The protective role of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) against chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in Oreochromis niloticus

Transcription

1 Fish Physiol Biohem (2012) 38: DOI /s The protetive role of sori id (vitmin C) ginst hlorpyrifos-indued oxidtive stress in Oreohromis nilotius Ferl Özkn Sun Gül Gündüz Mehmet Berköz Arzu Özlüer Hunt Serp Ylın Reeived: 12 My 2010 / Aepted: 26 July 2011 / Pulished online: 5 August 2011 Ó Springer Siene+Business Medi B.V Astrt Aility of sori id (vitmin C) to ttenute oxidtive dmge ws evluted in liver nd rin tissues of Oreohromis nilotius (O. nilotius) experimentlly exposed to sulethl onentrtions of hlorpyrifos (CPF). O. nilotius ws exposed to sulethl onentrtions of CPF t 12 lg/l (CPF1) nd 24 lg/l (CPF2) for 96 h. The fish of vitmin C (Vit C) nd CPF2? Vit C groups were fed with Vit C supplemented diet (200 mg Vit C/100 g feed). A signifint inrese in thiorituri id-retive sustnes (TBARS) level (P \ 0.05) ws oserved in rin of CPF-exposed fish lthough liver TBARS level ws not hnged ompred to ontrol group. This result showed tht lipid peroxidtion (LPO) ws elevted in rin of fish exposed to CPF. Glutthione peroxidse (GSH-Px) tivity in liver nd rin tissues ws signifintly elevted (P \ 0.05) y exposure to CPF1 nd CPF2. Ctlse (CAT) tivity ws signifintly inresed (P \ 0.05) in liver ut deresed in rin of treted fish y CPF2 onentrtion. Superoxide dismutse (SOD) tivity ws deresed in liver, ut inresed in rin y exposure F. Özkn (&) S. G. Gündüz A. Ö. Hunt Deprtment of Bsi Sienes, Fulty of Fisheries, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey e-mil: ferl1111@hotmil.om M. Berköz S. Ylın Fulty of Phrmy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey to CPF1 nd CPF2 onentrtions. Levels of TBARS were inresed in rin of CPF-treted nimls, ut tended to derese y the effet of Vit C. Vit C tretment for CPF-intoxited nimls normlized the otherwise rised tivities of GSH-Px, CAT, nd SOD within norml limits. The results lerly indite tht exposure to CPF used dose-dependent inrese in oxidtive stress rin nd to lesser extend in liver of fish nd the ility of Vit C to ttenute CPF-indued oxidtive dmge. Keywords Chlorpyrifos Oreohromis nilotius Oxidtive stress Antioxidnt Vitmin C Introdution The widespred use of pestiides hs resulted in the pollution of mny quti hitts worldwide. Pestiides enter to the quti systems y different wys suh s diret pplition, urn nd industril dishrges, inluding griulturl soil, erosol, prtiulte deposition, nd rinfll (Gllowy nd Hndy 2003). Orgnophosphte pestiides (OPs) re the most widely used syntheti hemils for ontrolling vriety of pests. The min trget of OPs tion is the entrl nd peripherl nervous system in nimls (Kwonq 2002). Besides, mny uthors lim tht these ompounds in oth ute nd hroni intoxition distur the redox proesses, hnging the tivities of

2 636 Fish Physiol Biohem (2012) 38: ntioxidtive enzymes nd using enhnement of lipid peroxidtion (LPO) in mny orgns in orgnisms (Kvith nd Ro 2008; Thomz et l. 2009). Chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trihloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothiote) is n orgnophosphte pestiide used hevily throughout the world for griulture nd domesti purposes. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) psses vi ir drift or surfe runoff into nturl wters, where it is umulted in different orgnisms living in wter, espeilly in fish, thus mking it vulnerle to severl disernile effets (Vro et l. 2002). CPF tretment in previous studies resulted in inresed oxidtive stress nd ltered tivities of superoxide svenging enzymes in different tissues of fish (Kvith nd Ro 2008). Retive oxygen speies (ROS), suh s superoxide nion rdils, hydrogen peroxide, nd hydroxyl rdils, re ontinuously formed in oxygen-onsuming orgnisms. Exposure to xenoiotis