Capítulo 41 Sistema Digestivo. Rumiantes. Termita y Trychonympha. Biol Sistema Digestivo 18/04/2016. Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó

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Bird-Picó Departamento de Biología Recinto Universitario de

1 Figure 41.6 Suspension Feeders and Filter Feeders Baleen Substrate Feeders Fluid Feeders Capítulo 41 Sistema Digestivo Bulk Feeders Caterpillar Feces Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó Departamento de Biología Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez Figura Rumen 2 Rumiantes Retículo Termita y Trychonympha Esófago Intestino 4 Abomaso 3 Omaso Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó

2 Figure Tractos digestivos de acuerdo a la dieta Digestión Intracelular Figure 41.7 Mouth Tentacles Digestión Extracelular Canales Alimentarios Food 1 Digestive enzymes released 2 Food particles broken down Epidermis Gastrodermis 3 Food particles engulfed and digested Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó

Stimulus: Blood glucose level rises after eating. Pancreas secretes insulin.

glucose/ 100 ml blood Breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into blood

3 Figure Transport of glucose into body cells and storage of glucose as glycogen Stimulus: Blood glucose level rises after eating. Pancreas secretes insulin. Tipos de dentición y dietas asociadas a los mismos Homeostasis: mg glucose/ 100 ml blood Breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into blood Stimulus: Blood glucose level drops below set point. Pancreas secretes glucagon. Figure 41.9 Tongue Oral cavity Salivary glands Pharynx Mouth Salivary glands Liver Gallbladder Gallbladder Pancreas Large Rectum Anus Duodenum of small Liver Pancreas Large Rectum Anus Schematic diagram Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó

Esophageal sphincter contracted Glottis Larynx Trachea Esophageal sphincter contracted To lungs To stomach To lungs To

10-3 Tongue Pharynx Glottis Larynx Trachea To lungs Bolus of food Epiglottis up Esophageal sphincter contracted To

4 Figure Figure Tongue Pharynx Bolus of food Epiglottis up Tongue Pharynx Bolus of food Epiglottis up Glottis Larynx Trachea Esophageal sphincter contracted Glottis Larynx Trachea Esophageal sphincter contracted To lungs To stomach To lungs To stomach Figure Tongue Pharynx Glottis Larynx Trachea To lungs Bolus of food Epiglottis up Esophageal sphincter contracted To stomach Relaxed muscles Contracted muscles relaxed Figure µm Gastric pits on interior surface of stomach Gastric gland Mucous cell Epithelium Pepsinogen Pepsin 2 HCl Chief cell 1 H + Cl 3 Folds of epithelial tissue Secreción de jugo gástrico Chief cell Parietal cell Parietal cell Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó

Duodeno Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Figure 41.

41.12-2 Carbohydrate digestion Polysaccharides Salivary amylase Digestión Enzimática Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Figure 41.

Maltose polysaccharides Protein digestion Proteins Pepsin polypeptides (enzymes from pancreas) Pancreatic amylases Disaccharides polypeptides

5 Duodeno Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Figure Carbohydrate digestion Polysaccharides Salivary amylase Digestión Enzimática er Maltose polysaccharides Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Figure Carbohydrate digestion Polysaccharides Salivary amylase Digestión Enzimática Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Figure Carbohydrate digestion Polysaccharides Salivary amylase Digestión Enzimática er Maltose polysaccharides Protein digestion Proteins Pepsin er Maltose polysaccharides Protein digestion Proteins Pepsin polypeptides (enzymes from pancreas) Pancreatic amylases Disaccharides polypeptides Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin er polypeptides Nucleic acid digestion DNA, RNA Pancreatic nucleases Nucleotides Fat digestion Fat (triglycerides) Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic carboxypeptidase peptides Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Figure 41.

amylases Disaccharides Protein digestion Proteins Pepsin polypeptides Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin er polypeptides Nucleic acid digestion DNA, RNA

epithelium) Disaccharidases peptides Dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase, and aminopeptidase Nucleotidases Nucleosides Nucleosidases and phosphatases Glycerol,

