Substitution Effect of Sorghum Meal for Maize Meal in the Diet of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822) Juvenile

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1 Research Journal o Fsheres and Hydrobology, 4(2): 41-45, , INSInet Publcaton Substtuton Eect o Sorghum Meal or Maze Meal n the Det o Catsh (Claras garepnus, Burchell, 1822) Juvenle Aderolu, Ademola Zad, Kuton, Mnasu Pentho and Odu-Onkos, Sheu Gbolahan Department o Marne Scences, Unversty o Lagos, Akoka, Ngera Abstract: Sorghum meal was evaluated as a replacement or maze n the dets o C.garepnus over a perod o 70 days. Fve expermental dets were prepared, a control det wthout sorghum (det 1) whle dets 2 and 3 had 25% and 50% raw sorghum (RS),dets 4 and 5 equally had 25% and 50% ermented sorghum (FS) as subttute or maze. Juvenle o C. garepnus average weght (24.07± 0.011) were stocked 7 per tank and 3 replcate per treatment were ed 5 experment dets. Fermentaton process resulted n ncreased crude proten,energy and carbohydrate values but ths s not sgncantly dent rom the raw sample Mean weght gan, relatve growth rate, eed converson rato were not sgncantly derent between the control and other expermental dets. Specc growth rate s sgncantly derent at the 50% ncluson level o ermented sorghum n comparson to the raw sorghum ( aganst ). It could be concluded that the ncluson o sorghum meal even up to 50% ncluson level or both the raw and ermented meal, dd not aect negatvely the result obtan Keywords: Sorghum, maze, growth perormance, claras garepnus INTRODUCTION Hgh cost o sh eed has been recognsed as a major actor mltatng aganst rapd development o [13] aquaculture n the developng countres and eed s the most expensve cost tem n sem-ntensve and [8] ntensve sh culture. Maze s a cereal gran commonly used as energy/carbohydrate n sh dets; however competton or ts use n human oods and anmal eeds lmts ts avalablty and hence ncrease [3] ts prce n the market. Ths then necesstate research nto non-conventonal carbohydrate ngredents that wll replace maze wthout compromsng sh growth and health. Sorghum (Sorghum bcolor) s less expensve and abundant n Ngera when compared to other grans, It can be used as a good substtute or maze and s the world s th most mportant cereal n terms o both producton and area planted. About 48% o the global sorghum producton s used or producton o anmal [11] eed,. Sorghum s smlar n chemcal composton to maze (Zea mays). Sorghum has a nutrtonal qualty comparable to other cereals but the presence o antnutrtonal actors lke tannn, phytates and cyanogenc glucosdes among others could probably have eect on nutrent utlzaton and growth thereore suggestng the need or processng beore eedng t to anmals. It may be easble to replace expensve conventonal sh eedstus such as maze wth cheaper alternatves n order to reduce the cost o the eed. Claras garepnus (Burchell, 1822) s one o the most sutable aquaculture speces n Ngera. Ths could be credted to ts been hardy, resstance to handlng and stress, better growth and eed converson ablty The hgh qualty and better taste o ts lesh makes t a hghly demanded sh; hence there s a need to ncrease the local producton o ths speces at cheaper [17] producton cost. Ths study was conducted to evaluate the eect o replacng maze wth graded levels o raw and ermented sorghum n the dets o Arcan catsh (Claras garepnus) juvenles usng growth and nutrent utlzaton assessments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Purchase and Processng o Feed Ingredents: Ingredents used n ths study were purchased rom a commercal eed mller at a local market n Otto-Awor Lagos state, Ngera. Enough quantty o the sorghum and other ngredents were bought at the commencement o the experment to avod derences assocated wth varyng batches. A path o the sorghum gran was ermented by soakng n clean water or 3days, washed n resh water thereater sun-dred or another 3days, t was then mlled nto ne powder. The Correspondng Author: Aderolu, Department o Marne Scences, Unversty o Lagos, Akoka, Ngera E-mal: dezad@yahoo.com Telephone number: No. o Pages: 14 No. o Tables: 3 41

