Adopting Technology in the Swine Industry: the impact of precision feeding

Transcription

1 Adopting Technology in the Swine Industry: the impact of precision feeding C. Pomar Agriculture and Agri Food Canada, Sherbrooke

2 Introduction Pigs are feed in groups with the same diet which composition can change over the growing period Feeds 2

3 Introduction Feeding programs are proposed to maximize group responses by serving successive diets (phases) at minimal feed costs Feeds 3

4 Introduction In each phase, nutrient levels are provided to maximize the response of the population (nutritional requirement) 1.09 g/mj Body weight gain (g/d) Lys:NE (g/mj) Hauschild et al.,

5 Introduction However, nutrient requirements vary greatly between the pigs, in the amount and over time 1.2 Lysine DIS, % Porc 1 Porc 2 Porc Jours 5

6 Introduction 1.60 We have found in a pig population that nutrient requirements vary greatly between the pigs, and for each pig over time following individual patterns 1.40 Lysine Req., g/ne Experimental day Hauschild et al.,

7 Introduction 1.60 Conventional feeding programs provide nutrients at levels that greatly exceed the needs of a large portion of the population 1.40 Lysine Req., g/ne Thus, most of the pigs receive more nutrients than they need to express their growth potential Experimental day Hauschild et al.,

8 Introduction In commercial conditions, only 25-30% of the ingested nitrogen and phosphorous is retained by the pigs body Non retained nitrogen and other nutrients are excreted via the feces and urine Dourmad et al., 1999, Shirali et al. 2011, Andretta et al. 2014, Pomar et al

9 Introduction Improving nitrogen and phosphorous retention can significantly contribute to reduce feed cost and improve the environmental sustainability of the swine industry 9

10 Introduction Essential elements for improving nutrient utilization are: 1. The evaluation of the nutritional potential of feed ingredients 2. The determination of animal or population nutrient requirements 3. The formulation of balanced diets that limit the amount of excess nutrients 4. The concomitant adjustment of nutrient supply to match the requirements of the animals, in groups or individually Pomar et al

11 Nutrient requirements: the concept For one individual animal at a given time For a given nutrient (e.g., Lys), and when all other nutrients are provided at adequate levels, nutrient requirements can be defined as the amount of this nutrient that will allow this individual animal to perform its natural functions in a normal manner The requirements are estimated for a given animal at a given point in time as the sum of the requirements for maintenance and production Fuller, 2004; Noblet and Quiniou,

12 Nutrient requirements: the concept Nutrient requirements are modulated by factors that are related to the, animal (e.g., genetic potential, age, weight and sex) feed (e.g., digestibility and anti-nutritional factors) environment (e.g., temperature and space allowance) These modulating factors can change overtime Fuller, 2004; Noblet and Quiniou,

13 Nutrient requirements: the concept For one individual animal at a given time Only one diet (size) 13

14 Nutrient requirements: the concept For a group of (heterogeneous) animals One feed to all pigs (one size fits all) 14

15 Nutrient requirements: the concept For a group of (heterogeneous) animals Pigs within a population have different weight, age, genetic potential and therefore, have different requirements For most nutrients, underfeed animals will exhibit reduced performance while the overfeed ones will exhibit near optimal performance 15

16 Nutrient requirements: the concept For a group of (heterogeneous) animals Population nutrient requirements should be seen as the optimal balance between the proportion of pigs that are going to be overfeed and underfeed This optimal balance can be defined as the amount of nutrients needed for specific production purposes (e.g., optimal population growth, protein deposition, feed efficiency, feed cost/kg of gain) Pomar et al

17 Nutrient requirements: the concept For a group of (heterogeneous) animals One feed to all pigs (one size fits all) 17

18 Nutrient requirements: the concept Precision feeding take into account this variability by giving to each pig of the herd each day the amount of nutrients it needs Lysine Req., g/ne Experimental day Pomar et al., 2009,