or toxi hemil pollutnts my produe n imlne etween these endogenous nd exogenous ROS nd n susequently indue derese in ntioxidnt defenses or use oxidtive dmge outright in orgnisms (Vlvnidis et l. 2006). Defene systems tht tend to inhiit ROS formtion inlude the ntioxidnt enzymes suh s superoxide dismutse (SOD; EC ), tlse (CAT; EC ), nd glutthione peroxidse (GSH-Px; EC ) (Vn der Oost et l. 2003). Like other orgnisms, fish omt elevted levels of ROS with protetive ROSsvenging enzymes (Crig et l. 2007). LPO hs lso een used s ioinditor of oxidtive dmge in quti orgnisms exposed in polluted environmentl onditions. The most used ssy for LPO is the thiorituri id-retive sustnes (TBARS) test (Vlvnidis et l. 2006). Endogenous enzymti nd non-enzymti ntioxidnts re essentil for the onversion of ROS to hrmless metolites s well s to protet nd restore norml ellulr metolism nd funtions (Bee nd Pnemnglore 2003). Vitmin C (Vit C) or sori id is one of the non-enzymti ntioxidnts tht n onvert ROS to limit their effet, thus preventing tissue dmge (Fetoui et l. 2008). Vitmin C hs the potentil to protet oth ytosoli nd memrne omponents of ells from oxidnt dmge. Severl uthors hve reported tht Vit C supplementtion in diets for quti orgnisms hs prevented the negtive effets of stress, minimized toxiity y wter ontminnts, nd inresed immune response (Guh et l. 1993; Korkmz et l. 2009). Liver plys entrl role in the detoxifition proess nd fes the thret of mximum exposure to xenoiotis nd their metoli y-produts. It is the mjor orgn of umultion, iotrnsformtion, nd exretion of ontminnts. Beuse of the low levels of ntioxidnt enzymes nd redily oxidizle sustnes suh s polyunsturted ftty ids nd high rte of oxidtive metoli tivity, the entrl nervous system (CNS) is prtiulrly suseptile to the dmging effet of ROS (Meht et l. 2009). The rin is mong the orgns most vulnerle euse of its high oxygen onsumption nd euse its ell memrne lipids re high in oxidizle polyunsturted ftty ids (Gupt 2004). Thus, oth of tissues re hve very suseptile to oxidtive stress. Fish hve een widely used s models to evlute the helth of quti eosystems in toxiologi pthology (Peixoto et l. 2006). In the present study, Oreohromis nilotius ws hosen s n experiment model, euse of its wide vilility nd suitility for toxiity testing (Thomz et l. 2009). We hve studied the effets of sulethl onentrtions of hlorpyrifos (12 nd 24 lg/l) for 96 h on oxidtive stress iomrkers in liver of rin tissues of O. nilotius nd protetive role of vitmin C (sori id). Mterils nd methods Chemils A tehnil formultion of the orgnophosphte insetiide hlorpyrifos (O,O-diethylO-3,5,6-trihloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothiote) ws used pure of 99.9%. All of hemils nd regents were purhsed from Sigm-Aldrih Chemil Corportion (USA). Test nimls nd tretment Juvenile O. nilotius (men weight: 13.0 ± 0.9 g, men length: 11.1 ± 1.0 m) were otined from Mersin University Fisheries Fulty Aquulture Deprtment nd trnsferred to lortory to where the temperture ws kept t 24 ± 2 C (12:12 L:D). Throughout the experiments, dehlorinted tp wter with ph vlue of 7.85, n lklinity of 326 mg/l

3 Fish Physiol Biohem (2012) 38: CCO 3, nd oxygen onentrtion of 6.70 mg/l ws used. The fish were llowed to limtize to these onditions for 2 weeks. The fish were fed t rte of 2% ody weight/dy with ommeril pellet diet (Çmlı-Yem, İzmir-Turkey) during the limtion period. The ommeril diet ontined 44% protein, 18% lipid, 3% ellulose, 12% sh, nd 160 mg/kg Vit C. Experimentl diets were prepred in the lortory from ommeril pellet diet. Vit C ws otined s powder from Sigm (L-sori id 2-phospht trisodium slt). The Vit C-supplemented diet ws prepred y dding 200 mg/100 g to the ommeril pellet nd then seling the vitmin to the pellet y sprying 2.5 ml fish oil/100 g feed (Ortuno et l. 2003; Korkmz et l. 2009). The ontrol diet ws