2 remanng sorghum was mlled also nto ne powder wthout any treatment and stored or uture usage. Graded levels o the raw and ermented sorghum gran powder were then ncorporated nto the eed composton as shown n Table 1. Known quanttes o the derent ngredents were blended together and passed through a 4mm de usng a small hand Pelletzer. Ater pelletzng, the eeds were sun dred to reduce mosture level to an average o 10%. Fve expermental dets were prepared, a control det wthout sorghum (det 1) whle dets 2 and 3 had 25% and 50% raw sorghum (RS), dets 4 and 5 equally had 25% and 50% ermented sorghum (FS) as subttute or maze (Table 1). Expermental Fsh, Water Supply and Feedng: The Claras garepnus juvenle obtaned rom the unversty arm were acclmatzed or 14days wthn the nutrtonal laboratory unt o the Unversty o Lagos Ngera. Durng the perod o acclmatzaton, the juvenles were ed wth 2mm sze Coppens eed (45% CP; 15.9 MJ/kg). The sh were allocated (7 sh per tank and 3 replcate per treatment) on the bass o smlar body weght usng a dgtal scale (Camry EK5055 Max. 5kg/11lb d=1g/0.05oz) to 15 transparent plastc tanks wth dmenson (52.5cm x 33.5cm x 21cm) or the growth trals. Pror to the commencement o the eedng tral, the sh were starved or one day to empty ther gastro ntestnal tract. Each o the dets was ed at 3% body weght thrce daly (9:00h, 13:00h and 17:00h) to sataton. Excess eed was sphoned an hour ater every eedng, dred and weghed to estmate the actual eed ntake per week. All the sh n each tank were batch weghed on weekly bass ater whch the mean body weght was determned and ratons adjusted accordngly to the new weght. Each tank was montored or survval and water qualty parameters. Data Computaton: The growth parameters were expressed as weght gan, relatve weght gan, and specc growth rate. Nutrent utlzaton ndces were expressed as voluntary eed ntake, eed converson rato, proten ecency rato. These growth and nutrent utlzaton parameters were calculated thus; Specc Growth Rate (SGR) = (Log e W 2 Log W 1 ) x 100 ))))))))))) T Where:W 1 = Weght (g) at stockng W 2 = Weght (g) at the end o the experment, T = Duraton o expermental days Log = Natural logarthms e Voluntary Feed Intake (VFI) (%) = 100 x FI ))))))) [(W + W ) x T] Where: FI = Feed Intake,W = Fnal average weght (g) W = Intal average weght (g),t = Number o days Feed Converson Rato (FCR) = Feed Intake (g) )))))))))) Fsh weght gan (g) Proten Ecency Rato (PER) = Weght gan (g) )))))))))) Proten ntake Where: Proten Intake = Feed ntake x Crude Proten o eed The cost was based on the current prces o eed ngredents n the expermental localty (Ngera) as o the tme o purchase. The economc evaluatons o the [12] dets were calculated rom the method o New as: Net Prot (NP) = Sales Expendture Statstcal Analyss: The expermental desgn was a randomzed complete desgn. The statstcal analyss was done wth Statstcal Analyss System, SAS [16] package. All data collected were subjected to one way analyss o varance (ANOVA). Comparsons among treatment means was carred out by Duncan [6] Multple Range test at a sgncance level o RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mean Weght Gan (MWG) = W -W Where: W = Fnal average weght, W = Intal average weght (g) Relatve Growth Rate (RGR) = Weght gan x 100 ))))))))) Intal body weght The physco-chemcal parameters o the culture tanks durng the expermental perod are as ollows, temperature ranged between 27.4 C and 28.9 C, wth a mean o 28.2±0.6 C; dssolved oxygen ranged between 4.0 and 6.1 mg/l wth a mean o 5.1±0.5 mg/l, whle ph ranged between 6.4 and 8.2 (mean 7.3 ± 5.0). These physco-chemcal parameters were wthn the lmts acceptable or Claras garepnus culture.no mortalty was recorded durng the expermental perod. 42

3 The proxmate composton o the raw and ermented sorghum s shown n Table 1, the crude proten,energy and carbohydrate values ncreased whle the ether extract, ash and crude bre values decreased rom the the raw to the soaked samples. The expermental dets were ormulated to be socalorc and sontogenous. There was no sgncant derence (P<0.05) n mean ntal weght o sh cultvated and the mean weght gan and other growth parameters measured were not sgncant between the control and other expermental dets ormulated. The eedng trals revealed that C. garepnus responded to all the dets, resultng n weght ncrease (Table 2). The growth rate, specc growth rate and eed converson ecency were not sgncantly aected by derent levels and processng o the sorghum