Fig Articular cartilage. Epiphysis. Red bone marrow Epiphyseal line. Marrow cavity. Yellow bone marrow. Periosteum. Nutrient foramen Diaphysis

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1 Fig. 7.1 Articular cartilage Epiphysis Red bone marrow Epiphyseal line Marrow cavity Yellow bone marrow Nutrient foramen Diaphysis Site of endosteum Compact bone Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Epiphysis Articular cartilage (a) Living (b) Dried 1

2 Fig. 7.2 Suture Outer compact bone Spongy bone (diploe) Trabeculae Inner compact bone 2

3 Fig. 7.3 Osteogenic cell Osteoblast Osteocyte Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Secretory vesicles Mitochondrion (a) Osteocyte development Osteocyte Stem cells Nuclei Osteoclast Osseous tissue Resorption bay Fusion Osteoclast Lysosomes Ruffled border (b) Osteoclast development 3

4 Fig. 7.4 Bone marrow Trabecula Pelvic bone Head of femur Spongy bone Compact bone (a) (c) Nerve Blood vessel Spicules Trabeculae Spongy bone Endosteum Perforating fibers Perforating canal Central canal Osteon Lacuna Collagen fibers Concentric lamellae Circumferential lamellae (b) Lacunae Canaliculi Central canal Lamella (d) 20 µm a: D.W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited; c: Science VU/Visuals Unlimited; d: Donald Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited 4

5 Fig. 7.5 Greater trochanter Head Trabeculae of spongy bone Compact bone Lines of stress Shaft (diaphysis) Robert Calentine/Visuals Unlimited 5

6 Fig

7 Fig. 7.7 Osteoid tissue Blood vessel Osteoid tissue Osteoblasts Mesenchyme Mesenchymal cell Bone trabecula Marrow spaces Osteocyte Osteoblast 1 Deposition of osteoid tissue into embryonic mesenchyme 2 Calcification of osteoid tissue and entrapment of osteocytes Mesenchyme Spongy bone Compact bone Spongy bone Compact bone Bone trabeculae 3 Honeycomb of spongy bone with developing periosteum 4 Filling of space to form compact bone at surfaces, leaving spongy bone in middle 7

8 Fig. 7.8 : Fibrous layer Osteogenic layer Osteoid tissue Osseous tissue (bone) Osteoblasts Osteocytes Ken Saladin 8

9 Fig. 7.9 Articular cartilage Spongy bone Perichondrium Hyaline cartilage 1 Early cartilage model Enlarging chondrocytes Bony collar Primary ossification center 2 Formation of primary ossification center, bony collar, and periosteum 3 Vascular invasion, formation of primary marrow cavity, and appearance of secondary ossification center Secondary ossification center Blood vessel Primary marrow cavity Secondary marrow cavity Epiphysis Metaphysis Diaphysis Secondary ossification center 4 Bone at birth, with enlarged primary marrow cavity and appearance of secondary marrow cavity in one epiphysis 5 Bone of child, with epiphyseal plate at distal end Epiphyseal plate Nutrient foramen Compact bone Metaphysis Cartilage 6 Adult bone with a single marrow cavity and closed epiphyseal plate Epiphyseal line Marrow cavity 9

10 Fig Cranial bones Mandible Humerus Radius Ulna Vertebrae Scapula Ribs Femur Pelvis Biophoto Associates/Science Source 10

11 Fig Zone 1 Zone 5 Multiplying chondrocytes Enlarging chondrocytes Breakdown of lacunae Calcifying cartilage Bone marrow Osteoblasts Osteocytes Zone of reserve cartilage Typical histology of resting hyaline cartilage Zone of cell proliferation Chondrocytes multiplying and lining up in rows of small flattened lacunae Zone of cell hypertrophy Cessation of mitosis; enlargement of chondrocytes and thinning of lacuna walls Zone of calcification Temporary calcification of cartilage matrix between columns of lacunae Zone of bone deposition Breakdown of lacuna walls, leaving open channels; death of chondrocytes; bone deposition by osteoblasts, forming trabeculae of spongy bone Trabeculae of spongy bone Victor Eroschenko 11

12 Fig HO 7-dehydrocholesterol Ultraviolet light Vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) CH 2 HO HO CH 2 OH Calcidiol CH 2 Calcitriol OH Bone resorption Reduced excretion of Ca 2+ Absorption of Ca 2+ and phosphate HO OH 12

13 Fig Blood Ca 2+ excess Blood Ca 2+ returns to normal Blood Ca 2+ deficiency Blood Ca 2+ returns to normal Calcitonin secretion Reduced osteoclast activity Less bone resorption Parathyroid hormone secretion Increased osteoclast activity Reduced osteoblast activity More bone resorption Less bone deposition Increased osteoblast activity (a) Correction for hypercalcemia More bone deposition More urinary phosphate excretion Prevention of hydroxyapatite formation Less urinary calcium excretion (b) Correction for hypocalcemia Conservation of calcium 13

14 Fig Marrow cavity Hematoma Compact bone Fibrocartilage Soft callus New blood vessels Hard callus Spongy bone 1 Hematoma formation 2 Soft callus formation 3 Hard callus formation 4 The hematoma is converted Deposition of collagen and Osteoblasts deposit a temporary to granulation tissue by invasion fibrocartilage converts granulation bony collar around the fracture to of cells and blood capillaries. tissue to a soft callus. unite the broken pieces while ossification occurs. Bone remodeling Small bone fragments are removed by osteoclasts, while osteoblasts deposit spongy bone and then convert it to compact bone. 14

15 Page 225 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Bones lying close to the body surface support and shape the skin. LYMPHATIC/ IMMUNE SYSTEM White blood cells produced in the bone marrow carry out the body s immune functions. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Bones are the attachment sites for most skeletal muscles and provide leverage for muscle action; calcium homeostasis, important for muscle contraction, is achieved partly through a balance between bone deposition and resorption. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Ventilation of the lungs is achieved by musculoskeletal actions of the thoracic cage; the thoracic cage protects the delicate lungs from trauma; bones support and shape the nasal cavity. NERVOUS SYSTEM The cranium and vertebral column protect the brain and spinal cord; osseous tissue provides the calcium homeostasis needed for nerve function. URINARY SYSTEM The thoracic cage partially protects the kidneys, and the pelvic girdle protects the lower urinary tract. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Bones protect endocrine glands in the head, thorax, and pelvis; bones secrete the hormone osteocalcin, which promotes insulin action. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Osseous tissue interacts with the digestive system in maintaining calcium homeostasis; the thoracic cage and pelvic girdle protect portions of the digestive tract; musculoskeletal movements are necessary for chewing. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Bone marrow forms blood cells and platelets; osseous tissue provides the calcium homeostasis needed for cardiac function and blood clotting. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The pelvic girdle protects the internal reproductive organs; childbirth is adapted to the anatomy of the female pelvic girdle; ligaments anchor the penis and clitoris to the pelvic girdle. 15