Bio& 242 Unit 1 / Lecture 4
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1 Bio& 242 Unit 1 / Lecture 4 system: Gastric hormones GASTRIN: Secretion: By enteroendocrine (G) in gastric pits of the mucosa. Stimulus: Stomach distention and acid ph of chyme causes Gastrin. Action: 1. increases HCl production in stomach 2. increases gastric motility 3. stimulates growth of gastric mucosa 4. contract lower esophageal sphincter 5. relaxes pyloric sphincter 6. relaxes ileocecal sphincter 1
2 system: Gastric hormones Somatostatin: Secretion: By enteroendocrine (D) in gastric pits of the mucosa in the pylorus. Stimulus: continuously released, overridden by Gastrin and nerves Action: Inhibition of Gastrin production system: Small Intestinal hormones SECRETIN: Secretion: By Enteroendocrine (S) in the Crypts of Lieberkuhn of small intestine. Stimulus: Acid chyme in small intestine causes secretion of Secretin: Actions: stimulate secretion of pancreatic juice and bile that is rich in bicarbonate ions. inhibit production of HCl in stomach promote growth and maintenance of the pancreas enhance effects of Cholecystokinin (CCK) Increases rate of bile secretion by hepatocytes 2
3 system: small intestinal hormones CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK): Secretion: Enteroendocrine (CCK) in the small intestine mucosa Crypts of Lieberkuhn Stimulus: Chyme rich in amino, triglycerides and fatty enter the small intestine. Actions: increases secretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes opens the Sphincter of Oddi contracts the gallbladder Inhibits gastric secretion and motility May reduce hunger system: small intestinal hormones Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP): Secretion: Enteroendocrine in the small intestine mucosa Crypts of Lieberkuhn Stimulus: Chyme rich in triglycerides, fatty, and glucose enter the small intestine. Actions: Stimulates release of insulin by beta Inhibits gastric secretion and motility Stimulates lipogenesis by adipose tissue Stimulates glucose use by skeletal muscle 3
4 system: small intestinal hormones Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP): Secretion: Enteroendocrine in the small intestine mucosa Crypts of Lieberkuhn Stimulus: Chyme entering the small intestine. Actions: Stimulates buffer secretion Inhibits gastric secretion Dilates intestinal capillaries system Pancreas and Islets of Langerhans Endocrine make up 1% of the pancreas and are observed as Islets of Langerhans: 1. Alpha : Secrete Glucagon (increases blood sugar) 2. Beta : Secrete Insulin (decreases blood sugar) 3. Delta : Secretes Somatostatin (inhibits secretion of both glucagon and insulin and prolongs rate of nutrient absorption / decrease depletion) 4. F-: Secrete Pancreatic Polypeptide (inhibit secretion of digestive enzymes and inhibits contraction of the gallbladder) 4
5 Enzymatic Digestion of Carbohydrates Amylase Dextrinase Maltase Sucrase Lactase Salivary glands Pancreas Brush Border Brush Border Brush Border Brush Border Starches Amylose Dextrins Maltose Sucrose Lactose Maltose Dextrins Glucose Glucose Glucose Fructose Glucose Galactose Enzymatic Digestion of Lipids Lipase Tongue Triglycerides Fatty (Lingual) monoglycerides Lipase Stomach (gastric) Milk butterfats Fatty monoglycerides Lipase Pancreas Triglycerides Fatty (pancreatic) monoglycerides 5
6 Enzymatic Digestion of Proteins Pepsin Chief Proteins Peptides Pepsinogen (HCl) Trypsin Proteins Peptides Trypsinogen (enterokinase) Chymotrypsin Proteins Peptides Chymotrypsinogen (Trypsin) Enzymatic Digestion of Proteins Elastase Proelastase (Trypsin) Proteins Peptides amino Carboxypeptidase Procarboxypeptidase (Trypsin) Terminal AA on the carboxyl end Enterokinase Brush Border Trypsinogen Trypsin 6
7 Enzymatic Digestion of Proteins peptidase Brush Border Terminal AA at the amino end Dipeptidase Brush Border Dipeptides Acids Enzymatic Digestion of nucleic Acids Ribonuclease Ribonucleic Nucleotides (A, G,, C, or U) Deoxyribonuclease Deoxyribonucleic acid Nucleotides (A, G, T, C) Nucleosidases Brush Border Nucleotides Nitrogenous Bases, pentoses, phosphates 7
8 8
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