prepred y sprying 2.5 ml fish oil/100 g on the ommeril pellet diet. Experiments were onduted in glss quri ontining 100 L test solution. Fish were exposed to 12 nd 24 lg/l sulethl onentrtions of hlorpyrifos (Sigm 99.9%) for 96 h. These sulethl onentrtions were hosen ording to 96-h LC 50 vlue previously determined for juvenile O. nilotius (98.67 lg/l) (Oruç 2010). Stok solution ws prepred y tehnil hlorpyrifos nd diluting it in etone to give the dosing onentrtions. The wter ws refreshed every 2 dys to ompenste for the pestiide lost in the exposure medium. Forty fish were divided into five groups (n = 8in eh group). The ontrol group ws exposed to etone t the highest onentrtion of stok solution used in the hlorpyrifos-exposed groups (the sene of CPF) nd ws fed with ontrol diet. The vitmin C group (Vit C) ws exposed to tp wter (the sene of CPF nd etone) nd ws fed with sori idsupplemented diet. The hlorpyrifos 1 group (CPF1) ws exposed to hlorpyrifos onentrtion of 12 lg/l nd ws fed with ontrol diet. The hlorpyrifos 2 group (CPF2) ws exposed to 24 lg/l onentrtion of CPF nd ws fed with ontrol diet. The hlorpyrifos 2? Vitmin C group (CPF2? Vit C) ws exposed to 24 lg/l onentrtion of CPF nd ws fed with sori id-supplemented diet. At the end of exposure period, eight fish were removed from eh tnk nd killed y trnstion of the spinl ord. The liver nd rin tissues of oth ontrol nd treted fish were disseted. Tissues were homogenized to 1/5 (w/v) rtio in physiologil sline solution (0.8% NCl) with homogenizer nd then entrifuged t 13,500 rpm for 10 min in Sigm 2 16 K entrifuge t?4 C nd superntnt ws used for iohemil nlyses. The ethi ommittee of Mersin University evluted this study. The numer of the ethi ommittee greement for niml experimenttion is 2011/09. Mesurement of TBARS levels The levels of TBARS homogenized tissue, s n index of LPO, were determined y thiorituri id retion using the method of Ygi (1998). Mlondildehyde nd other ldehydes when oiled with thiorituri id t id ph give pink-olored produt tht n e ssyed spetrophotometrilly. Briefly, 50 ll of tissue homogente ws mixed with 750 ll of TBARS regent. The mixture ws inuted for 30 min in oiling wter th. After ooling, the mixture ws entrifuged t 3,500 rpm for 15 min. Asorption ws mesured t 532 nm, nd the vlues re expressed s nnomoles of TBARS/mg protein. Enzyme ssys The totl GSH-Px tivity ws ssyed y Joely method (1970), using H 2 O 2 nd NADPH s sustrtes. The onversion of niotinmide denine dinuleotide phosphte (NADPH) to niotinmide denine dinuleotide phosphte (NADP) ws followed y reording the hnges in sorption intensity t 340 nm, nd one unit of GPx tivity ws defined s the mount of protein tht oxidizes 1molr NADPH per min nd is expressed s unit of tissue protein ontent. The CAT tivities of tissues were determined ording to the method of Aei (1974). The enzymti deomposition of H 2 O 2 ws followed diretly y the derese in sorne t 240 nm. The differene in sorne per unit time ws used s mesure of CAT tivity. SOD tivity ws mesured y the inhiition of nitrolue tetrzolium (NBT) redution due to O 2 generted y the xnthine/xnthine oxidse system (Sun et l. 1988). One unit of SOD tivity ws defined s the mount of protein using 50% inhiition of the NBT redution rte. The redution in NBT y superoxide nion to lue formzn ws