19 Nutrient requirements: the concept With precision feeding Each pig is fed with a diet tailored daily for him 19

20 Precision feeding: the concept Precision farming or precision agriculture is an agricultural concept that relies on the existence of in-field variability Precision feeding (or precision nutrition) involves the use of feeding techniques that allow the right amount of feed with the right composition to be provided at the right time to each animal of the herd 20

21 Precision feeding: the concept Precision nutrition or precision feeding is an essential element of sustainable precision livestock farming that involves the use of feeding techniques that allow the right amount of feed with the right composition to be provided at the right time to each pig of the herd Pomar et al

22 Precision feeding: the concept Sustainable precision livestock farming consists in the on-line continuous and automatic monitoring of animals and their environment to support optimal management decisions The main purpose of precision farming is to enhance, farm profitability nutrient efficiency sustainability 22

23 Precision feeding: the concept For the sustainable precision livestock farming, genetics, feeds and feeding, environmental conditions, and health are among the most important control elements For the efficient application of precision farming we need: Measuring devices (eg., scales for body weight and feed measurements, etc.) Numerical methods (eg., mathematical models estimating real-time nutrient requirements, etc.) Control devices (eg., Intelligent feeders, etc.) 23

24 Precision feeding: the concept Les éléments essentiels d une alimentation de précision sont: 1) The evaluation of the nutritional potential of feed ingredients and least-cost formulation of feeds that when mixed at different proportions will provide each pig of the herd with the required amount of nutrients (precision formulation) 2) The real-time estimation of each pig nutrient requirements 3) The daily provision to each pig of the herd of a blend of feeds that have the optimal concentration of nutrients Pomar et al

25 Precision feeding: the concept The feeders 6 prototypes 25

26 Precision feeding: the concept The feeders 26

27 Precision feeding: application The feeders 27

28 Precision feeding: application 7 animal trials and several others dealing with the numerical procedures 28

29 Precision feeding: validation Trial 1 : 60 castrated males 41,2 ± 3,9 kg Trial 2 : 35 females and 35 castrated males 30,4 ± 2,2 kg PRÉ PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 Andretta et al. 2014; d 29

30 Precision feeding: validation Estimated for each pig in real time Daily lysine requirements Parameters previously calibrated in two projects Zhang et al., 2012 Cloutier et al., trials 6prototypes Hauschild et al.,

31 Precision feeding: validation Feed A Feed B d Trial 1 Trial 2 Comercial feeds I, II e III Feed A Feed A Feed B Feed B 31

32 Precision feeding: validation Trial 1: feeding programs Three-phase feeding 3P COM MPG MPI Lysine, % Lysine, % Lysine, % Lysine, % Days Days Days Days Three-phase feeding A+B (3P) Providing within each phase a fixed blend of premixes A and B calculated during the first 3 days of each phase to satisfy the lysine requirement of the 80 th percentile pig of this group 32

33 Precision feeding: validation Trial 1: feeding programs Multi-phase feeding 3P COM MPG MPI Lysine, % Lysine, % Lysine, % Lysine, % Days Days Days Days Daily-phase-individual feeding Pigs were fed with a blend of premixes A and B calculated at the beginning of each day to satisfy the lysine requirement of each pig individually 33

34 Precision feeding: validation Trial 2: feeding programs Nutrient suply Lysine, % Three-phase feeding A+B (3P) Daily-phase-individual feeding Days Period, days 34

35 Precision feeding: validation Trial 2: feeding programs Daily-phase-individual feeding Nutrient suply Lysine, % Pigs were fed with blends of A and B feeds calculated at the beginning of each day to provide 110% (MP110), 100% (MP100), 90% (MP90) or 80% (MP80) of the estimated SID lysine requirements Days Period, days 35

36 Precision feeding: validation Feed intake was recorded in real time for each pig through a computerized registering system. Pigs were weighed weekly during the project. 36

37 Precision feeding: validation PRÉ d Protein and lipid amounts were obtained by transforming the lean and fat values from the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry densitometry measurements to their chemical equivalents Nitrogen excretion: ratio between retention and intake Pomar et Rivest,

38 Precision feeding: validation Trial 1 Max. range: 24.1 g/j Average intra-day range 16,7 g/d SID Lys Average intra-day CV 22% Andretta et al. 2014;

