The Chemistry of BiologyCarbon Compounds

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1 The hemistry of Biologyarbon ompounds IV. arbon ompounds A. rganic ompounds haracteristics of carbon include: a) arbon forms: b) arbon can form bonds with other as well as a variety of such as. c) arbon can form: arbon can form. B. Macromolecules 1. Many of the molecules in living cells are so that they are known as. This means. 2. Macromolecules are made from. 3. The four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: a) b) c) d) 1

2 Why? Biological Molecules What are the building blocks of life? From the smallest single-celled organism to the tallest tree, all life depends on the properties and reactions of four classes of organic (carbon-based) compounds carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These organic molecules are the building blocks of all living things, and are responsible for most of the structure and functions of the body, including energy storage, insulation, growth, repair, communication, and transfer of hereditary information. Simple organic molecules can be joined together to form all the essential biological molecules needed for life. Model 1 Molecules of Life arbohydrates (monosaccharides) Lipids Glucose Galactose Fructose Glycerol Fatty acids Triglyceride (fat or oil) Proteins (amino acids) Variable side char side chain ucleic acids (nucleotides) ( 2 ) 12 3 ( 2 ) 7 =( 2 ) 7 3 ( 2 ) Phosphate group Alanine ysteine Amine group P ( 2 ) 7 =( 2 ) S 2 Sugar R itrogen base 3 arboxylic acid group 3 Biological Molecules 1

3 1. Use Model 1 to show which atoms are present in each type of molecule by listing the symbol for each atom included. arbohydrate has been done for you. a. arbohydrate,, c. Amino acid b. Lipid d. ucleic acid 2. Which type of molecule includes an example with a long-chain carbon backbone? 3. In the molecule referred to in the previous question, what is the dominant element attached to the carbon backbone? 4. The fatty acid chain of the lipids is often referred to as a hydrocarbon chain. Discuss with your group why the chain is given this name and write a one-sentence definition for a hydrocarbon. 5. Which molecule has a central carbon atom with four different components around it? 6. Which molecule has a sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group? 7. Discuss with your group members some similarities among all four types of molecules. List as many as you can. 8. What is the chemical formula of the first carbohydrate molecule shown? 9. What three structural groups shown do all amino acids have in common? 10. There are 20 naturally-occurring amino acids, and each one only varies in the structure of the R side chain. Two amino acids are shown in Model 1. What are the R side chains in each? Read This! During chemical reactions, the bonds in molecules are continually broken and reformed. To break a bond, energy must be absorbed. When bonds are formed, energy is released. If more energy is released than absorbed during a chemical change, the process can be used as a source of energy. A general rule for processes such as respiration is the more carbon atoms there are in a molecule, the more energy that molecule can provide to the organism when it is used as food. 2 PGIL Activities for igh School Biology

4 V. arbohydrates A. haracteristics of arbohydrates 1. These compounds are made up of in a ratio of. 2. Examples of carbohydrates are: 3. The carbohydrates are known as the quick energy foods because: 4. There are two main functions of carbohydrates: a) b) 5. The smaller molecules that make up the carbohydrates are. B. The Sugars 1. arbohydrates are classified according to: 2. contain only molecule of sugar. 3. are composed of molecules of sugar bonded together. 4. are composed of molecules of sugar bonded together.. Three ommon Polysaccharides 1. Starch a) nly found in. b) This is the way that plants c) Many, many molecules of are bonded together to form. 2

5 2. Glycogen a) nly found in. b) This is the way that animals. c) The liver bonds together many, many molecules of to form. 3. ellulose a) ellulose is the VI. Lipids b) It gives to the plant. c) ellulose is the major component of wood and paper. A. Examples of lipids are. B. These compounds are generally not in water.. These contain the elements but not in the ratio seen in the. D. There are two building blocks of lipids:. 1. A lipid has: 2. ircle and label the glycerol molecule in each of the above drawings. 3. Label the three fatty acid tails in each drawing. 4. If a fatty acid tail has at least one, it is said to be an fat. 3

6 5. If a fatty acid tail has no, it is said to be a fat. 6. Which of these drawings is a saturated fat? Which is an unsaturated fat? 7. Saturated fats tend to be at room temperature. Examples are: 8. Unsaturated fats tend to be at room temperature. Examples are: 9. Saturated fats clog up your arteries and veins. Please do not eat too many of these!!!! E. Uses of Lipids F. Biochemical Reactions During a bonds in molecules are broken and reform. Breaking bonds requires and forming bonds releases energy. In reactions occurring in organisms if more energy is released than required the process is used as a source of energy. In cell reactions such as respiration the more atoms in a molecule the more energy the molecule provides to the organism. Is a carbohydrate or a lipid more likely to be a good source of energy for an organism? Why? 4

7 VII. ucleic Acids A. ucleic acids are macromolecules containing the elements: B. There are two kinds of nucleic acids:.. The building blocks of the nucleic acids are. D. ucleic acids. VIII. Proteins A. Proteins are macromolecules that contain: B. The building blocks of proteins are. There are.. Each amino acid has four parts. Label these groups on the drawing above. D. There are many, many uses for proteins 1. enzymes 2. hormones 3. transport proteins such as hemoglobin 4. contractile proteins such as in muscle tissue 5. antibodies 6. membrane proteins 7. structural proteins such as bones and muscles 5

8 hemistry of Life Review Question Answer 6