AP Biology Exam Review Assignment

Transcription

1 Name: AP Biology Exam Review Assignment Directions: Your assignment is three- fold (1) answer the following, 20 Grid- In Questions (which is immediately followed by the AP Central 2013 Equations and Formulas Sheet.) (2) Answer the following 10 Short FRQs. (3) Choose and complete any 4 Long FRQs from any released AP Exam prior to the year These can all be found on the AP Central Website à Date Assigned: Thursday, March 20 th Date Due: Friday, April 11 th * Please keep this assignment with you at all times. You will have time during class to work on your assignment, and there may be a situation it is not announced in advance. I. Grid- In Question Section

2 In snapdragons (Antirrhinum), the phenotype for flower color is governed by two alleles red (R) and white (W). Heterozygous individuals have pink flowers. Two pink individuals are crossed to produce 465 offspring. 1. Calculate how many of these offspring are expected to have the red phenotype. Round your response to the nearest whole number. In corn (Zea mays), purple kernels (R) are dominant to yellow kernels (r). Cobs from the offspring of a cross between a purple plant and yellow plant were used in a lab. A student counts 329 purple and 299 yellow kernels on one cob. 2. Calculate the chi- squared value for the null hypothesis that the purple parent was heterozygous for purple kernels. Give your answer to the nearest tenth.

3 In a dog breed known as the Mexican Hairless, the hairless phenotype is a result of a mutation displaying an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Homozygous recessive individuals (hh) display a coated phenotype. Inheriting two copies of the mutation (HH) is lethal during embryonic development. 3. In a cross between two dogs with the hairless phenotype, what proportion of puppies born is expected to be hairless? Give your answer in the form of a fraction. Wild- type fruit flies have red eyes (+). The white- eyed phenotype (w) is recessive and results from a mutation on the X chromosome. During a lab, students cross a white- eyed male with a homozygous red- eyed female. A red- eyed female and a red- eyed male from the F1 generation are then bred to produce 573 offspring. 4. How many of the offspring are predicted to be white- eyed males? Round your response to the nearest whole number.

4 A plant geneticist is investing the inheritance of genes for bitter taste (Su) and explosive rind (e) in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Explosive rind is recessive and causes watermelons to burst when cut. Non- bitter watermelons are a result of the recessive genotype (susu). The geneticist wishes to determine if the genes assort independently. She performs a testcross between a bitter/non- explosive hybrid and a plant homozygous recessive for both traits. The following offspring are produced: bitter/non- explosive 88 bitter/explosive 68 non- bitter/non- explosive 62 non- bitter/explosive Calculate the chi- squared value for the null hypothesis that the two genes assort independently. Give your answer to the nearest tenth. 6. What is the SA/V for this cell? Round your answer to the nearest hundredths.

5 7. The molar concentration of a sugar solution in an open beaker has been determined to be 0.3M. Calculate the solute potential at 27 degrees Celsius. Round your answer to the nearest tenths. Solute potential= icrt i = The number of particles the molecule will make in water; for NaCl this would be 2; for sucrose or glucose, this number is 1 C = Molar concentration (from your experimental data) R = Pressure constant = liter bar/mole K T = Temperature in degrees Kelvin = C of solution The molar concentration of a sugar solution in an open beaker has been determined to be 0.3M. Calculate the solute potential at 27 degrees Celsius. Round your answer to the nearest tenths. 8. A census of birds nesting on a Galapagos Island revealed that 24 of them show a rare recessive condition that affected beak formation. The other 63 birds in this population show no beak defect. If this population is in HW equilibrium, what is the frequency of the dominant allele? Give your answer to the nearest hundredth Hardy Weinberg Strategy: a. figure out what you are given: allele (p or q) or genotypes (p2, 2pq, q2) b. figure out what you are solving for (allele frequency, number in population) c. manipulate formulas to go from given to solving for d. always give answers in decimals

6 9. Hydrogen peroxide is broken down to water and oxygen by the enzyme catalase. The following data were taken over 5 minutes. What is the rate of enzymatic reaction in ml/min from 2 to 4 minutes? Round to the nearest hundreds. Time (mins) Amount of O2 produced (ml) 10. Calculate the probability of tossing three coins simultaneously and obtaining three heads. Express in fraction form. 11. Joe has a 2 g/l solution. He dilutes it and creates 3 L of a 1 g/l solution. How much of the original solution did he dilute? Round to the nearest tenths. C1V1 = C2V2

7 12. Initial mass of pumpkin cores was measured in grams. What is the average initial mass for the pumpkin cores? 29.15, 28.45, 30.92, 29.25, 32.09, Round to nearest hundredths. 13. In pea plants, smooth seeds are dominant to wrinkled, and purple flowers are dominant to white. In a dihybrid cross where a 9:3:3:1 ratio is expected, the following data was collected: Smooth and Purple = 223 Smooth and White = 84 Wrinkled and Purple = 89 Wrinkled and White = 33 Determine the chi- - - square value. Round to nearest hundredths. 14. Two Wisconsin fast plants are crossed. One has the recessive dwarf trait, but the normal pigment anthocyanin, while the other has the recessive anthocyaninless trait, but is on normal height. Their offspring consist of: 89 plants of normal height and pigment 93 anthocyaninless plants and normal height 96 dwarf plants and normal pigment 94 anthocyaninless, dwarf plants A student proposes that the parent plants' genotype must have been ddaa for the dwarf parent and Ddaa for the anthocyaninless parent. Calculate the chi square value that would be used to confirm this hypothesis. Round to nearest hundredths.