4 638 Fish Physiol Biohem (2012) 38: mesured t 560 nm. The enzyme tivities re given in U/mg protein. Tissue protein ontents were mesured only to determine the speifi tivity of ntioxidnt enzymes ording to the method developed y Lowry et l. (1951) using ovine serum lumin s stndrd. Asornes of smples were mesured t 750 nm wvelength y spetrophotometer. Sttistil nlysis Dt were expressed s men ± stndrd error (SE) nd nlyzed using with SPSS 10.0 for Windows omputer progrm. ANOVA nd Dunn s multiple rnge tests were used to nlyze differenes etween groups. The differenes were defined s sttistilly signifint when P \ Results In this experiment, no mortlity ws oserved. The levels of TBARS in tissues re given in Fig. 1. There is no signifint hnge in tissues TBARS ontent in Vit C group ompred to ontrol. The liver TBARS levels of exposed fish were not signifintly hnged in CPF1 nd CPF2 onentrtions s ompred with ontrol (Fig. 1). Also, CPF2? Vit C group ws not signifintly ffeted ompred with the other groups. But, TBARS levels of rin tissue were signifintly inresed y 41% in CPF1 group nd 130% in CPF2 group (P \ 0.05) ompred to fter 96-h exposure. The dministrtion of Vit C in CPF2? Vit C group deresed TBARS ontents in rin tissue ompred to CPF2 group without rehing ontrol vlues. The GSH-Px tivities of fish re shown in Fig. 2. Vit C lone hs not produed ny signifint hnges in oth tissue tivities of GSH-Px ompred to ontrol. Exposure to onentrtions of pestiide signifintly inresed (P \ 0.05) y 49% in CPF1 group nd 89% in CPF2 group in liver, 86% in CPF1 group, nd 179% in CPF2 group in rin t the end of the 96 h. Tretment with Vit C tends to regulte the tivity of enzyme s ompred with CPF2-intoxited fish, normlize in liver (-33%, P \ 0.05), nd redue signifintly in rin (-35%, P \ 0.05) without rehing ontrol vlues (Fig. 2). The CAT tivities in tissues of fish re given in Fig. 3. Vit C lone did not produe ny signifint hnges in tissue CAT tivities s ompred with ontrol. CAT tivity in liver of fish ws signifintly inresed (35%, P \ 0.05) y exposing the highest onentrtion of CPF (24 lg/l) t the end of the 96 h, while t lower onentrtion of CPF, there were no signifint hnges ompred to ontrol (Fig. 3). CAT tivity of rin ws signifintly deresed (- 52%, P \ 0.05) with effet of 24 lg/l onentrtion s ompred with ontrol. Administrtion of Vit C deresed (-14%, P \ 0.05) in liver without TBARS Levels (nmol/mg protein) Cont VitC CPF1 CPF2 CPF2+VitC 5 0 Liver Tissue Brin Fig. 1 TBARS levels in liver nd rin tissues of O. nilotius exposed to sulethl onentrtions of hlorpyrifos: 12 (CPF1) nd 24 lg/l (CPF2), with or without dietry supplementtion of vitmin C. Eh vlue is the men ± SE (n = 8). Multiple omprisons were mde seprtely for eh tissue nd mens with different supersript in tissues re signifintly different (P \ 0.05)

5 Fish Physiol Biohem (2012) 38: GSH-Px Ativity (U/mg protein) Cont VitC CPF1 CPF2 CPF2+VitC Liver Tissue Brin Fig. 2 GSH-Px tivity in liver nd rin tissues of O. nilotius exposed to sulethl onentrtions of hlorpyrifos: 12 (CPF1) nd 24 lg/l (CPF2), with or without dietry supplementtion of vitmin C. Eh vlue is the men ± SE (n = 8). Multiple omprisons were mde seprtely for eh tissue nd mens with different supersript in tissues re signifintly different (P \ 0.05) Cont VitC CPF1 CPF2 CPF2+VitC 160 Ctlse Ativity (U/mg protein) Liver Tissue Brin Fig. 3 CAT tivity in liver nd rin tissues of O. nilotius exposed to sulethl onentrtions of hlorpyrifos: 12 (CPF1) nd 24 lg/l (CPF2), with or without dietry supplementtion of vitmin C. Eh vlue is the men ± SE (n = 8). Multiple rehing ontrol vlues nd improved CAT tivity in rin of CPF2? Vit C group. The SOD tivities in tissues of fish re shown in Fig. 4. Vit C lone did not mke ny signifint hnges in tissues SOD tivities ompred to ontrol. 12 nd 24 lg/l onentrtions of CPF used signifint inhiition y 29 nd 52% (P \ 0.05), respetively, in liver of fish. Administrtion of Vit C omprisons were mde seprtely for eh tissue nd mens with different supersript in tissues re signifintly different (P \ 0.05) improved this enzyme tivity in CPF2? Vit C group ompred to CPF2 group. After 96-h exposure, the inresed vlues oserved were 112 nd 62% (P \ 0.05) over ontrol vlues t inresed onentrtions of CPF, respetively, in rin of fish. Also, dministrtion of Vit C redued this enzyme tivity in CPF2? Vit C group ompred to CPF2 group without rehing ontrol vlues.