39 Precision feeding: validation Trial 2 Average intra-day range 15.2 g/d SID Lys Average intra-day CV 20% Max. range: 27 g/j Andretta et al. 2014;

40 Precision feeding: validation Dietary SID lysine level in trial 1 (A) and trial 2 (B) A 3P B COM 1.1 MPG MPI P MPI110 MPI100 MPI90 MPI SID Lysine, % SID Lysine, % Period, days Period, days Trial 1 Trial 2 3P vs MPI: -27% 3P vs MPI100: -26% 40 Andretta et al. 2014; 2015

41 Precision feeding: validation Table1 Performance, feeding costs and nitrogen balance of pigs fed in three-phase (3P), commercial (COM), daily-phase-group (MPG) and daily-phase-individual (MPI) feeding programs (trial 1) Treatments Variable 3P COM MPG MPI SEM P value Daily feed intake, kg/day 3,05 b 2,73 a 3,07 b 3,05 b 0,04 <0,01 Daily weight gain, kg/day 1,11 1,07 1,11 1,10 0,01 0,58 Gain:Feed ratio, kg/kg 0,38 b 0,40 a 0,37 b 0,37 b 0,01 0,01 Daily protein gain, g/day ,30 0,65 Daily lipid gain, g/day ,11 0,16 Final BW, kg ,12 0,24 Final backfat thickness, mm 19,1 a 16,8 b 19,5 a 19,1 a 0,50 0,03 Final loin muscle depth, mm 70,1 70,2 71,5 70,2 0,74 0,91 Daily crude protein intake, g/day 480 a 433 b 433 b 405 b 5,80 <0,01 Daily SID 2 lysine intake, g/day 23,8 a 23,9 a 19,7 b 17,4 c 0,42 <0,01 Nitrogen retention, kg/pig 2,17 2,08 2,08 2,06 0,02 0,64 Nitrogen excretion, kg/pig 4,04 a 3,52 b 3,54 b 3,17 b 0,07 <0,01 Feeding cost, $/pig 85,5 ab 87,3 a 82,7 b 78,6 c 0,94 <0,01 Feeding cost, $/100kg 92,4 ab 97,7 a 89,8 bc 85,3 c 0,01 <0,01 1 Within a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05) according to Tukey's test. 2 Standardized ileal digestible. Andretta et al

42 Precision feeding: validation Table1 Performance, feeding costs and nitrogen balance of pigs fed in three-phase (3P), commercial (COM), daily-phase-group (MPG) and daily-phase-individual (MPI) feeding programs (trial 1) Treatments Variable 3P COM MPG MPI SEM P value Daily feed intake, kg/day 3,05 b 2,73 a 3,07 b 3,05 b 0,04 <0,01 Daily weight gain, kg/day 1,11 1,07 1,11 1,10 0,01 0,58 Gain:Feed ratio, kg/kg 0,38 b 0,40 a 0,37 b 0,37 b 0,01 0,01 Daily protein gain, g/day ,30 0,65 Daily lipid gain, g/day ,11 0,16 Final BW, kg ,12 0,24 Final backfat thickness, mm 19,1 a 16,8 b 19,5 a 19,1 a 0,50 0,03 Final loin muscle depth, mm 70,1 70,2 71,5 70,2 0,74 0,91 Daily crude protein intake, g/day 480 a 433 b 433 b 405 b 5,80 <0,01 Daily SID 2 lysine intake, g/day 23,8 a 23,9 a 19,7 b 17,4 c 0,42 <0,01 Nitrogen retention, kg/pig 2,17 2,08 2,08 2,06 0,02 0,64 Nitrogen excretion, kg/pig 4,04 a 3,52 b 3,54 b 3,17 b 0,07 <0,01 Feeding cost, $/pig 85,5 ab 87,3 a 82,7 b 78,6 c 0,94 <0,01 Feeding cost, $/100kg 92,4 ab 97,7 a 89,8 bc 85,3 c 0,01 <0,01 1 Within a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05) according to Tukey's test. 2 Standardized ileal digestible. Andretta et al

