Nutritional Ecology of Herbivores in Yunnan
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1 Nutritional Ecology of Herbivores in Yunnan Jess Reed Department of Animal Sciences
2 Seminar Topics What is nutritional ecology and why is it important? Mammalian herbivores of Yunnan Nutritional ecology and the conservation of the black and white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti)
3 Nutritional Ecology Study of animals and their food plants in natural, anthropogenic and agricultural plant communities Research Topics Plant community structure and feeding behavior of herbivores Nutritional and chemical properties of plant species in the diet Digestive physiology and anatomy in adaptation
4 Digestive Tract Anatomy
5 Mammalian Herbivores in Yunnan Ruminants Non-domesticated Bovids: Gaur (Bos gaurus), Banteng (Bos javanicus), Serow (Naemorhedus sumatrensis), Takin (Budorcas taxicolor) and Chinese Goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) Cervids: Tufted Deer (Elaphodus cephalophus), Chinese Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi), Barking Deer (M. muntjac), Fea s Muntjac (M. feai), Gongshan (M. gongshanensis), Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), Sambar (Cervus unicolor), Sika Deer (Cervus nippon), Thorold Deer (Cervus albirostris) Moschidae: Chinese Forest Musk Deer Domesticated Bovids: Cattle (Bos indicus), Yak (Bos grunniens), Yak x Cattle Hybrids, Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), Goats (Capra hircus), Sheep (Ovis aries)
6 Mammalian Herbivores in Yunnan Non-Ruminants Herbivores Non-Domesticated Asian Elephant (Elephus maximus) Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) Primates Loris (Nycticebus pymaeus, N. intermedius, N. coucang), Macaques (Macaca nemestrina, M. mulatta, M. assamensis, M. arctoides, M. thibetana), Phayre s Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus phayrei), Gibbons (Hylobates concolor, H. leucogenys, H. hoolock, H. lar), Yunnan- Black and White Snb-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) Domesticated Horse (Equus caballus) Swine (Sus scrofa)
7 Non-Domesticated Bovids (Ji et al 1999) Gaur Banteng
8 Takin (Budorcas taxicolor)
9 Yak-Cattle Hybrids
10 Yak-Cattle Hybrids
11 Water Buffalo
12 Grazing Stubble and Weeds
13 Goats
14 Cervids Sika Deer (Ji et al 1999)
15 Cervids Tufted Deer (Ji et al 1999)
16 Trapping Forest Deer
17 Non Ruminant Herbivores (Ji et al 1999)
18 Non Ruminant Herbivores
19 Swine Herding in Forests
20 Pimates White Cheeked Gibbon (Ji et al 1999)
21 Yunnan Black and White Snub-Nosed Monkey (Ji et al 1999)
22 Nutritional Ecology of Rhinopithecus bieti Highly endangered species Bai Ma Swai Shan mountains between the Mekong and Yangtze rivers Agro-pastoralism and conservation of the monkey s habitat Challenge to natural resource conservation and sustainable economic development Understanding nutritional ecology of the monkeys and other herbivores lead to better management that meets the needs of the monkeys and the people in the region
23 Numbers and Distribution Less than 2000 individuals 16 groups 7 of the groups < 50
24 Habitat and Diet Mountain Forest 2,800 to 4,300 m asl Coniferous (fir) forests in northern range Mixed and broad leaf forest in southern range Arboreal Folivore Tree dwelling-leaf eating monkey Lichens a main diet in fir forests of northern range Mixed diet including lichens in southern range
25 (Ji et al 1999)
26
27 Habitat Degradation (Xiao et al 2003) 1. Logging 2. Fire 3. Conversion to rangelands
28 Habitat degradation (Xiao et al 2003)
29 Protected Areas NW Yunnan
30 Stomach of Rhinopithecus Zhizhang et al KIZ
31 Colobine Monkeys Pregastric Fermentation Rumen like scculation of the stomach Micorbial digestion of ingested plants Advantages over simple stomach Essential amino acids B vitamins Digestion of fibrous polysaccharides Detoxification of harmfully phytochemicals
32 Research Needs Diet Sex, age, season and habitat Diet analysis based fecal fragments for seasonal variation observational records Nutritional Value of Food Plants soluble and structural polysaccharides protein, lipids and minerals Nutritional Requirements Nutritional Quality of Habitats and Plant Communities Nutritional resources available to monkeys in the different plant communities Habitat quality modeled on a landscape level GIS based on the knowledge of nutritional ecology
33 Agro-Pastoralism and Monkey Nutritional Ecology Competition or complementarity between grazers and the monkeys Effects of grazing activity and management on plant communities Improved nutritional management of livestock introduced forages altered grazing management nutritional supplements Improve/protect the habitat for the monkeys and minimize the impact of grazing practices on the monkey
34 Acknowledgements Kunming Institute of Zoology Ji Weizhi, Director and Prof. Qi-Kun Zhao, Prof. Xiao Wen, Graduate Student Bill Karasov, Wildlife Ecology William Porter, Zoology Joanna Lambert, Anthropology
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