METHODS IN VIT AMIN B-6 NUTRITION. Analysis and Status Assessment

Transcription

1 METHODS IN VIT AMIN B-6 NUTRITION Analysis and Status Assessment

2 lviethods IN "ITAlVIIN B-6 NU-TRI1 1 ION Analysis and Status Assessment Edited by J ames E. Leklem Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon and Robert D. Reynolds 8eltsville Human Nutrition Research Center u.s. Department of Agriculture 8eltsville, Maryland Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC

3 Library of Congress CataIoging in Publication Data Workshop on Vitamin B-6 AnaIyticaI Methodology and Criteria for Assessing NutritionaI Status, Timberline Lodge, Mount Hood, Or., Methods in vitamin 8-6 nutrition. Proceedings of the workshop held June 29-July 2, fucludes index. 1. Vitamin 86 in human nutrition-congresses. 2. Vitamin 86-Analysis-Congresses. 1. Leklem, James E., Il. Reynolds, Robert D., III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Pyridoxine-AnaIysis-Congresses. Wl AD559 v. 136/QU 195 M ] QP772.P9W ' ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Proceedings of a workshop on Vitamin 8-6 Analytical Methodology and Criteria for Assessing NutritionaI Status, held June 29-July 2, 1980, at Timberline Lodge, Mt. Hood, Oregon Springer Science+Business Media New York OriginaIly published by Plenum Press, New York in 1981 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1981 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicai, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher

4 INTRODUCTION During the period 29 June to 2 July 1980, a Workshop was held at Timberline Lodge, Mt. Hood, Oregon, entitled "Vitamin B-6 Analytical Methodology and Criteria for Assessing Nutritional Status". The papers which follow are the proceedings of that Workshop and represent the combined works of 36 scientists from across the United States and Canada. In addition to the 19 papers, there were seven short presentations which we consider to be at the very frontiers of analytical methods and status assessment for vitamin B-6. These reports discussed such areas as production of specific antibodies to the various vitamers, the synthesis of deuterated vitamers, comparisons of ultraviolet, fluorescence and elctrochemical determinations of the vitamers and the identification of polyaminepyridoxal Schiff bases in urine. Those reports are not included in this book solely due to their highly tentative and preliminary findings, not because we considered them of any less importance than the papers presented herein. In fact, these reports may well provide the foundations upon which subsequent workshops are developed. The feeling for the need of such a Workshop in part grew out of a previous workshop held at the Letterman Army Institute of Research, San Fra"ncisco, California, June At that time, extensive discussions were held on the requirements of various populations for vitamin B-6, and an underlying feeling was present on how best to determine the nutritional status of individuals and populations in order to properly determine their requirements for vitamin B-6. In the intervening years, many advances were made in the analysis of the various vitamers. Without accurate and appropriate analysis of the desired compounds, it is impossible to determine nutritional status. Thus, we felt that the time was appropriate for these two areas to be brought together and addressed at a common workshop. Based on discussions with leading scientists in the field of vitamin B-6 research, it was agreed that such a workshop would contribute a needed dimension in terms of nutrition research. The specific goals of the workshop were 1) to discuss and evaluate v

5 vi INTRODUCTION current and developing methods used to study vitamin 8-6 nutrition, 2) similarly, to discuss and evaluate the criteria used for assessment, and 3) to arrive at a consensus in each of these two areas. As an added step in the evaluation process, two scientists working outside the area of vitamin 8-6 provided critical analyses and evaluation of the papers and discussion. Bert Tolbert and Robert Stokstad blended their unique backgrounds and talents to provide a penetrating and stimulating discussion of both methodology and status assessment. To them we are deeply indebted and most thankful. The papers contained herein attest to the success of the workshop and the sharing of scientific knowledge. For the convenience of workers in vitamin 8-6 nutrition, the papers in the first section give extensive details on procedures used for the analysis of the various metabolites of interest. The completeness of detail of the nine different analytical procedures should allow this book to be used as a laboratory handbook as well as a source book for comparisons between different methodologies. The second section is an evaluation of how the various methods have been applied in order to determine vitamin 8-6 status in different populations. The advantages and shortcomings of each assessment method are presented as a guide to subsequent workers in this field. Finally, the third section gives an evaluation and recommendations on the suggested methods for analysis and status assessment. The ideas presented in this section were derived from the numerous discussion sessions held during the Workshop in which all participants contributed. Thus, the authorship of these two papers could be considered to be the same as the list of participants at the Workshop. Although no point was agreed upon unaminously, each recommendation presented, in our opinion, is a fair representation of the consensus of the majority of the participants. We hope these recommendations are, in fact, accurate representations of the majority and that they will be of value to others in this field. The Editors