43 Precision feeding: validation Table1 Performance, feeding costs and nitrogen balance of pigs fed in three-phase (3P), commercial (COM), daily-phase-group (MPG) and daily-phase-individual (MPI) feeding programs (trial 1) Treatments Variable 3P COM MPG MPI SEM P value Daily feed intake, kg/day 3,05 b 2,73 a 3,07 b 3,05 b 0,04 <0,01 Daily weight gain, kg/day 1,11 1,07 1,11 1,10 0,01 0,58 Gain:Feed ratio, kg/kg 0,38 b 0,40 a 0,37 b 0,37 b 0,01 0,01 Daily protein gain, g/day ,30 0,65 Daily lipid gain, g/day ,11 0,16 Final BW, kg ,12 0,24 Final backfat thickness, mm 19,1 a 16,8 b 19,5 a 19,1 a 0,50 0,03 Final loin muscle depth, mm 70,1 70,2 71,5 70,2 0,74 3P vs MPI 0,91 Daily crude protein intake, g/day 480 a 433 b 433 b 405 b 5,80-16% <0,01 Daily SID 2 lysine intake, g/day 23,8 a 23,9 a 19,7 b 17,4 c 0,42-27% <0,01 Nitrogen retention, kg/pig 2,17 2,08 2,08 2,06 0,02 0,64 Nitrogen excretion, kg/pig 4,04 a 3,52 b 3,54 b 3,17 b 0,07-22% <0,01 Feeding cost, $/pig 85,5 ab 87,3 a 82,7 b 78,6 c 6,9 0,94 $/porc <0,01 (8%) Feeding cost, $/100kg 92,4 ab 97,7 a 89,8 bc 85,3 c 0,01 <0,01 1 Within a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05) according to Tukey's test. 2 Standardized ileal digestible. Andretta et al

44 Precision feeding: validation Table2 Performance, feeding costs and nitrogen balance of pigs fed in three-phase program (3P) or daily-phase-individual program (MP) considering 110%, 100%, 90% ou 80% of the estimated nutritional requirements (trial 2) Variable Traitements 1 P 3P MP110 MP100 MP90 MP80 SEM value Daily feed intake, kg/day 2,44 2,43 2,53 2,57 2,33 0,03 0,52 Daily weight gain, kg/day 1,05 a 1,05 a 1,03 a 1,00 ab 0,93 b 0,01 <0,01 Gain:Feed ratio, kg/kg 0,43 0,43 0,41 0,39 0,40 0,01 0,05 Daily protein gain, g/day 167 a 167 a 166 a 158 ab 148 b 3,10 <0,01 Daily lipid gain, g/day ,74 0,55 Final BW, kg 119 a 118 a 116 ab 114 ab 108 b 1,21 0,02 Final backfat thickness, mm 15,6 17,0 15,5 16,1 15,2 0,36 0,37 Final loin muscle depth, mm 72,4 a 74,1 a 69,7 ab 64,6 b 64,6 b 0,87 <0,01 Daily crude protein intake, g/day 380 a 331 b 318 b 302 bc 262 c 4,00 <0,01 Daily SID 2 lysine intake, g/day 22,4 a 18,1 b 16,5 bc 15,0 c 12,5 d 0,38 <0,01 Nitrogen retention, kg/pig 2,25 a 2,24 a 2,24 a 2,13 ab 1,99 b 0,01 <0,01 Nitrogen excretion, kg/pig 2,66 a 2,04 b 1,87 bc 1,78 bc 1,41 c 0,02 <0,01 Feeding cost, $/pig 80,5 a 74,8 ab 72,8 b 72,8 b 68,0 c 0,33 0,01 Feeding cost, $/100kg 89,7 a 84,4 b 84,6 b 84,8 b 86,3 ab 1,21 0,04 1 Within a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05) according to Tukey's test. 2 Standardized ileal digestible. Andretta et al. 2015