13 Muscle layers Intestinal wall Key Nutrient absorption Vellosidades y microvellosidades Villi Vein carrying blood to liver Blood capillaries Epithelial

6 Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Figure Carbohydrate digestion Polysaccharides Disaccharides Salivary amylase Digestión Enzimática (enzymes from pancreas) er Maltose polysaccharides Pancreatic amylases Disaccharides Protein digestion Proteins Pepsin polypeptides Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin er polypeptides Nucleic acid digestion DNA, RNA Pancreatic nucleases Nucleotides Fat digestion Fat (triglycerides) Pancreatic lipase Digestión de Proteínas Pancreatic carboxypeptidase (enzymes from epithelium) Disaccharidases peptides Dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase, and aminopeptidase Nucleotidases Nucleosides Nucleosidases and phosphatases Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides Monosaccharides Amino acids Nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphates Figure Muscle layers Intestinal wall Key Nutrient absorption Vellosidades y microvellosidades Villi Vein carrying blood to liver Blood capillaries Epithelial cells Large circular folds Villi Microvilli (brush border) at apical (lumenal) surface Epithelial cells Basal surface Lymph vessel Lacteal Lumen Figure LUMEN Triglycerides OF SMALL INTESTINE Epithelial cell Fatty acids Monoglycerides Phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins Chylomicron Triglycerides Lacteal Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó

Acidez del quimo y presencia de amino ácidos y grasas: estimula duodeno.

Si el quimo es rico en grasas, la CCK y secretina inhiben la peristalsis y secreción de jugo

Gastric juices Apetito, hormonas y centro de saciedad Grelina: estimula apetito Leptina:

7 Figure 41.19a Figure 41.19b Bolo alimenticio: presiona pared estomacal: gastrina promueve secreción de jugo gástico Acidez del quimo y presencia de amino ácidos y grasas: estimula duodeno. Secreción de colecistocinina (CCK) y secretina. Si el quimo es rico en grasas, la CCK y secretina inhiben la peristalsis y secreción de jugo gástico en estómago: digestión más lenta 3 Key + Stimulation Inhibition Secretin and CCK Gastric juices Apetito, hormonas y centro de saciedad Grelina: estimula apetito Leptina: producida en tejido adiposo; suprime apetito Péptido YY: producido en intestino delgado: suprime apetito, motilidad gástrica y secreción pancreática; aumenta absorción de agua y electrolitos en el cólon. Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó

to wild-type mouse RESULTS Genotype pairing (red type indicates mutant genes) Subject Paired

+ ob + ob +, db + db + ob ob, db + db + ob + ob +, db db Average change in body mass (g) of

8 Figure EXPERIMENT Leptina y obesidad Intestino grueso Obese mouse with mutant ob gene (left) next to wild-type mouse RESULTS Genotype pairing (red type indicates mutant genes) Subject Paired with ob + ob +, db + db + ob + ob +, db + db + ob ob, db + db + ob ob, db + db + ob ob, db + db + ob + ob +, db + db + ob ob, db + db + ob + ob +, db db Average change in body mass (g) of subject * *Due to pronounced weight loss and weakening, subjects in this pairing were reweighed after less than eight weeks. Table 41.1 Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó

Secretions from gastric glands Secretions from liver

9 Table 41.2 M i n e r a l e s Figure 41.UN01 Veins to heart Hepatic portal vein Lymphatic system Liver Mouth Absorbed food (except lipids) Lipids Absorbed water Secretions from salivary glands Secretions from gastric glands Secretions from liver Secretions from pancreas Large Anus Rectum Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó

Figure Nutrition: omnivore, herbivore, carnivore

Figure Nutrition: omnivore, herbivore, carnivore Figure 41.1 Nutrition: omnivore, herbivore, carnivore Essential Nutrients: Amino acids Fatty acids Vitamins Minerals Figure 41.2 Complete vs incomplete Omnivore vs herbivore (vegetarian) Table 41.1 Table