Future Issues in Swine Nutrition

Transcription

1 Future Issues in Swine Nutrition Kees de Lange Professor of Swine Nutrition Research Program Director for Animal Production Systems University of Guelph Nov 14, 12

2 Outline Continued need for wisdom & research Changing research environment; paradox of progress Production systems, society concerns, advanced methodology, interdisciplinary Selected areas for research and practical application 1. (Methodology for) ingredient evaluation (Dr. John Patience presentation) 2. Society concerns: environmental foot print; animal well being; animal product quality and safety 3. From static nutrient requirements to dynamic responses to diet (nutrients and non-nutrients) 4. Animal robustness (animal s ability to cope with environmental stressors) 5. Animals (pigs) as models for humans (peri-natal nutrition; apatite & obesity; allergenicity)

3 Outline Continued need for wisdom & research Changing research environment; paradox of progress Production systems, society concerns, advanced methodology, interdisciplinary Selected areas for research and practical application 1. (Methodology for) ingredient evaluation (Dr. John Patience presentation) 2. Society concerns: environmental foot print; animal well being; animal product quality and safety 3. From static nutrient requirements to dynamic responses to diet (nutrients and non-nutrients) 4. Animal robustness (animal s ability to cope with environmental stressors) 5. Animals (pigs) as models for humans (peri-natal nutrition; apatite & obesity; allergenicity)

4 Wisdom. "The Earth is degenerating today. Bribery and corruption abound. Children no longer obey their parents, every man wants to write a book, and it is evident that the end of the world is fast approaching. Assyrian tablet, ca BC Courtesy: Dr. Peter Davies; Univ. of Minnesota

5 Society s need for PROTEIN Most expensive component of the human diet Part of a healthy balanced diet Global demand for animal protein will increase by 30% by 2030: Global population 7 billion in 2012 => 8 billion in 2030 Per capita consumption: 24.2 kg/yr in 1961 => 36.4 kg/yr in 1999 => 45.3 kg/yr by 2030 Agricultural production and productivity will need to be stepped up 70% of increased production must come from efficiency enhancing technologies (UN- FAO 2002) Schoenfeldt, 2011

6 ...A changing animal production industry.. Larger and/or more specialized animal units Increased and more predictable animal performance levels genetic selection better environmental management, including nutrition Consumer demand: more animal products high quality, consistent & safe animal products reduced use of feed additives focus on animal welfare Environmental concerns: Environmental foot print, life cycle analyses, etc. Economic pressures

7 Outbreaks per year (pork) Improved efficiency and safety of (US) pork production Foodborne outbreaks linked to pork (CDC) Period Courtesy: Dr. Peter Davies; Univ. of Minnesota

8 Acceptability of modern food and livestock industries. Sometimes...it is not all that easy to draw a line between outright villainy and the standard, legitimate practices of the modern food production industry. Colin Tudge, Biologist, UK The present system of producing food animals in the USA is not sustainable and presents an unacceptable level of risk to public health and damage to the environment, as well as unnecessary harm to the animals we raise for food. Pew Commission Report on Industrial Farm Animal Production, 2006

9 The paradox of progress Something s just not right our air is clean, our water is pure, we all get plenty of exercise, everything we eat is organic and free range, and yet....nobody lives past thirty Courtesy: Dr. Peter Davies; Univ. of Minnesota

10 Experimental methodology Era of omics Genomics, proteomics and metabolomics to characterize gut microbiome and animal physiology Allows manipulation of the animal s functional genome (genetic engineering & nutrigenomics) Consequences Impressive toolbox, with some limitations Needs a multidisciplinary research team, including specialists and integrators Increased need for well characterized animal phenotypes and whole-body responses

11 Experimental methodology Era of omics Genomics, proteomics and metabolomics to characterize gut microbiome and animal physiology Allows manipulation of the animal s functional genome (nutrigenomics) Consequences Impressive toolbox, with some limitations Needs a multidisciplinary research team, including specialists and integrators Increased need for well characterized animal phenotypes and whole-body responses Public debate about ethics

12 Application of biotechnology: Bacterial epidermal growth factor (EGF) Powerful growth factor stimulating gut development in young pigs; present in milk, saliva and blood Porcine EGF gene has been isolated, inserted in Lactococcus Lactus & modified to increase expression Bacterial EGF: just as effective as purified EGF to stimulate gut development newly weaned piglets Gut mucosa (stained for cell proliferation) Univ. of Guelph; Bedford et al., 2012a,b