meal (P<0.05). The hghest values o mean weght gan, relatve growth rate and specc growth rate (81.48g,77.07% and 0.82 respectvely) was recordeed or the 50% ermented sorghum and the least value o (60.28g,71.40 and 0.70) was recorded or the 25% ermented sorghum. Comparson o raw and ermented sorghum as test ngredents at the same level o ncluson showed no level o sgncant derence, but the sh on 50% ncluson perorm better than 25% ncluson n terms o ermented sorghum whle sh on 25% ncluson perormed better than 50% ncluson n terms o raw sorghum det. The hghest net prot value N was reported or the control det whle the lowest net prot value N was recorded or det 3. Dscusson: The physco-chemcal condton o the expermental sh are wthn the lmt tolerable by Arcan catsh and are wthn the lmt stated by Olurn [14]. The major source o metabolsable energy n most compounded dets or sh and lvestock s maze but t has become emnent that other carbohydrate sources should also be used. Detary carbohydrate sources already ed to some spece o sh nclude cassava, [18] cocoyam, maze, sorghum, wheat, rce and barley. Dets used n sh armng contan hghly varable amounts o carbohydrates dependng on the cultvated speces. Even wthn sh speces we nd carbohydrate content o dets varyng substantally. The ncrease n weght o sh ed graded levels o sorghum seed meal ndcated that the dets were nutrtonally adequate to support growth o Claras garepnus. Non sgncant derence n the growth and nutrent utlzaton o sh ed graded levels o [14] sorghum meal s smlar to the ndngs o Olurn, when they ed graded levels o cassava meal to Arcan catsh. Although the control det had the hghest growth rate but ths was not sncantly derent rom the other expermental dets.contrary to the expectaton that the dgestblty o starch decreases wth ncluson level (5 and 7), best growth perormance and nutrent utlzaton was ound at 50% ermented sorghum seed meal (FSSM) detary treatment. Ths ndcated that sorghum seed meal can substtute or maze n sh and other anmals det. Smlar conrmaton o the sutablty o sorghum seed meal was establshed by to [9] the work o Karman, whch showed that sorghum can replace maze n the det o layer qual uptll 40% ncluson level wthout adverse eect on growth and nutrent utlzaton. Table 1: Proxmate Composton o Expermental Test Ingredents. Raw Sorghum Fermented Soaked Dry Matter (%) Crude Proten (%) Ether Extract (%) Crude Fbre (%) Carbohydrate (%) Ash (%) Energy (Kcal) Table 2: Composton o Expermental Dets Ingredents Control 25% RS 50% RS 25% FS 50% FS Fshmeal (72%) Soybean Meal (SBM) Maze

4 Table 2: Contnue Raw test ngredent Fermented test ngredent Methonne Dcalcum phosphate (DCP) Ol Lysne Salt Total Crude Proten (%) Carbohydrate (%) Lpd (%) Energy (Kcal) Table 3: Perormance o Claras garepnus juvenles ed derent carbohydrates levels. PARAMETERS CONTROL 25% RSSM 50% RSSM 25% FSSM 50% FSSM SEM Mean Intal Weght (g) ±0.011 Mean Fnal Weght (g) ±2.295 Mean Weght Gan (g) ±2.274 Relatve Growth Rate ±1.334 b bc b c a Specc Growth Rate ±0.007 Feed Converson Rato ±0.214 Voluntary Feed Intake ±0.072 Proten Intake (%) ± Proten Ecency Rato ± Better results were obtaned n the mean weght gan o sh ed 50% FSSM and 50% RS (raw sorghum) when compared to that o the control det. Ths means that the dets wth the hghest ncluson o sorghum seed meal gve the best growth perormance. Ths s n accordance wth the work o Al-Ogaly [2] who reported that the best growth perormance was recorded n sorghum based dets as compared to rce, wheat, mllet, maze and barley based dets, n a study to evaluate eect o eedng derent gran sources on the growth perormance and body composton o Oreochroms nlotcus. Though not sgncant the 50% ncluson o ermented sorghun gave better mean weght gan and eed converson rato n comparsm to the 50% raw sorghum,derence n values obtaned could be due to processng eect whch resulted n mproved starch dgestblty as earler conrmed by [1] [4] Allan and Booth. Processng condtons vary wdely, and comprse dehullng, concentraton, heat treatment n pellet press or extruson, heatng under wet or dry condtons and ermentaton among others. Fermentaton process leads to ncreased proten content, reduced antnutrtonal actors and breakdown o complex sugars (carbohydrate) nto smpler sugars. Non starch polysaccahardes are consttuent o grans, soybean meal and other sh ngredents,rather than supply nutrents they may reduce utlzaton o other nutrents and thereby act as antnutrtent.insoluble bre tends to ncrease transt rate whereas soluble bres slow the rate o passage or the dgesta. Increased transt rate decreases the tme avalable or nutrent dgeston and would be expected [15] to restrct nutrent utlzaton. The above explanaton could probably be responsble why most o the dets wth the ermented sorghum had better perormance than the raw sample even at same ncluson level. Maze s very smlar to sorghum n term o nutrent composton but the present o ant-nutrton 44