45 Precision feeding: validation Table2 Performance, feeding costs and nitrogen balance of pigs fed in three-phase program (3P) or daily-phase-individual program (MP) considering 110%, 100%, 90% ou 80% of the estimated nutritional requirements (trial 2) Variable Traitements 1 P 3P MP110 MP100 MP90 MP80 SEM value Daily feed intake, kg/day 2,44 2,43 2,53 2,57 2,33 0,03 0,52 Daily weight gain, kg/day 1,05 a 1,05 a 1,03 a 1,00 ab 0,93 b 0,01 <0,01 Gain:Feed ratio, kg/kg 0,43 0,43 0,41 0,39 0,40 0,01 0,05 Daily protein gain, g/day 167 a 167 a 166 a 158 ab 148 b 3,10 <0,01 Daily lipid gain, g/day ,74 0,55 Final BW, kg 119 a 118 a 116 ab 114 ab 108 b 1,21 0,02 Final backfat thickness, mm 15,6 17,0 15,5 16,1 15,2 0,36 0,37 Final loin muscle depth, mm 72,4 a 74,1 a 69,7 ab 64,6 b 64,6 b 0,87 <0,01 Daily crude protein intake, g/day 380 a 331 b 318 b 302 bc 262 c 4,00 <0,01 Daily SID 2 lysine intake, g/day 22,4 a 18,1 b 16,5 bc 15,0 c 12,5 d 0,38 <0,01 Nitrogen retention, kg/pig 2,25 a 2,24 a 2,24 a 2,13 ab 1,99 b 0,01 <0,01 Nitrogen excretion, kg/pig 2,66 a 2,04 b 1,87 bc 1,78 bc 1,41 c 0,02 <0,01 Feeding cost, $/pig 80,5 a 74,8 ab 72,8 b 72,8 b 68,0 c 0,33 0,01 Feeding cost, $/100kg 89,7 a 84,4 b 84,6 b 84,8 b 86,3 ab 1,21 0,04 1 Within a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05) according to Tukey's test. 2 Standardized ileal digestible. Andretta et al. 2015

46 Precision feeding: validation Table2 Performance, feeding costs and nitrogen balance of pigs fed in three-phase program (3P) or daily-phase-individual program (MP) considering 110%, 100%, 90% ou 80% of the estimated nutritional requirements (trial 2) Variable Traitements 1 P 3P MP110 MP100 MP90 MP80 SEM value Daily feed intake, kg/day 2,44 2,43 2,53 2,57 2,33 0,03 0,52 Daily weight gain, kg/day 1,05 a 1,05 a 1,03 a 1,00 ab 0,93 b 0,01 <0,01 Gain:Feed ratio, kg/kg 0,43 0,43 0,41 0,39 0,40 0,01 0,05 Daily protein gain, g/day 167 a 167 a 166 a 158 ab 148 b 3,10 <0,01 Daily lipid gain, g/day ,74 0,55 Final BW, kg 119 a 118 a 116 ab 114 ab 108 b 1,21 0,02 Final backfat thickness, mm 15,6 17,0 15,5 16,1 15,2 0,36 0,37 Final loin muscle depth, mm 72,4 a 74,1 a 69,7 ab 64,6 3P b vs MPI100 64,6 b 0,87 <0,01 Daily crude protein intake, g/day 380 a 331 b 318 b 302 bc -16% 262 c 4,00 <0,01 Daily SID 2 lysine intake, g/day 22,4 a 18,1 b 16,5 bc 15,0 c -26% 12,5 d 0,38 <0,01 Nitrogen retention, kg/pig 2,25 a 2,24 a 2,24 a 2,13 ab 1,99 b 0,01 <0,01 Nitrogen excretion, kg/pig 2,66 a 2,04 b 1,87 bc 1,78 bc -30% 1,41 c 0,02 <0,01 Feeding cost, $/pig 80,5 a 74,8 ab 72,8 b 72,8 7,7 $/porc b 68,0(10%) c 0,33 0,01 Feeding cost, $/100kg 89,7 a 84,4 b 84,6 b 84,8 b 86,3 ab 1,21 0,04 1 Within a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05) according to Tukey's test. 2 Standardized ileal digestible. Andretta et al. 2015

