About the Editors List of Contributors

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "About the Editors List of Contributors"

Kenneth Pope
5 years ago
Views:

1 3GFTOC 07/20/ :21:12 Page 9 Preface About the Editors List of Contributors Acknowledgements xvii xix xxi xxv 1 Starch Biosynthesis in Relation to Resistant Starch 1 Geetika Ahuja, Sarita Jaiswal and Ravindra N. Chibbar 1.1 Introduction Starch components Resistant starch Factors Affecting Starch Digestibility Starch Biosynthesis Starch Biosynthesis in Relation to RS ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) Starch synthases (SS) Starch branching enzymes (SBE) Starch debranching enzymes (DBE) Concluding Remarks 13 Acknowledgements 15 References 15 2 Type 2 Resistant Starch in High-Amylose Maize Starch and its Development 23 Hongxin Jiang and Jay-lin Jane 2.1 Introduction RS Formation in High-Amylose Maize Starch RS Formation During Kernel Development Elongated Starch Granules of High-Amylose Maize Starch Structures of elongated starch granules 31 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL ix

2 3GFTOC 07/20/ :21:12 Page 10 x Formation of elongated starch granules Location of RS in the starch granule Roles of High-Amylose Modifier (HAM) Gene in Maize ae-mutant Conclusions 37 References 38 3 RS4-Type Resistant Starch: Chemistry, Functionality and Health Benefits 43 Clodualdo C. Maningat and Paul A. Seib 3.1 Introduction Historical Account of Starch Indigestibility Starch Modification Yielding Increased Resistance to Enzyme Digestibility Cross-linked RS4 starches Substituted RS4 starches Pyrodextrinized RS4 Starches Physicochemical Properties Affecting Functionality Physiological Responses and Health Benefits Performance in Food and Beverage Products Conclusions and Future Perspectives 68 References 68 4 Novel Applications of Amylose-Lipid Complex as Resistant Starch Type 5 79 Jovin Hasjim, Yongfeng Ai and Jay-lin Jane 4.1 Introduction Enzyme Digestibility of Amylose-Lipid Complex Effects of lipid structure on the enzyme resistance of amylose-lipid complex Effects of the crystalline structure on the enzyme resistance of amylose-lipid complex Effects of amylose-lipid complex on the enzyme resistance of granular starch Production of Resistant Granular Starch Through Starch-Lipid Complex Formation Effects of fatty-acid structure on the RS content Effects of debranching on the RS content Applications of the RS Type Health Benefits of RS Type Glycemic and insulinemic control 87

3 3GFTOC 07/20/ :21:12 Page 11 xi Colon cancer prevention Conclusion 91 References 92 5 Digestion Resistant Carbohydrates 95 Annette Evans 5.1 Introduction Starch Digestion Physical Structures of Starch Starch helices Crystalline structures Starch granule structure Resistant Starch due to Physical Structure Molecular Structure of Starch Enzyme Resistance due to Molecular Structure Conclusion 106 References Slowly Digestible Starch and Health Benefits 111 Genyi Zhang and Bruce R. Hamaker 6.1 Introduction SDS and Potential Beneficial Health Effects Potential health benefit of SDS relative to RDS The Process of Starch Digestion Enzyme action Structural and Physiological Fundamentals of SDS Physical or food matrix structures related to SDS Starch chemical structures leading to SDS Other food factors that decrease digestion rate Physiological control of food motility Application-Oriented Strategies to Make SDS Starch-based ingredients SDS generation in a food matrix Considerations 123 References Measurement of Resistant Starch and Incorporation of Resistant Starch into Dietary Fibre Measurements 131 Barry V. McCleary 7.1 Introduction Development of AOAC Official Method