5 actor lke tannn n sorghum could aect t utlzaton by anmals. Despte ths act the ncluson o sorghun even at hgher ncluson rate dd not gve a poor result. [10] Accordng to Krogdahl there could be the possblty o postve eects o combnng starch sources. The capacty o the dgestve tract or carbohydrate dgeston and absorpton appeared to be utlzed to a greater extent when ed the mxed starch sources than when ed only a sngle source. Hence, starch dgestblty also vares dependng on the combnaton o starch sources n the det. REFERENCES 1. Allan, G.L., S. Parknson, M.A. Booth, D.A.J. Stone, S.J. Rowland, J. Frances and R. WarnerSmth, Replacement o sh meal n dets or Australan slver perch, Bdyanus bdyanus: I. Dgestblty o alternatve ngredents. Aquaculture, 186: Al-Ogaly, S.M., N.A. and A. All, Eect o eedng derent gran sources on the growth perormance and body composton o Tlapa Oreochroms nlotcus (L). Aquaculture Res., 27: Balogun, A.M. and O.A. Fagbenro, Use o macadama presscake as a proten eedstu n practcal dets or Tlapa, Oreochroms nlotcus (L.) Aquaculture Research, 26: Booth, M.A., G.L. Allan, J. Frances, Parknson, S. (2001) Replacement o sh meal n dets or Australan slver perch, Bdyanus bdyanus IV. Eects o dehullng and proten concentraton on dgestblty o gran legumes. Aquaculture, 196: Burel, C., T. Boujard, F. Tull and S.J. Kaushk, Dgestblty o extruded peas, extruded lupn, and rapeseed meal n ranbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykss) and turbot (Psetta maxma). Aquaculture, 188: Duncan, D., Multple range tests and multple F tests. Bometrcs. 11: Hllestad, M., F. Johnsen and T. Asgard, Proten to carbohydrate rato n hgh-energy dets or Atlantc salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquacult. Res., 32: Jauncey, K. and B. Ross, A gude to Tlapa eeds and eedng. Insttute o Aquaculture, Unversty o Strlng Scotland, pp: Karman, M.R., M. Tohdan, R. Alverdnasab and M.G. Khyav, Eect o Replacement o Maze by Sorghum on Layer Qual perormance. The Jont Agrculture and Natural Resources Symposum, Tabrz - Ganja. p: Krogdahl, A., G.I. Hemre and T.P Mommsen, Carbohydrates n sh nutrton: dgeston and absorpton n post-larval stages.aquaculture Nutrton, 11(2): Leder, I., Sorghum and mllets, n Cultvated Plants, Prmarly as Food Sources, [Ed. Gyorgy Fuleky], n Encyclopeda o Le Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspces o UNESCO, Eolss Publshers, Oxord, UK. pp: New, M.B., Formulated Aquaculture Feeds n Asa: Some Thoughts on Comparatve Economcs, Industral Potental, Problems and Research Need n Relaton to Small-Scale Farmer. In report o the Workshop on Shrmps and Fn Fsh Feed Development (Bahru, J.E. Ed.) ASEAN/SF/89/GGEN/ Nwanna, L.C., Nutrtonal value and dgestblty o ermented shrmp head waste meal by Arcan catsh Claras garepnus. Pakstan Journal o Nutrton, 2: Olurn, K.B., A.A. Olojo and O.A. Olukoya, Growth o Arcan Catsh Claras garepnus Fngerlngs, Fed Derent Levels o cassava. W.J. Zoology, 1(1): Reste, S., B. Svhus, K.D. Shearer and T. Storebakken, Nutrent dgestblty n Atlantc salmon and broler chckens related to vscosty and non-starch polysaccharde content n derent soyabean products. Anm. Feed. Sc. Technol., 79: SAS Insttute, SAS user gude: Statstcs. Inc. Cary, NC. 17. Sogbesan, A.O. and A.A.A. Ugwumba, Nutrtonal Evaluaton o Termte (Macrotermes subhyalnus) Meal as anmal proten Supplements n the Dets o Heterobranchus longls (Valencennes, 1840) Fngerlngs Turksh Journal o Fsheres and Aquatc Scences, 8: Solomon, S.G., L.O. Tamyu and U.J. Agaba, Eect o eedng derent gran sources on the growth perormance nd body composton o Tlapa (Oreochroms nlotcus) ngerlngs ed n outdoor hapas. Pakstan journal o nutrton., 6(3):