8 15. If 250 people out of a population of 1,000 are born with sickle- - - cell anemia, how many people in the population will be more resistant to malaria because they are heterozygous for the sickle- - - cell gene? 16. In a population of 250 peas, 16% of the peas are homozygous recessive wrinkled and the rest are smooth. What is the frequency of the dominant allele for smooth peas? 17. In a population that is Hardy- - - Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype is a. What is the p and q value for this population? b. What is the frequency of individuals homozygous for the dominant trait? c. What is the frequency of individuals that show the dominant trait?

9 18. Scientists are trying to determine under what conditions a plant can survive. They collect the following data and would like to know the water potential of the plant cell. The solute potential is MPa and the pressure potential is MPa. What is the water potential? Round to nearest hundredths. 19. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution of ph 8? Round to the nearest whole number. 20. According to the Acid Rain Monitoring Project at the University of Mass, the ph measured at King Phillip Brook on April 10, 2012, was near 5, which the ph measured at Robbins Pond on that same date was near 9. Determine to the nearest whole number how many times greater the hydrogen ion concentration was at King Phillip Brook.

10 II. Short Free Response Questions Section 1. Fossils of lobe- finned fishes, which are ancestors of amphibians, are found in rocks that are at least 380 million years old. Fossils of the oldest amphibian- like vertebrate animals with true legs and lungs are found in rocks that are approximately 363 million years old. Three samples of rocks are available that might contain fossils of a transitional species between lobe- finned fishes and amphibians: one rock sample that is 350 million years old, one that is 370 million years old, and one that is 390 million years old. (a) Select the most appropriate sample of rocks in which to search for a transitional species between lobe- finned fishes and amphibians. Justify your selection. (b) Describe TWO pieces of evidence provided by fossils of a transitional species that would support a hypothesis that amphibians evolved from lobe- finned fishes. 2. Matter continuously cycles through an ecosystem. A simplified carbon cycle is depicted below. (a) Identify the key metabolic process for step I and the key metabolic process for step II, and briefly explain how each process promotes movement of carbon through the cycle. For each process, your explanation should focus on the role of energy in the movement of carbon. (b) Identify an organism that carries out both processes.

11 3. The table below shows the amino acid sequence of the carboxyl- terminal segment of a conserved polypeptide from four different, but related, species. Each amino acid is represented by a three- letter abbreviation, and the amino acid residues in the polypeptide chains are numbered from the amino end to the carboxyl end. Empty cells indicate no amino acid is present. Relative Amino Acid Position Species I Val His Leu Val Glu Glu His Val Glu His II Val His Leu Lys Glu Glu His Val Glu His III Val His Leu Val Glu Glu His Val IV Val His Leu Val Arg Trp Ala Cys Met Asp (a) AssumingthatspeciesIistheancestralspeciesofthegroup,explainthemostlikelygenetic changethat produced the polypeptide in species II and the most likely genetic change that produced the polypeptide in species III. (b) Predict the effects of the mutation on the structure and function of the resulting protein in species IV. Justify your prediction. 4. The following data were collected by observing subcellular structures of three different types of eukaryotic cells. RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF ORGANELLES IN THREE CELL TYPES Based on an analysis of the data, identify a likely primary function of each cell type and explain how the data support the identification. Cell Type Smooth ER Rough ER Mitochondria Cilia Golgi Bodies X Small amount Small amount Large number Present Small amount Y Large amount Large amount Moderate number Absent Large amount Z Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

12 5. In an experiment, rats averaging 300 g of body mass were tested several times over a three- month period. For each individual rat, urine was collected over a three- hour period after ingestion of 10 ml of liquid (water, 1% ethyl alcohol solution, or 5% ethyl alcohol solution). The volume of urine was then measured, and the results were averaged for all individuals within each experimental group. The data are shown in the table below. THREE- HOUR URINE OUTPUT FOLLOWING FLUID INGESTION (a) Pose ONE scientific question that the researchers were most likely investigating with the experiment. (b) State a hypothesis that could be tested to address the question you posed in part (a). (c) Using the data in the table, describe the effect of ethyl alcohol on urine production. Fluid ingested (10 ml) Water 1% Ethyl Alcohol 5% Ethyl Alcohol Average urine output (ml) It is theorized that glycolysis was the first metabolic pathway for the production of ATP. Glycolysis begins the process of making ATP by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Justify this claim with three pieces of evidence that support this point. 7. Gene expression in a cell is influenced by a variety of factors. Not all genes on the eukaryotic chromosome are expressed, and in fact, only a small fraction of the genes are transcribed into working proteins. Discuss how chromatin packaging influences gene expression.

13 8. What evidence supports the theory that chloroplasts and mitochondria are evolved from prokaryotic cells? 9. Life on Earth is made possible because of certain unique characteristics of water. Choose two characteristics of water. Choose two characteristics of water. a. For each characteristic that you choose, identify and define the property. b. Describe one example of how the property affects the functioning of living organisms. 10. Membranes are vital to the transport of substances into and out of cells. Three important forms of cellular transport include: a. Active transport b. Endocytosis and exocytosis c. Facilitated diffusion For each of the forms listed above, explain how the organization of the cell membranes functions in the movement of specific molecules across membranes and explain the significance of each type of transport to a specific cell.

14 III. Long Free Response Question Section Choose any four complete any 4 Long FRQs from any released AP Exam prior to the year Must submit the FRQ prompt, your response, and the scoring guidelines for all four Long FRQs. These can all be found on the AP Central Website: ml Options to Consider: 1) Complete the FRQ (in 20 minutes). Grade your FRQ using the accompanying scoring guideline for that year s AP Biology Exam. 2) Complete the FRQ (allotting yourself 20 minutes). Trade FRQs with another AP Biology student. This will allow both of you to be exposed to additional FRQ questions from a fresh perspective. 3) Complete the FRQ all the while utilizing scoring guidelines.