6 640 Fish Physiol Biohem (2012) 38: SOD Ativity (U/mg protein) Cont VitC CPF1 CPF2 CPF2+VitC 0 Liver Tissue Brin Fig. 4 SOD tivity in liver nd rin tissues of O. nilotius exposed to sulethl onentrtions of hlorpyrifos: 12 (CPF1) nd 24 lg/l (CPF2), with or without dietry supplementtion of vitmin C. Eh vlue is the men ± SE (n = 8). Multiple Disussion In the present study, TBARS level ws not hnged in liver lthough signifint inrese ws seen in rin of fish exposed to CPF onentrtions for 96 h. LPO is one of the min proesses indued y oxidtive stress nd the first step of ellulr dmge used y OP insetiides (Kvith nd Ro 2008). The indution of ROS ould inrese the oxidtion of polyunsturted ftty ids nd led to peroxidtion (Zhng et l. 2008). Monteiro et l. (2006) found tht hepti LPO ontent did not vry signifintly fter methyl prthion tretment in Bryon ephlus. These uthors supposed tht this orgn resist to the oxidtive stress y ntioxidnt mehnisms preventing LPO inreses. Hi et l. (1997) reported tht level of LPO ws elevted in liver nd rin of tfish (Itlurus neulosus) exposed to dihlorvos. Also, inresed level of LPO produts in rt rin fter exposure with toxi OP ompound suh s CPF ws reported erlier y Meht et l. (2005) nd Verm et l. (2007, 2009). The inrese in LPO produts shows tht the pestiide indues ROS tht re not totlly svenged y the ntioxidnt enzymes (Bllesteros et l. 2009). In this study, inrese of TBARS level in rin is result of LPO indution in this tissue. Liver is known s the most importnt trget orgn of metolism nd detoxifition for mny toxints, wheres the rin my e prtiulrly omprisons were mde seprtely for eh tissue nd mens with different supersript in tissues re signifintly different (P \ 0.05) suseptile to oxidtive dmge euse it ontins lrge mount of polyunsturted ftty ids (Song et l. 2006). In the previous study, it ws found tht rin ws more sensitive trget orgn to oxidtive dmge thn liver (Song et l. 2006; Zhng et l. 2008). In this study, we found tht GSH-Px tivities were inresed in liver nd rin tissues of CPF-treted fish. Similr results hve lso een reported in other fish speies exposed to pestiides. Hi et l. (1997) showed tht GSH-Px tivtion is enhned (pproximtely 200%) in rin of Cyprinus rpio exposed to dihlorvos. Likewise, GSH-Px tivities were elevted (57%) in the livers of C. urtus exposed to 2,4- dihlorophenol (Zhng et l. 2004) nd to mlthion (Huulei et l. 2008). The iologil funtion of GSH-Px is to redue H 2 O 2 nd lipid hydroperoxides (Verm et l. 2007). These dt in our study suggest tht CPF tretment my result in inresed formtion of oxygen-free rdils tht ould stimulte GSH-Px tivity to ope with this inresed oxidtive stress nd proteting memrnes from dmge due to LPO produts (Vn der Oost et l. 2003). In the present study, we oserved n inrese in CAT tivity following 96 h of toxiity y CPF onentrtions ut derese SOD tivity of liver tissue. These results re prllel to the results of mny uthors. Zhng et l. (2004) oserved tht CAT nd GSH-Px tivities in the liver of C. urtus were

7 Fish Physiol Biohem (2012) 38: inresed lthough SOD tivity ws inhiited grdully with 2,4-dihlorophenol onentrtion inresing. Thomz et l. (2009) reported tht CAT tivity ws inresed nd SOD tivity ws deresed in liver of O. nilotius exposed to the insetiide trihlorfon for 96 h. Lushhk et l. (2009) found tht the tivity of CAT in liver nd kidney of C. urtus ws elevted y exposure to glyphoste. Exposure to methyl prthion resulted in signifint indution of CAT tivity in Bryon ephlus liver (Monteiro et l. 2006). CAT nd SOD enzymes hve relted funtions. SOD tlyzes the dismuttion of the superoxide nion rdil to H 2 O nd H 2 O 2, whih is detoxified y oth CAT nd GSH-Px tivities. Due to the inhiitory effets on ROS formtion, the SOD CAT system provides the first defense line ginst oxygen toxiity nd usully used s n indiret iomrker inditing ROS prodution (Pndey et l. 2003; Vn der Oost et l. 2003). An inrese in CAT enzyme tivity