6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As with any conference, the success of the Timberline 1980 Workshop was the result of the efforts of many persons. Without the generous financial support of the following organizations, this Workshop could not have been held: the Fogarty International Center, the National Cancer Institute, and the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Human Nutrition, United States Department of Agriculture; the Nutrition Research Institute, Oregon State University; and Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc. The Program Advisory Committee, composed of Myron Brin, Avanelle Kirksey, Ting-Kai Li, and Howerde Sauberlich, provided invaluable advice in the selection of topics and speakers and in the format of the program. Barbara Foos generously donated her artistic talents in designing the artwork which provided the theme that was carried throughout the entire Workshop. Prior to and during the Workshop, the devoted staff of Shirley Cress, Lori Stolsig, and Sherril Knower provided the secretarial services so vital to any successful program. The entire staff at Timberline Lodge was gracious and helpful in every aspect both during the planning stages and during the actual Workshop. Hilda MacMichael deserves special gratitude for her expertise and patience during the editing and numerous typings of the manuscripts for the publication of this book. All the above receive our public appreciation. One final word of appreciation must go to whatever forces controlled the rumblings and eruptions of Mt. Hood and Mt. St. Helens during the week of the Workshop. Although relatively quiet during that period, the uncertainty contributed to the air of excitement at the Workshop. vii

7 CONTENTS Vitamin B-6 Analysis: Esmond E. Snell METHODOLOGY OF VITAHIN B-6 ANALYSES Some Historical Aspects Microbiological Assay of Vitamin B-6 in Foods. Marilyn Polansky Microbiological Assay of Vitamin B-6 in Blood and Uri ne Lorraine T. Miller and Margaret Edwards Microassay of Pyridoxal Phosphate Using Tyrosine Apodeca rboxyl ase Lawrence Lumeng, Alec Lui and Ting-Kai Li An Improved Colorimetric Assay for Pyridoxal Phosphate Us i ng Hi gh ly Puri fi ed Apotryptophanase..... Betty E. Haskell Simple Assay for Femtomoles of Pyridoxal and Pyridoxamine Phosphates.... Bob In-Yu Yang, Ashok K. Sawhney, Ronnie C. Pitchlyn and Peter M. Peer Chemical Analysis of Pyridoxine Vitamers... K. Dakshinamurti and M. S. Chauhan Extraction and Quantitation of B-6 Vitamins from Animal Tissues and Human Plasma: A Preliminary Study.... Joseph T. Vanderslice, Catherine E. Maire, and Gary R. Beecher ix

8 x CONTENTS Determination of Vitamin B-6 Compounds by Semi automated Continuous-Flow and Chromatographic Methods 149 Jesse F. Gregory III and James R. Kirk Methodology for Determination Aminotransferases... J. H. Skala, P. P. Waring, and J. S. Alletto of Blood M. F. Lyons, M. G. Rusnak, CRITERIA FOR VITAMIN B-6 STATUS ASSESSMENT Vitamin B-6 Status Assessment: H. E. Sauberlich Past and Present. Estimated Dietary Intakes of Vitamin B-6.. Judy A. Driskell and Barbara M. Chrisley Assessment of Vitamin B-6 Status in Infants and Children: Serial Pyridoxal Phosphate Levels in Premature Infants.... Ernest E. McCoy, Robert Drebit, Ken Strynadka, and David Schiff Vitamin B-6 Content in Human Milk... Avanelle Kirksey, Judith L. B. Roepke, and Lynn M. Styslinger Plasma PLP as Indicator of Nutrition Status: Relationship to Tissue Vitamin B-6 Content and Hepatic Metabolism Ting-Kai Li and Lawrence Lumeng Urinary 4-Pyridoxic Acid, Urinary Vitamin B-6 and Plasma Pyridoxal Phosphate as Measures of Vitamin B-6 Status and Dietary Intake of Adults Terry D. Shultz and James E. Lekl em The Tryptophan Load Test as an Index of Vitamin B-6 Nutrition.... R. R. Brown Vitamin B-6 and Sulfur Amino Acid Metabolism John A. Sturman Methionine Metabolite Excretion as Affected by a Vitamin B-6 Deficiency.... Hellen M. Linkswiler

9 CONTENTS EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Recommended Methods for Vitamin B-6 Analysis. Robert D. Reynolds and James E. Leklem Recommendations for Assessment of Vitamin B-6 Status James E. Leklem and Robert D. Reynolds List of Participants Index