13 EGF from engineered LL bacteria is just as effective as blood plasma in supporting growth of newly weaned piglets Control + Blood plasma -Blood plasma Overall performance, week 1 to 3 post-weaning -Blood plasma + EGF BW gain, g/d (+21%) Feed:Gain (-9%) Feed usage, kg/pig Univ. of Guelph; Bedford et al., 2012a,b

14 EGF from engineered LL bacteria is just as effective as blood plasma in supporting growth of newly weaned piglets Control + Blood plasma -Blood plasma -Blood plasma + EGF Overall performance, week 1 to 3 post-weaning BW gain, g/d (+21%) Feed:Gain (-9%) Feed usage, kg/pig Feed ingredient cost*, $/kg Feed cost*, $/pig * Dr. Clunies; September 18; EXCLUDING cost of EGF Savings : $2.40 per pig Univ. of Guelph; Bedford et al., 2012a,b

15 1. Feed Ingredient Evaluation Essence of animal production is conversion of inexpensive ingredients into high-quality value-added animal products Needs continuous updating of tables about nutritional values of feed ingredients, due to new plant varieties, growing and processing conditions, as well as new ingredients Consider methodology for estimating nutrient bioavailability: Digestibility bioavailability Interactions among nutrients: fermentable fiber & amino acid bio-availability Interactive effects of diet composition and feeding behavior Energy utilization: function of nutrient source & animal state Impact of animal state (e.g., disease) on nutrient digestibility Simple means to enhance and predict feeding values Should remain in public domain

16 Protein Deposition, g/d Utilization of Standardized Ileal Digestible AA Intake for Body protein gain (%): Impact of dietary AA Source Casein Wheat Shorts 70 Lysine Threonine Growing pigs fed threonine or lysine limiting diets; N balance Univ. of Guelph; Libao et al, 2006

17 Energetic efficiencies: determined by (1) dietary sources of energy and (2) purpose for which energy is used LC Fatty Acids Absorbed nutrients Glucose VFA Amino Acids (N) Intermediary metabolism (Acetyl-CoA & ATP Lipid Dep. Maintenance Protein Dep. Use of energy Birkett & de Lange, 2001; NOT compatible with least-cost feed formulation

18 2. Animal Nutrition & Society Need for objective, quantitative, transparent information that is acceptable to policy makers (& general public) and that illustrates the impact of alternative management/feeding strategies on society issues: Environment (carbon footprint, GHG, etc.), animal well-being, food safety and quality, well documented functional food attributes E.g., International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) detailed (Tier 2) prediction of CH 4 emission from manure: Allows local adjustments to excretion of volatile solids, manure handling systems and climatic conditions Adjustments require solid scientific support, and need updating with changes in management practices (Vellinga et al., 2012)

19 Nutrient balances of gestating sows - 2 phase feeding NRC (2012) Nitrogen Phosphorus Carbon Intake, kg/sow Retention, kg/sow Retention, % of intake Excretion, kg/sow Does NOT consider consequences of feeding below SID amino acid or STTD phosphorus requirements

20 3. From Static Nutrient Requirements to Dynamic Responses to Nutrient Intake Feeding to requirements optimum feeding strategy Optimizing feeding strategies requires quantitative relationships between dietary nutrient levels and dynamic responses of groups of animals, considering: Animal performance potentials, including feed intake Between animal variability Marginal responses to nutrient intakes Nutritional history & environmental conditions Interactions among nutrients (see feed ingredient evaluation) and with non-nutrients (e.g., chemo-sensing) Decision support systems for analysis of cost-benefit and environmental impacts

21 Between animal variability in lean gain (body protein deposition; PD) & AA requirements CV of PD is 10% or more (closely related to variability in ADG; DeGrau et al., 2003) Maximum efficiency of AA utilization increases slightly with maximum PD (Möhn et al., 2004; NRC, 2012) Cost benefit (?): estimate variability & meet requirements of 70% or more of pigs (Pomar et al., 2003)

22 CV of PD 50% of pigs: 5.44 % lysine 10% CV of PD: 70% of pigs: 5.70 % lysine (+5%) 85% of pigs: 5.95 % lysine (+10%) 20% CV of PD: 70% of pigs: 5.96 % lysine (+10%) 80 kg BW pigs; PDmax 140 g/d; intake 100% of NRC (2012); diet DE 14 MJ/kg

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25 Nursery feeding program (wk 1-6 after weaning) & performance up to market weight (110 kg BW) P<0.01 Feeding low quality nursery diets: ADG: - 12% Gain:Feed: - 2.5% Feed cost per nursery pig: - $2 to 3 Skinnner et al., 2011; Pigs weaned at 7 kg BW; complex nursery diets contained more high quality animal protein and tetracycline; fed common grower and finisher diets