is proly response towrd inresed ROS genertion in pestiide toxiity (Monteiro et l. 2006). Usully, n indution of hepti SOD tivities ws oserved when exposed to orgni pollutnt (Ple et l. 1996); however, the exess prodution of superoxide rdils or fter their trnsformtion to H 2 O 2 uses n oxidtion of the ysteine in the enzyme nd detivtes SOD (Dimitrov et l. 1994). The deresed ntioxidnt enzymes result in inresed oxidtive stress, n indition of impired ntioxidnt defense mehnism due to exessive genertion of free rdils generted y CPF (Kvith nd Ro 2008). The toxiity of CPF in present study my e used y the unlne etween free rdils nd ntioxidnts, whih might hve resulted in inhiition of SOD tivity. In the present study, we oserved low CAT tivity following 96 h of toxiity y CPF onentrtion in rin tissue lthough SOD tivities inrese. Similrly, to our study, Bgnyukov et l. (2005) reported redution of CAT tivity y systemi heriide, 3-mino 1,2,4-trizole in the rin of Crssius urtus nd the tivity of GSH- Px inresed. The uthors suggested tht this inrese might represent ompenstory response to lowered CAT tivity, nd these hnges ould provide ompenstory mehnisms for detoxifying H 2 O 2 or elevted mounts of hydroperoxides. The inresed tivities of GSH-Px suggest tht free rdil svenging proesses in the ell re generlly oopertive s CAT nd GSH-Px omine to metolize H 2 O 2 produed y different sustrtes. Our study indited signifint elevtion in the tivity of GSH-Px, ut deresed tivity of CAT in rin CPFexposed fish. Inrese of GSH-Px tivity in rin ould pper s result of LPO indution in this tissue, whih is more suseptile to ROS thn other orgns with higher polyunsturted ftty id ontents (Bllesteros et l. 2009). In present study, CAT inhiition in rin of fish exposed to CPF might led to inresed onentrtions of H 2 O 2 nd result in inresed LPO intensity due to elevted prodution of hydroxyl rdils (Bllesteros et l. 2009). Indution of SOD in rin tissue of fish ould e n dptive response to the toxint stress nd to neutrlize the impt of ROS generted (Hussin 2008). The tivity of the ntioxidnt enzymes ould e inresed or inhiited y xenoioti exposure depending on the intensity nd the durtion of the stress pplied, s well s the suseptiility of the exposed speies. It is not generl rule tht n inrese in xenoioti onentrtions indues ntioxidnt tivity (Oruç nd Ust 2007). Antioxidnt enzymes lso show tissue-speifi differenes in tivities tht reflet the funtions of the tissues nd the oxidtive stress lod tht they experiene (Lushhk et l. 2009). In the present work, the studied enzymes responded in different level in liver nd rin tissues. The response of ntioxidnt system to oxidtive stress in vrious tissues shows differenes from one speies to nother due to the differenes in free rdil genertion nd different ntioxidnt potentil of these tissues. The results of the present study indite tht tivities of GSH-Px, CAT, nd SOD in liver nd rin of fish were ltered y CPF nd were normlized y Vit C supplementtion. Also, the present results showed tht vitmin C tretment for CPF-intoxited fish improved level of TBARS in rin tissue. Korkmz et l. (2009) nd Dtt nd Kvirj (2003) evluted effiieny of supplementtion of sori id to remove stress of pestiides (ypermethrin nd deltmethrin) in tissues of O. nilotius nd Clris griepinus, respetively. El-Gendy et l. (2010) showed tht Vit C improved imidloprid-indued oxidtive dmge y deresing LPO nd ltering ntioxidnt defene system in liver of mie. Fetoui et l. (2008) reported tht dietry supplementtion of Vit C proteted ginst inresed LPO in rin of rts.

