Crude protein 70% Fat 10% Carbohydrates 12% Ash 7% Other traits: - favorable amino acid composition - 10% nucleic acids - Bioactive components, e.g. Coenzyme Q8 Methanobactin Mop E Production efficiency: - 2 m 3 methane gas per kg BM biomass methane per kg crude protein Source: Øverland et al., 2010, Review in Archives of Anim. Nutr

13 The content of essential AA (g/16 g N) in bacterial meal in comparison to fishmeal 9 Essential amino acids, g/16 g N Arg His Iso Leu Lys Met Phe Tre Trp Val Bacterial meal Fishmeal Source: Øverland et al Review in Archieves Anim Nutr.

14 g/ day g/day Bacterial meal in piglet diets Effect on growth performance ADG. Linear P <0.05 Week 0-2 * * Week 0-4 * % 4% 8% 12% 0% 4% 8% 12% Daily gain Feed intake Daily gain Feed intake Bacterial meal level (%) Bacterial meal level (%) Source: Øverland et al Review in Archieves Anim Nutr.

15 Effect on growth performance of broiler chickens Response Source Diet Dosage Weight gain Feed intake Feed:gain Skrede et al., 2003 Soy 0, 3, 6, 9% Levels: > 6% Alle levels All levels Skrede et al., 2003 Soy 0, 2, 4, 8, 10% Levels > 4% > 6% Levels 4% Schøyen et al., 2007b Soy 0, 2, 4, 6% All levels Levels = 6% Levels 4% Øverland et al., 2011 Soy 0, 4, 8, 12% All levels All levels All levels Schøyen et al., 2007a Fish meal 0, 2, 4, 6% All levels All levels All levels

16 Growth rate and feed efficiency of salmon fed increasing levels of bacterial meal Specific growth rate, %/day Feed efficiency, gain:feed Source: Aas et al. 2006, Aquaculture; Øverland & Skrede, 2010

17 Purine metabolism Urocolytic pathway Uricase oxidase No problem in salmon No problem in pigs Some problem in birds Gout in primates Atlantic salmon: Liver uricase oxidase activity increased Liver expression of uricase oxidase was up-regulated Source: Andersen et al., 2006; Hellwing et al., 2007; Øverland et al., 2011

18 Effect of bacterial meal on fish health Normal gut Bacterial meal prevents inflammation in the gut Stomach Pyloric caeca Mid intestine Distal intestine Inflammed gut Source: Romarheim et al. 2011, J Nutr, Romarheim et al Br. J Nutr. Proliferating celll nuclear antigen, PCNA

19 Bacterial meal key results From more than 20 years of research at NMBU High quality protein source No health risk Pigs High growth rate and feed efficiency Positive effect on product quality Broiler chickens High growth rate and feed efficiency Positive effect on product quality Salmonids High growth rate and feed efficiency Positive effect on health 2009: EU approval (Regulation (EC) No 767/2009) Source: Øverland et al., 2010; Romarheim 2011, Romarheim 2013a,b

20 Bacterial meal from natural gas: A high-quality feed resource Review article, Øverland et al., 2010

21 Pilot plant - February 1, 2017 Centre for Process Innovation, Teesside, UK NouriTech; New factory in Tennessee, 2019 The innovation is based on Norwegian technology The cost of natural gas is recently reduced Bacterial meal can now be produced at a competitive price

22 Ongoing research in Foods of Norway

23 Trees as a feed resource Trees as a feed resource Norwegian forest is our largest bioresource oto: Forest in Ås, Norway

24 Flow chart of yeast production from lignocellulosic biomass Lignin Lignicellulosic biomass Pre-treatment Cellulose and hemicellulose Enzymatic hydrolysis C5 & C6 sugars Drying Centrifugation & filtration Fermentation Yeast for feed

25 New enzymes make the green resources available New discovery to improve enzyme efficiency at NMBULytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases Source: Vaaje-Kolstad, Westereng, Horn, Liu, Zhai, Sørlie, Eijsink. Science, 2010

26 Down stream processing of yeast Optimize downstream processing methods Methods: Cell crushing Autolyses Drying Evaluate effects on digestibility and health in salmon Source: Øvrum-Hansen, 2018, ifoods of Norway

27 Yeast fermentation in small scale Biorefinery laboratory at NMBU 3 ml vesicles 150 ml flasks 3-30 L fermenters 26

28 Yeast fermentation in large-scale Biorefinery factory, Borregaard,Norway 27

29 Yeast from trees as a feed resource Produced from green carbons Protein source Contains ~ 50-60% protein Favorable amino acid profile Good taste Positive health effect GRAS Source: Øverland & Skrede 2016, J. Sci. of Foods and Agriculture