26 Nursery feeding program (wk 1-6 after weaning) & performance up to market weight (110 kg BW) Overall P<0.01 Gain : Feed: P < 0.10 Complex + AB: Simple AB: NS Skinnner et al., 2011; Pigs weaned at 7 kg BW; complex nursery diets contained more high quality animal protein and tetracycline; fed common grower and finisher diets

27 Nursery feeding program (wk 1-6 after weaning) impacts response to a disease challenge (Strep Suis & Erysipelas) P < 0.10 NS P < 0.05 P<0.01 Nursery feeding program impacts: Digestive physiology, short term only (Levesque et al., 2012) Expression of immune function genes, short & long term (Rudar et al., 12) Skinnner et al., 2011; Pigs weaned at 7 kg BW; complex nursery diets contained more high Mucosa-associated quality animal protein microbiota, and tetracycline; short fed common & long grower term (Levesque and finisher et al., diets 2012)

28 Impact of galacto-manan oligosaccharides (GMOS) on gene expression Control GMOS IL-1 / GAPDH b a (jejunum mucous) IGF-1 / GADH b a (liver) Growth Hormone (ng/ml) b a (plasma) 1000bp 500bp 508bp IL-1β 312bp GAPDH Pigs at 14 days post-weaning; Tang, 2004; Chinese Academy of Science

29 4. Animal Robustness & Nutrition (1/2) Animal s genotype and peri-natal management impacts the animal s response to the environment Mediated by changes in the animal s physiology, that can be manipulated Sick Sick + IL-1 receptor antagonist Feed intake, kg/d ADG, g 200 a 278 b Carcass protein gain, g/d 32.4 a b Carcass lipid gain, g/d Univ. of Guelph; Dionnissopoulos et al. (2006); 10 to 17 kg BW; pigs infected with mycoplasma & PRRS vaccine; controlled feeding; 28 d period

30 4. Animal robustness & Nutrition (2/2) Immuno-nutrition Mechanisms Nourish cells of immune system Nourish pathogens Modify the response of leukocytes Protect against immuno pathology Influence gut microbiome Stimulate immune system Nutrient or bioactives All Biotin, iron Energy, PUFA, some AA, Vit. A,D,E PUFA, Vit. A, some AA, polyphenols Pre-biotics, some AA, probiotics ANFs, Mannan oligosaccharides A basis for genotype and environment specific nutrition: peri-natal and real-time Adjusted from Klasing (2007)

31 In Summary Many swine nutrition issues remain: Research agenda driven increasingly by society issues New research methodology is available, which brings with it new opportunities Keep production research in the public domain Important roles for animal nutritionists: e.g., as integrators across disciplines

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33 Nutritional history / feeding patterns When growing pigs are fed once daily, efficiency of utilizing synthetic lysine for PD is reduced (Batterham, 1984; Partridge et al., 1985) Of limited practical relevance when pigs are fed ad libitum or more than once daily Following a period of AA intake restriction pigs may demonstrate compensatory PD (many studies): Reduces need for phase feeding & reduced need for expensive feed protein for young pigs Predict the rate and extent of compensatory growth

34 Lysine (g/mj DE) *Finishing pigs: Systems Research: production Trial 2; Live weight (kg) MLC (2004): 1024 pigs in pen groups 35 kg to 102 kg BW Single feed Blend feeding P Feed intake (kg/d) <.10 Gain (g/d) <.10 Feed:gain ns Carcass (kg) ns Backfat (mm) ns UK cost of production (US $/kg carcass) %

35 Hypothesis: compensatory PD occurs only during the energy intake dependent phase of PD Driven by a target body composition (body lipid/body protein ratio) Constrained by maximum PD (PDmax)

36 Body lipid / body protein Growth during & following lysine intake restriction: I. Barrows & restricted feeding NS P<0.01 P< kg BW kg BW kg BW 1.4 P< P< Rate & composition of BW gain is not influenced by previous AA intake restriction Martinez Ramirez & de Lange (2007)

37 Body lipid / body protein Growth during & following lysine intake restriction: II. Entire males & restricted feeding a ab b NS b a a kg BW kg BW kg BW a ab b NS Complete compensatory growth following AA intake restriction Martinez Ramirez & de Lange (2007)

38 Consequences of feeding below AA requirements Reductions in protein/lean gain, and thus in growth rate and feed efficiency May be followed compensatory protein/lean gain: Seems constrained by the pig s protein /n gain potential and amino acid intake Appears driven by a target body composition (body lipid / body protein ratio) Quantification remains a challenge, but it represents a means to reduce: intake of expensive feed protein at early stages of growth, without compromising overall pig performance the need for phase feeding MLC (2004); Martinez-Ramirez & de Lange (2007)