8 642 Fish Physiol Biohem (2012) 38: The ell hs severl wys to llevite the effets of oxidtive stress either y repiring the dmge or y diretly reduing the pro-oxidtive stte vi enzymti nd non-enzymti ntioxidnts (Korkmz et l. 2009). Vit C ts s n eletron donor (ntioxidnt) in non-enzymti retions nd therefore reduing gent. Thus, Vit C is lled n ntioxidnt euse it prevents other ompounds from eing oxidized. It n redue the inititing ROS so tht initil or ontinued lipid peroxidtion is inhiited (Pdytty et l. 2003). Consequently, Vit C ould meliorte the tissues dmge indued y CPF exposure in this study. Conlusion The results indited the potentil effets of CPF to indue oxidtive dmge in liver nd rin tissues of O. nilotius nd the ility of Vit C to ttenute CPFindued oxidtive dmge. Compred to liver, rin ws more sensitive to the oxidtive dmge. The inresed LPO nd ltertions in the ntioxidnt defense system n e used s iomrkers in the pestiide-ontminted quti strems. The inresed or deresed levels of ntioxidnt enzyme (GSH-Px, CAT, nd SOD) tivities nd inresed level of TBARS in the exposed fish n lso e effetively used for etter ssessment of hlorpyrifos toxiity in iomonitoring of quti environment. However, more experiments re needed to vlidte these prmeters s iomrkers of oxidtive stress in lrge-sle environmentl monitoring progrms. In onlusion, Vit C ould e le to improve CPF-indued oxidtive stress y deresing lipid peroxidtion nd ltering ntioxidnt defense system in tissues. Thus, dietry supplementtion of Vit C my e useful in quulture tht is ouptionlly exposed to insetiides. Suggesting tht vitmin C my e enefiil in preventing CPF-indued oxidtive stress. Referenes Aei H (1974) Ctlse. In: Bergmyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymti nlysis. Ademi Press, New York, pp Bgnyukov TB, Vsylkiv OY, Storey KB, Lushhk VI (2005) Ctlse inhiition y mino trizole indues oxidtive stress in goldfish rin. Brin Res 1052: Bllesteros ML, Wunderlin DA, Bistoni MA (2009) Oxidtive stres responses in different orgns of Jenynsi multidentt exposed to endosulfn. Eotox Environ Sfe 72: Bee FN, Pnemnglore M (2003) Exposure to low doses of endosulfn nd hlorpyriphos modifies endogenous ntioxidnts in tissues of rts. J Environ Si Hel 38: Crig PM, Chris M, Wood CM, MClellnd GB (2007) Oxidtive stress response nd gene expression with ute opper exposure in zerfish (Dnio rerio). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 293: Dtt M, Kvirj A (2003) Asori id supplementtion of diet for redution of deltmethrin indued stress in freshwter tfish Clris griepinus. Chemosphere 53: Dimitrov MST, Tsinov V, Velhev V (1994) Comined effet of zin nd led on the hepti superoxide dismutse tlse system in rp (Cyprinus rpio). Comp Biohem Phys 108:43 46 El-Gendy SK, Aly NM, Mhmoud FH, Kenwy A, El-See AKH (2010) The rol of vitmin C s ntioxidnt in protetion of oxidtive stress indued y imidloprid. Food Chem Toxiol 48: Fetoui H, Groui EM, Mkni-ydi F, Zeghl N (2008) Oxidtive stress indued y lmd-yhlothrin (LTC) in rt erythroytes nd rin: ttenution y vitmin C. Environ Toxiol Phr 26: Gllowy T, Hndy R (2003) Immunotoxiity of orgnophosphorous pestiides. Eotoxiol 12: Guh D, Dutt K, Ds M (1993) Vitmin C s ntitoxi ftor in DDT indued hemtotoxiity in Clris trhus. Pro Zool So Clutt 46:11 15 Gupt RC (2004) Brin regionl heterogeneity nd toxiologil mehnisms of orgnophosphtes nd rmtes. Toxiol Meh nd Methods 14: Hi DQ, Vrg SI, Mtkovis B (1997) Orgnophosphte effets on ntioxidnt system of rp (Cyprinus rpio) nd tfish (Itlurus neulosus). Comp Biohem Phys C 117:83 88 Huulei R, Dinu D, Stiu AC, Muntenu MC, Costhe M, Dinishiotu A (2008) Mlthion-indued ltertion of the ntioxidnt defene system in kidney, gill, nd intestine of Crssius urtus gielio. Environ Toxiol 24: Hussin AL (2008) Suhroni intoxition with hlorfenvinphos, n orgnophosphte insetiide, ffets rt rin ntioxidtive enzymes nd glutthione level. Food Chem Toxiol 46:82 86 Joely PC (1970) The enzymi oxidtion of glutthione in rt liver homogentes. Biohem J 117: Kvith P, Ro V (2008) Toxi effets of hlorpyrifos on ntioxidnt enzymes nd trget enzyme etylholinesterse intertion in mosquito fish, Gmusi ffinis. Environ Toxiol Phr 26: Korkmz N, Cengiz EI, Unlu E, Uysl E, Ynr M (2009) Cypermethrin-indued histopthologil nd iohemil hnges in Nile tilpi (Oreohromis nilotius), nd the protetive nd reupertive effet of sori id. Environ Toxiol Phr 28: Kwonq TC (2002) Orgnophosphte pestiides: iohemistry nd linil toxiology. Ther Drug Monit 24:

