Diges&on in the Stomach. Stomach Stores food. Secretes gastric juice (enzymes) converts a meal to acid chyme Mechanically grinds food.
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1 Tongue Pharynx Glottis Larynx Trachea Food Epiglottis up Esophageal contracted Esophagus To To lungs stomach Glottis up and closed Epiglottis down Esophageal relaxed Tongue Pharynx Glottis Larynx Trachea Food Epiglottis up Esophageal contracted Esophagus To To lungs stomach Glottis up and closed Epiglottis down Esophageal relaxed Glottis down and open Relaxed muscles Relaxed muscles Epiglottis up Esophageal contracted Contracted muscles Sphincter relaxed Diges&on in the Stores food Secretes gastric juice (enzymes) converts a meal to acid chyme Mechanically grinds food 1
2 Gastric juice Chemical Diges&on in the Hydrochloric acid and pepsin Parietal cells Esophagus Sphincter Secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately Chief cells secrete inac&ve pepsinogen Mucus ac&vated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in stomach 5 µm Interior surface of stomach Gastric gland Mucus cells Chief cells Parietal cells Sphincter Small intestine Epithelium Pepsinogen Pepsin 2 HCl 1 H Cl + 3 Chief cell Parietal cell Folds of epithelial tissue Pepsinogen and HCl are secreted. HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin. Pepsin activates more pepsinogen. protects stomach lining from gastric juice Gastric ulcers lesions in the lining Par&ally caused by bacterium Helicobacter pylori Dynamics Coordinated contrac&on and relaxa&on of stomach muscle churn the stomach s contents Sphincters prevent chyme from entering esophagus and regulate entry into small intes&ne 2
3 Diges&on in the Small Intes&ne Small intes5ne Longest sec&on of the alimentary canal Major organ of diges&on and absorp&on Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Carbohydrate digestion Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen) Salivary amylase Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose) Protein digestion Nucleic acid digestion Fat digestion Smaller polysaccharides, maltose Proteins Pepsin Small polypeptides Lumen of small intes- Polysaccharides Polypeptides DNA, RNA Fat globules tine Pancreatic amylases Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin Pancreatic nucleases Maltose and other disaccharides Bile salts Nucleotides Fat droplets Smaller polypeptides Pancreatic carboxypeptidase Pancreatic lipase Amino acids Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides Epithelium of small Small peptides Nucleotidases intestine (brush border) Disaccharidases Dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase, and aminopeptidase Nucleosides Nucleosidases and phosphatases Monosaccharides Amino acids Nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphates Diges&on in the Small Intes&ne Duodenum First por&on of small intes&ne Acid chyme from the stomach mixes with diges&ve enzymes from: pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intes&ne itself 3
4 Gallbladder Bile Liver peristalsis Secretin and CCK Gastrin + Gastric enzymes bile CCK + Pancreas Duodenum of small intestine Bicarb Secretin + CCK=Cholecystokinin CCK + enzymes Key + Stimulation Inhibition Pancreas Pancrea&c Secre&ons Diges&ve accessory organ Mixed gland Produces proteases (among others) trypsin and chymotrypsin Protein- diges&ng enzymes Ac&vated aker entering duodenum alkaline solu&on neutralizes the acidic chyme Bile Produc&on by the Liver Bile Aids in diges&on and absorp&on of fats Emulsifica&on Made in the liver Stored in the gallbladder 4
5 Secre&ons of the Small Intes&ne Brush border Epithelial lining of duodenum produces several diges&ve enzymes Aminopep&dases, maltase, sucrase, lactase Most diges&on occurs in the duodenum Jejunum and ileum func&on mainly in absorp&on of nutrients and water Absorp&on in the Small Intes&ne Huge surface area Due to villi and microvilli greatly increases rate of nutrient absorp&on Vein carrying blood to hepatic portal vein Microvilli (brush border) at apical (lumenal) surface Lumen Blood capillaries Muscle layers Villi Epithelial cells Large circular folds Basal surface Epithelial cells Lacteal Key Nutrient absorption Intestinal wall Villi Lymph vessel 5
6 Absorp&on in the Small Intes&ne Lacteal Small lympha&c vessel in each villus Surrounded by a network of capillaries Lumen Triglycerides of small intestine Fatty acids Monoglycerides Epithelial cell glycerol and faqy acids absorbed by epithelial cells Then recombined into fats Chylomicrons Molecules of these fats mixed with cholesterol and coated with protein transported into lacteals Triglycerides Phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins Chylomicron Lacteal Absorp&on in the Small Intes&ne Amino acids and sugars Pass through the epithelium of small intes&ne enter the bloodstream Capillaries and veins from the villi (near lacteals) converge in the hepa5c portal vein deliver blood to liver and then to heart Colon Absorp&on in the Large Intes&ne Majority of large intes5ne Cecum Connected to small intes&ne Aids in fermenta&on of plant material Appendix connects where small and large intes&nes meet Extension of the human cecum plays a very minor role in immunity 6
7 Large Intes&ne A major func&on of colon recover water Feces Wastes of diges&ve tract Become more solid as they move through the colon Pass through the rectum and exit via the anus colon houses strains of Escherichia coli (and many others) some of which produce vitamins Vitamin K Rectum Feces storage Two s between rectum and anus control bowel movements Internal/external anal Colon Evolu&onary adapta&ons Diges&ve systems of vertebrates varia&ons on a common plan adapta&ons, oken related to diet Size and type of teeth Length of intes&nes Number of stomachs 7
8 Some Dental Adapta&ons Den&&on Animal s assortment of teeth Mammals have varying den&&on adapted to their usual diet Incisors Canines Molars Premolars (a) Carnivore (b) Herbivore The teeth of poisonous snakes modified as fangs for injec&ng venom (c) Omnivore All snakes can unhinge their jaws to swallow prey whole and Intes&nal Adapta&ons Herbivores Generally have longer alimentary canals than carnivores Indica&ve of the longer &me needed to digest vegeta&on Small intestine Small intestine Cecum Colon (large intestine) Carnivore Herbivore 8
9 Mutualis&c Adapta&ons Many herbivores have fermenta&on chambers Where symbio&c microorganisms digest cellulose Crop, cecum, rumen 1 Rumen 2 Reticulum Intestine Esophagus Ruminants Coprophagy?! The most elaborate adapta&ons for an herbivorous diet 4 Abomasum 3 Omasum Deer, sheep, caqle several mechanisms help regulate body weight Homeosta&c mechanisms feedback circuits control body s storage and metabolism of fat over long- term Hormones regulate long- term and short- term appe&te by affec&ng a sa&ety center in the brain Lep&n Produced by fat cells Appe&te suppressant Overnourishment and Obesity Leptin PYY Ghrelin Insulin Obesity and Evolu&on The problem of maintaining weight partly stems from our evolu&onary past fat hoarding was means of survival Petrels become obese as chicks In order to consume enough protein from high- fat food, chicks need to consume more calories than they burn 9
10 You should now be able to: 1. Name the three nutri&onal needs that must be met by an animal s diet 2. Describe the four classes of essen&al nutrients 3. Dis&nguish among undernourishment, overnourishment, and malnourishment 4. Describe the four main stages of food processing 5. Dis&nguish between a complete diges&ve tract and a gastrovascular cavity You should now be able to: 6. Follow a meal through the mammalian diges&ve system: List important enzymes and describe their roles Compare where and how the major types of macromolecules are digested and absorbed 7. Relate varia&ons in den&&on with different diets 8. Explain where and in what form energy- rich molecules may be stored in the human body 10
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