4 3GFTOC 07/20/ :21:12 Page 12 xii 7.3 Development of an Integrated Procedure for the Measurement of Total Dietary Fibre 136 References In Vitro Enzymatic Testing Method and Digestion Mechanism of Cross-linked Wheat Starch 145 Radhiah Shukri, Paul A. Seib, Clodualdo C. Maningat, and Yong-Cheng Shi 8.1 Introduction Materials and Methods Materials General methods Conversion of CL wheat starch to phosphodextrins and 31 PNMR spectra of the phosphodextrins Digestibility of CL wheat starch Thermal properties Microscopic observation Scanning electron microscope (SEM) Statistical analysis Results and Discussion Effects of a-amylase/amyloglucosidase digestion on P content and chemical forms of the phosphate esters on starch Thermal properties Starch granular morphology before and after enzyme digestion Digestibility Conclusions Acknowledgements Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 163 References Biscuit Baking and Extruded Snack Applications of Type III Resistant Starch 167 Lynn Haynes, Jeanny Zimeri and Vijay Arora 9.1 Introduction Thermal Characteristics of Heat-Shear Stable Resistant Starch Type III Ingredient Application to Biscuit Baking: Cookies Cracker Baking Extruded Cereal Application Preparation of extruded RTE cereal and analysis 179 References 189

5 3GFTOC 07/20/ :21:12 Page 13 xiii 10 Role of Carbohydrates in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes 191 Thomas M.S. Wolever 10.1 Introduction Background Definition of diabetes Types of diabetes Complications of diabetes Prevalence of diabetes Risk factors for type 2 diabetes Carbohydrates and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Markers of carbohydrate quality Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Effect of Altering Source or Amount of Dietary Carbohydrate on Insulin Sensitivity, Insulin Secretion and Disposition Index Mechanisms by Which Low-GI Foods Improve Beta-Cell Function Glucose toxicity Reduced serum free fatty acids (FFA) Increased GLP-1 secretion Conclusions 202 References Resistant Starch on Glycemia and Satiety in Humans 207 Mark D. Haub 11.1 Introduction Diet and Resistant Starch Resistant Starch and Insulin Sensitivity Current Theoretical Mechanism Satiety Fermentation and Gut Microbiota Effect of RS Type Summary 213 References The Acute Effects of Resistant Starch on Appetite and Satiety 215 Caroline L. Bodinham and M. Denise Robertson 12.1 Appetite Regulation Measurement of Appetite in Humans Proposed Mechanisms for an Effect of Resistant Starch on Appetite 217

6 3GFTOC 07/20/ :21:13 Page 14 xiv 12.4 Rodent Data Human Data 221 References Metabolic Effects of Resistant Starch 229 Martine Champ 13.1 Fermentation of RS and Its Impact on Colonic Metabolism Resistant Starch, Glycemia, Insulinaemia and Glucose Tolerance RS Consumption and Lipid Metabolism RS Consumption, GIP, GLP-1 and PYY Secretion RS Consumption, Satiety and Satiation and Fat Deposition Conclusion 242 References The Microbiology of Resistant Starch Fermentation in the Human Large Intestine: A Host of Unanswered Questions 251 Harry J. Flint 14.1 Introduction Identifying the Major Degraders of Resistant Starch in the Human GI Tract The human colonic microbiota Cultural studies S rrna-based studies Systems for Starch Utilization in Gut Bacteria Bacteroides spp Bifidobacterium spp Lachnospiraceae - Roseburia spp., Eubacterium rectale and relatives Ruminococcaceae Metagenomics Factors Influencing Competition for Starch as a Growth Substrate Metabolite Cross-Feeding Impact of Dietary Resistant Starch upon Colonic Bacteria and Bacterial Metabolites in Humans Conclusions and Future Prospects 260 Acknowledgements 262 References 262

7 3GFTOC 07/20/ :21:13 Page 15 xv 15 Colon Health and Resistant Starch: Human Studies and Animal Models 267 Suzanne Hendrich, Diane F. Birt, Li Li and Yinsheng Zhao 15.1 RS Classification RS and Colon Health: Overview RS, Gut Microbes and Microbial Fermentation RS and laxation RS, IBS and diverticulosis RS and IBD RS and colon cancer risk human studies Colon Cancer Prevention Animal Models Conclusions 275 References 275 Index 279

8 3GFTOC 07/20/ :21:13 Page 16

Resistant Starch. Yong-Cheng Shi and. Press EDITORS. Sources, Applications and Health Benefits. Clodualdo C. Maningat

Resistant Starch. Yong-Cheng Shi and. Press EDITORS. Sources, Applications and Health Benefits. Clodualdo C. Maningat Resistant Starch Sources, Applications and Health Benefits Yong-Cheng Shi and Clodualdo C. Maningat EDITORS Press Resistant Starch The IFT Press series reflects the mission of the Institute of Food Technologists