47 Precision feeding: validation Precision vs. Conventional feeding Variable Trial 1 Trial 2 Feed intake n.s. n.s. Weight gain n.s. n.s. Protein deposition n.s. n.s. Lipid deposition n.s. n.s. Protein intake < 16% < 16% Lysine intake < 27% < 26% Nitrogen excretion < 22% < 30% Feeding cost, $/pig < 8% < 10% Andretta et al. 2014;

48 Precision feeding: discussion Why such a reduction (near 40%)? 1.60 Nutrient requirements vary greatly between individuals Lysine Req., g/ne Experimental day Pigs are fed to maximize population responses Body weight gain (g/d) g/mj Lys:NE (g/mj) 48

49 Precision feeding: discussion Why such a reduction (near 40%)? 1.09 g/mj Lysine Req., g/ne Body weight gain (g/d) Lys:NE (g/mj) Experimental day 49

50 Precision feeding: discussion Protein efficiency (intake/retention) , , Commercial farms Precison feeding 2014 Precision feeding 2018 Dourmad et al., 1999, Shirali et al. 2011, Andretta et al. 2014, Pomar et al

51 Precision feeding: conclusion Feeding growing pigs individually with daily tailored diets may be a key element to optimize the sustainability of pig farming systems According to the current findings, precision feeding technique is an effective approach to improve nutrient efficiency, to reduce nutrient excretion, to decrease raising costs and to improve economic profitability in pig industry 51

52 Precision feeding: utilization In a context of precision livestock farming, feeding interventions are at different levels, Scientist 52

53 Precision feeding: utilization 1. Individual precision feeding allows: Reducing by 10-15% feeding costs by reducing the expensive excess supply of nutrients (protein, P, etc.) Reducing by 2-3% feed fabrication costs, storage, management and shipping by using the same two or more premixes on all farms Reducing by more than 40% the excretion of N, P and other polluting constituents of manure and the amount of soil required for manure application Lysine Req., g/ne Experimental day 53

54 Precision feeding: utilization 2. Intelligent management of feeds and animals with advanced computerized technologies allows: Real-time off-farm monitoring of feeds and animals for improved economic efficiency Reducing labor requirements and costs through the automatic monitoring and management of feeds and animals Early identification of diseases and the precise application of individual veterinary treatments, resulting in improved herd performance and lower veterinary costs 54

55 Precision feeding: utilization 3. Easy application of dietary treatments facilitates: Evaluation of new feeds and feed co-products Determination of optimal responses 55

56 Precision feeding: utilization 4. Easy application of dietary treatments facilitates: Manipulating growth rate and composition of each pig automatically managing individual feed supply (voluntary or restricted feeding) and feed composition (e.g. providing higher levels of P to future reproduction gilts, limiting fatness or enhancing it in market pigs, etc.) Diminuer le recours aux antibiotiques en détectant de façon précoce les maladies et en administrant des traitements individualisés 56

57 Precision feeding: utilization 5. Precision farming allows: Reducing odours, improving labour conditions and relationships with neighbours by reducing ammonia and methane emissions Complying with societal standards in terms of environmental footprint, environmental sustainability, animal well-being and highquality meat products 57

58 Precision feeding: utilization The pork industry must continually adapt: to changing international trade rules at a time when governments are gradually reducing support and society is raising its animal welfare and environmental standards In this context of production and trade, the future belongs, to the most economically efficient farmers, producing quality and safe foods and complying with the highest environmental and animal welfare standards 58

59 Precision feeding: utilization Precision feeding is an essential tool in the development of sustainable livestock production systems that will guarantee the lasting viability of the Canadian swine industry 59

60 Precision feeding: final remarks The pork industry must continually adapt: to changing international trade rules at a time when governments are gradually reducing support and society is raising its animal welfare and environmental standards In this context of production and trade, the future belongs, to the most economically efficient farmers, producing quality and safe foods and complying with the highest environmental and animal welfare standards 60

61 Precision feeding 61

62 Thank you

63 Merci beaucoup Candido Pomar Chercheur scientifique Téléphone : Courriel : Candido.Pomar@agr.gc.ca