9 Fish Physiol Biohem (2012) 38: Lowry OH, Roserough NJ, Frr AL, Rndll RJ (1951) Protein mesurement with Folin Phenol regent. J Biol Chem 193: Lushhk OV, Olh I, Kurk OI, Storey JM, Storey KB, Lushhk VI (2009) Low toxi heriide Roundup indues mild oxidtive stress in goldfish tissues. Chemosphere 76: Meht A, Verm RS, Srivstv N (2005) Chlorpyrifos indued ltertions in rt rin ATPses, etylholinesterse nd lipid peroxidtion. Indin J Biohem Bio 42:54 58 Meht A, Verm RS, Srivstv N (2009) Chlorpyrifos indued ltertions in the levels of hydrogen peroxide, nitrte nd nitrite in rt rin nd liver. Pesti Biohem nd Phys 94:55 59 Monteiro DA, Almeid JA, Rntin FT, Klinin AL (2006) Oxidtive stress iomrkers in the freshwter hrid fish, Bryon ephlus, exposed to orgnophosphorus insetiide Folisuper 600 (methyl prthion). Com Biohem Phys C 143: Ortuno J, Esten MA, Meseguer J (2003) The effet of dietry intke of vitmins C nd E on the stress response of gilthed serem (Sprus urt L.). Fish Shellfish Immun 14: Oruç EO (2010) Oxidtive stress, steroid hormone onentrtions nd etylholinesterse tivity in Oreohromis nilotius exposed to hlorpyrifos. Pesti Biohem Phys 96: Oruç EO, Ust D (2007) Evlution of oxidtive stres responses nd neurotoxiity potentil of dizinonin different tissues of Cyprinus rpio. Environ Toxiol Phr 23:48 55 Pdytty SJ, Ktz A, Wng Y et l (2003) Vitmin C s n ntioxidnt: evlution of its role in disese prevention. J Am Coll Nutr 22:18 35 Ple VP, Dik TA, Brown SB, Bron CL, Klverkmp JF (1996) Oxidtive stress in Lke Sturgeon (Aipenser fulvesens) orlly exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrhlorodienzofurn. Aqut Toxiol 35:79 92 Pndey S, Prvez S, Syeed I, Hquer R, Bin-Hfeez B, Risuddin S (2003) Biomrkers of oxidtive stress: omprtive study of river Ymunfish Wllgottu (Bl. Shn). Si Totl Environ 309: Peixoto F, Alves-Fernndes D, Sntos D, Fontinhs-Fernndes A (2006) Toxiologil effets of oxyfluorfen on oxidtive stress enzymes in tilpi Oreohromis nilotius. Pesti Biohem Phys 85:91 96 Song SB, Xu Y, Zhou BS (2006) Effets of hexhloroenzene on ntioxidnt sttus of liver nd rin of ommon rp (Cyprinus rpio). Chemosphere 65: Sun Y, Oerley LW, Ying L (1988) A simple method for linil ssy of superoxide dismutse. Clin Chem 34: Thomz JM, Mrtins ND, Monteiro DA, Rntin FT, Klinin AL (2009) Crdio-respirtory funtion nd oxidtive stres iomrkers in Nile tilpi exposed to the orgnophosphte insetiide trihlorfon (NEGUVONs). Eotox Environ Sfe 72: Vlvnidis A, Vlhoginni T, Dssenkis M, Soullos M (2006) Moleulr iomrkers of oxidtive stress in quti orgnisms in reltion to toxi environmentl pollutnts. Eotox Environ Sfe 64: Vn der Oost R, Beyer J, Vermeulen NP (2003) Fish ioumultion nd iomrkers in environmentl risk ssessment: review. Environ Toxiol Phr 13: Vro I, Serrno R, Pitrh E, Amt F, Lopez FJ, Nvrro JC (2002) Bioumultion of hlorpyrifos through n experimentl food hin: study of protein HSP70 s iomrker of sulethl stress in fish. Arh Environ Con Tox 42: Verm RS, Meht A, Srivstv N (2007) In vivo hlorpyrifos indued oxidtive stress: ttenution y ntioxidnt vitmins. Pesti Biohem Phys 88: Verm RS, Meht A, Srivstv N (2009) Comprtive studies on hlorpyrifos nd methyl prthion indued oxidtive stress in different prts of rt rin: ttenution y ntioxidnt vitmins. Pesti Biohem Phys 95: Ygi K (1998) Simple proedure for speifi enzyme of lipid hydroperoxides in serum or plsm. Methods Mol Biol 108: Zhng J, Shen H, Wng X, Wu J, Xue Y (2004) Effets of hroni exposure of 2, 4- dihlorophenol on the ntioxidnt system in liver of freshwter fish Crssius urtus. Chemosphere 55: Zhng X, Yng F, Zhng X, Xu Y, Lio T, Song S, Wng J (2008) Indution of hepti enzymes nd oxidtive stress in Chinese rre minnow (Goioypris rrus) exposed to wterorne hexromoylododene (HBCDD). Aqut Toxiol 86:4 11