30 Feeding experiments with salmon Photo: Fish laboratory at NMBU, Ås-campus

31 Protein digestibility (%) Digestibility of protein in salmon fed 30% yeasts Source: Øverland et al.,2013, Aquaculture, , 1-7

32 Growth and feed efficiency in Atlantic salmon fed 30% yeast Weight, %/day Feed conversion ratio, kg feed/kg fish * 1 * Source: Øverland et al.,2013, Aquaculture, , 1-7

33 Protein retention in salmon fed 30% yeast Protein retention, % * Source: Øverland et al.,2013, Aquaculture,

34 Bioactive components in yeast Manno-proteins β-glucans Chitin Nucleotides Antioxidants Source: Nataly Talavera et al, 2013

35 Effect of yeast on distal intestinal histology Soybean meal gave full enteritis Candida utilis gave normal intestine Normal atrophy of mucosal folds Normal odema score Normal supra nuclear vacules Some widening of the lamina propria Normal intestine SBM-induced enteritis

36 Immunohistochemistry effect on cell proliferation (PCNA) in distal intestine Source: Grammes et al., 2013, PlosOne, 8-12, 1-13 FM CV CU KM SC SBM Fish meal Chorella vulgaris Candida utilis Kluyveromyces marxianus Saccharomyces cerevesia Soybean meal

37 Microbial ingredients prevented inflammation in the distal intestine Transcriptomal aspects: Functional interpretation Heat map gene enrichment annotation, KEGG Source: Grammes et al., 2013, PlosOne, 8-12,

38 Yeast affect bacterial composition in the gut DNA isolation Intestinal content PCR- DGGE method Relative bacterial abundance FM CV CU KM SC SBM Fish meal Chlorella vulgaris Candida utilis Kluyveromyces marxianus Saccharomyces cerevisae Soybean meal Source: Grammes et al., 2013, PlosOne, 8-12, 1-13

39 Candida utilis yeast in diets for salmon High performance High feed intake and growth rate, and high feed efficiency Cell proliferation in the gut, PCNA Promote good health Prevents inflammation in the hind gut Promote mucosal tolerance Strenghetens the gut barrier function Favorable gut microbiota Inflamed gut Normal gut Source: Øverland et al., 2013; Aquaculture; Grammes et al., 2013; PlosOne. Candida utilis LYCC7549

40 Yeast in diets for piglets 0% 3.6% % yeast in the diets 7.3% 14.6%

41 Estimated tree biomass volume for large scale yeast production 1 tonne tree bomass = 0.65 tonnes sugar. = 0,26 tonnes yeast 100kt yeast 3.85 k tonnes tree bomass =

42 Yeast from trees: A high-quality feed resource

43 Seaweeds a potential feed resource Seaweeds: Large biomass production Don t require any agricultural land, fertilizers, or fresh water Can be cultivated in sea water Binds and recycles nutrients Food Feed Chemicals Seaweed biomass Binders & gels Food additives Bioenergy Fertilizer

44 Prosessering of seaweeds to feed Biomass from brown kelp Hydrolysis Bioactive components Feed additives Low- molecular fractions: E.g. Sugars, N- sources, minerals High-molecular fractions: E.g. Proteins Yeast fermentation Feed Feed

45 Trees and seaweeds in an integrated biorefinery process to produce feed Biomass Biorefinery processing Yeast

46 Conclusion Blue & green biomass Technology Advanced technology to develop novel feed resources from natural gas and non-food biomass such as trees and seaweeds will be important to help meet the global food challenge. Microbial feed resources have an advantage in that they can be produced independently of arable land and climate, and they relieve pressure on food resources for direct human food production. Novel feed resources Continued research and development in production of microbial ingredients will make an important contribution to securing the sustainability and economic viability of future feed markets Value creation Fremtidsfestivalen

47 Acknowledgements BioSciences Margareth Øverland Gro Steine Gunnar Klemetsdal Liv Torunn Mydland Jon Øvrum Hansen Felipe Reveco Adrijana Skugor Hanne Dvergedal Ingrid Mari Håkanåsen Ana Cruz Laidy Lagos Peng Lei Alemayehu Kidane Sagaye Stine Vhile Birger Svihus Milena Bjelanovic Ricardo Tavares Benicio Ragnhild Ånestad Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food sciences Vincent Eijsink Svein Jarle Horn Kiira Vuoristo Line Degn Hansen Sandeep Sharma Bjørge Westereng Et al 18 industry & innovation partners Veterinary Medicine Charles Press Henning Sørum Caroline Piercey Åkesson Randi Sørby Alexander Kashulin Aleksandra Bodura Göksu Özgün Candan Onarman Umu Stanislav Lakhno Et al. Web Page: Facebook: