Estimation of Carotenoids, Vitamin C, and Polyphenols in Traditional Okinawan Vegetables
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1 33 Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi Vol. /2, No. -, +*/ ++, (,*++) 105 C * ** * ** Estimation of Carotenoids, Vitamin C, and Polyphenols in Traditional Okinawan Vegetables Goki Maeda, Satoru Iha* and Tojiro Tsushida** Okinawa Industrial Technology Center, +,, Suzaki, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 3*.,,-. (Present address : Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center Miyakojima Branch,,*1+.* Nishizato, Hirara, Miyakojima-shi, Okinawa 3*0 **+, ) * Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, 2,* Makabe, Itoman-shi, Okinawa 3*+ *--0 ** Department of Food Management, School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University,,, + Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi 32,,*+/ Detailed investigations of the contents of antioxidant substances, such as carotenoids and polyphenols, in traditional Okinawan vegetables have not been conducted. In this study, we determined a- and b-carotene, lutein, chlorophyll, and polyphenol contents in traditional Okinawan vegetables. We compared several simultaneous extraction methods for carotenoids, chlorophylls, and polyphenols from vegetables, and concluded that the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) system using 2* ethanol solution is the best method for the extraction of such compounds. The extract obtained by ASE was analyzed for carotenoids and chlorophylls using HPLC and for polyphenols using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Among the vegetables that we analyzed, Nishiyomogi, Botanbouhuu, Hosobawadan, and Suizenjina revealed high b-carotene content. Moreover, Botanbouhuu was not only rich in b-carotene (/*,30,3 g/ +** g fresh weight), but also lutein ( 2., +.- mg/ +** g fresh weight), total polyphenols (,/+.-,-.. mg/ +** g fresh weight), and vitamin C (./. 2 +/.. g/ +** g fresh weight). Thus, the present study revealed that Botanbouhuu is richer in various antioxidant substances than the other analyzed vegetables. (Received Sep.,1,,*+* ; Accepted Dec. +,,*+*) Keywords : carotene, polyphenol, ASE, Okinawa : ASE,2 +, -.,/ / 0 1 3*.,,-. +,, 3*0 **+,,*1+.* * 3*+ *--0 2,* ** 32,,*+/,, + Corresponding authormaedagok@pref.okinawa.lg.jp C 2 +*
2 106 /2 -,* * +. AOAC ASE + ASE.,*, bo a, b / C *./. m +/ C HPLC HPLC Folin-Ciocalteu HPLC LC-+* AVP ; / +2. 0,/*, Funakoshi Co. Folin-Ciocalteu ASE : Wakosil C AR. mm i.d mm ; Accelerated Solvent Extraction -* ; +.* ml ; A : 3 : + B AB B * /* *,* B /*,* -* ;./* nm a b, ao bo +** g + ao bo a b 0 Inc. +* +* +, Model //* Microplate,**1 12 JA reader, +, 00* nm +** g 1 C +0 C Masuda - *+. g / + ml. ml - *** rpm+* +** L MDF-U.0* BR + dithiothreithol +** L, *./ mol/l KH PO ph ml -*,* *./. m HPLC -* HPLC LC-+* AVP. ; COSMOSIL / C -PAQ.. 0 mm i.d,/* mm ; -* 2* ASE ; + ml ;,* mmoll ;,/. ++ ml *. + g nm.,/. -/. mm C +** g ASE-,** ; 2* ; +/** psi, ; +* ;. +** 2* +,/ ml ASE. +2,.
3 35 : * AOAC bo 2* 2* - bo ASE -31/.,. 2* ASE ASE. + ASE bo C a, b 2* AOAC, ASE + 2* ASE 10 +** ASE
4 108 /2 -,* , ASE a b bo c n- ; ASE-,** ; *4+ g, ; 2* ; ++ ml, ; 2* ; +/** psi, ; +* ;. +** + bo a b mg+** g f4wt4 g+** g f4wt4 mg+** g f4wt4 mg+** g f4wt4 mg+** g f4wt4 ASE **,3/, /. +** 04. *4, +**.* ** +.42 *4/ +** 2* EtOH.-43 *40 32,/33,* 22 /4/ *4*. 20 -,41 *40 2* ++42 *4+ 2* AOAC ,1+, +*/ 3, n4 d *, * 24- *4/ /0 ASE,0141 /42 +**.*+2 +*/ +** 14- *4*. +** 0,4, *4- +**,*4+ *4+ +** 2* EtOH,/14. / *./ *4+ 3, 0,4+ *4/ +** +142 *4+ 23 AOAC -4- *4, +.+.* 2/ +*- n4 d *.043,4. 1/ ++43 *42 /3 ASE -..4*,41 +** 10+* 31 +** +-4. *4+ +** +*-4/ *43 +** -+43 *4- +** 2* EtOH -*24* 04-3* 1/2* -3 +** +-42 *4+ +* , 3*,/41 *4-2+ AOAC 043 *43, 01*.,02 22 n4 d * /24/ 24/ /1 +,4/,4/ -3 ASE +** n- bo - a, b -.,*,, +* a /* +/,*, ASE +1 ASE 2*,*, ASE
5 37 : ASE a a b b c bo d ;. ;,*. - -, 2 +, ASE ao bo bo,*. mg / C +** g C -, C *. 0 mg+** g g+** g mg+** g ao 1, mg+** g *+. mg 21. g+** g,*.* A ,* A,,.
6 110 /2 -,* , n bo ao g+** g g+** g Mean SE Mean SE Min4 Max4 Mean SE Min4 Max /++- /-+.-*/ /2+* 34/, , ,.4- +//*,10 +,+3,+0. +,4,.42 14* * *42,-*1-/0 +/20,1/, -4- *41, ,*+,,-, /,40.4/ *4, +42,/ ,*+, / ,4/ 2.1,** /,+ ++* / /4* *42,++*.+, +.3.,0.* 14.,4, -4. +*4/ 1 3-4* ,1 /.13.*.4+ *42-4+ / ,41 /*,30,3.,00 /2/. nd * */ +,10 nd ,4- +4,, /+,3+/ /4/ ,4* +43 1,+ +-- /3* +*-0 nd ,4. +4-, /43.+4, -,4+ +/-4* 0 3.4/ *4. /01 /..3000, 04/ +4..4/ *4, +3/ nd *4+ --2,,.* nd , nd 4 4 / 3,4, *4/ 3, 0 +, nd 4 4 / 3.4- *4-00, 1+ /2/ 12/ , +.*42 - C n C mg+** g mg+** g Mean SE Min4 Max4 Mean SE Min4 Max4 1 ///4- +,, ,/ / ,.40 1,124/ 1/4* , /41 +*43 0 0* *4/ /,4* +.43, ,.041 0* / +4/ +/40,*4. 0,*14- +,34/ /*41.** / , / +,.4. 24/,40 04, +.4* 1 +/24-./4* +*34,, /4/ 24., /+4* /4* / 043 0,/+4-,-4.,,,4.,3,41./42 +/4.,+410/ / 0*4. 1+4/ +24/.4* +-4,,/ /4/.+41 +/+4* +*4/ / , * -4/ 04/ 0 2.4* +24/ 0* /* *4/ 2.4* 0,/ , 24+,4/ /4+ +, * -4,./40 /,40-34, * *41 24/ +*4, 04- *4+ 04, 04/. -14* /4+ -+4*.,41.,42 340,34* /-40 / / ,*4* /,24.,4+,.4. -*4/ 1, ,4.
7 39 : 111 a b mg+** g mg+** g mg+** g Mean SE Min4 Max4 Mean SE Min4 Max4 Mean SE Min4 Max4 24+ * *4-14* /4-,+4.,4/ +24-,14+ +4, *4- * ,4* 04, +-4* -4* *41, * *40,41.4/ /, / *40 /41 *4. / /-4. / * , +,4/ *41.4* /43.*4+ / ,4/ *4. *4+ *4. *40-42 *40-4+ /4* +4- *4, *42,40 /4+.-4, 141,34. /,42 +,4,,4+ 34, +/40 *42 *4+ *4/ *43 /4. *42.4, *4- +4-,4+ 24, +4-04/ +*40 0-4, +*43.34* 2-40,* /43,04/ *43 *4, *40 +4, /41 +4, ,4* *4. +4/,41.4/ +4* -4, ,/4- / , -4* *4. *4+ *4- *4/,4/ *43 *4/ , *4- *42 +4/ /41 +40,43 24* -/ , /4, +14- *40 *4+ *4/ *41,4/ *4. +42, *4+ * * *4, * *4, * *4, *4* *4, *4, *4. *4, *4- *40 *4, *4*- *4, *4, *4*- *4*+ *4*, *4*. *4+ *4*. *4*- *4+ *4*. *4*+ *4*, *4*/ *4*. *4*+ *4*- *4*/ *4, *4*. *4+, *4, *4*/ *4*+ *4*. *4*1 +4/ *4, +4,,4* 34/, ,43-4/ *40,41.4. tion from stimulated leukocytes and identification of some active constituents : Implications for the prevention of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Asian Pacific J. Cancer Prev., 0, (,**/). 2* ASE. Maeda, G., Takara, K., Wada, K., Oki, T., Masuda, M., Ichiba, T.,Chuda, Y., Ono, H. and Suda, I., Evaluation of antioxidant activity of vegetables from Okinawa prefecture and determination of some antioxidative com- pounds. Food Sci. Technol. Res., +,, 2 +. (,**0). bo / Islam, M.S., Yoshimoto, M., Yahara, S., Okuno, S., Ishiguro, K. and Yamakawa, O., Identification and characterization of foliar polyphenolic composition in sweet potato bo C ( Ipomea batatas L.) genotype. J. Agric. Food Chem., /*, ,, (,**,). 0 Ishiguro, K. and Yoshimoto, M., Content of an eyeprotective nutrient lutein in sweetpotato leaves. Acta Horticulturae, 1*-,,/-,/0 (,**0) /.,+/,,+,**1 2 JA pp ,**0 + +* pp.,,, ++ Obana, H., Kikuchi, K., Okihashi, M. and Hori, S., Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in foods /,.0, using an accelerated solvent extraction system. Analyst,.1+,**/ +,,,,+1,,* ( +331). - Murakami, A., Ishida, H., Kubo, K., Furukawa, I., Ikeda, Y., Yonaha, M., Aniya, Y. and Ohigashi, H., Suppressive +, e# ects of okinawan food items on free radical genera- -2 -/2-0, +331
8 112 /2 -,* ,** ,+ +33/ p..*,**/ pp. -+3-,* / pp. 3* 3+,**/.3 /** /*0,**,,* +0 Masuda, R., Hayakawa, A., Kakiuchi, N. and Iwamoto, M., HPLC determination of total ascorbic acid in fruits Crepidiastrum lanceolatum and vegetables., Rep. Natl. Food Res. Inst., /,, -* -/. ( +322 )..1 /+,*+* +1,, 3,1,, +, +
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