Skeletal Tissue Study Slides. Chapter 6

Transcription

1 Skeletal Tissue Study Slides Chapter 6

2 Functions of the skeletal system include all of the following, except A. support. B. storage. C. protection. D. blood cell production. E. movement.

3 ANSWER Functions of the skeletal system include all of the following, except A. support. B. storage. C. protection. D. blood cell production. E. movement.

4 The humerus is an example of a bone. A. long B. short C. flat D. irregular E. sesamoid

5 ANSWER The humerus is an example of a bone. A. long B. short C. flat D. irregular E. sesamoid

6 Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of A. a fibrous connective-tissue model. B. a cartilage model. C. a membranous model. D. a calcified model. E. no model at all, just the presence of osteoblasts.

7 ANSWER Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of A. a fibrous connective-tissue model. B. a cartilage model. C. a membranous model. D. a calcified model. E. no model at all, just the presence of osteoblasts.

8 When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones A. grow longer. B. grow wider. C. become shorter. D. become more porous and weaker. E. become thicker.

9 ANSWER When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones A. grow longer. B. grow wider. C. become shorter. D. become more porous and weaker. E. become thicker.

10 A child with rickets would have A. oversized facial bones. B. long limbs. C. weak, brittle bones. D. bowed legs. E. inadequate muscle development.

11 ANSWER A child with rickets would have A. oversized facial bones. B. long limbs. C. weak, brittle bones. D. bowed legs. E. inadequate muscle development.

12 Premature closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by A. high levels of vitamin D. B. too much calcium in the diet. C. elevated levels of sex hormones. D. too little thyroxine. E. an excess of growth hormone.

13 ANSWER Premature closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by A. high levels of vitamin D. B. too much calcium in the diet. C. elevated levels of sex hormones. D. too little thyroxine. E. an excess of growth hormone.

14 In normal adult bones, A. there is no turnover of minerals. B. a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year. C. osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, once bone has been formed. D. osteoclasts continue to be active long after osteoblast activity ceases. E. stresses will have no effect on the thickness of bone.

15 ANSWER In normal adult bones, A. there is no turnover of minerals. B. a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year. C. osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, once bone has been formed. D. osteoclasts continue to be active long after osteoblast activity ceases. E. stresses will have no effect on the thickness of bone.

16 The following are major steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1. Blood vessels invade the perichondrium. 2. Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify. 4. Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone. 5. The perichondrium is converted into a periosteum and the inner layer produces bone. The correct order for these events is A. 3, 1, 5, 4, 2. B. 1, 3, 5, 4, 2. C. 1, 5, 3, 4, 2. D. 2, 3, 1, 5, 4. E. 3, 1, 4, 5, 2.

17 ANSWER The following are major steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1. Blood vessels invade the perichondrium. 2. Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify. 4. Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone. 5. The perichondrium is converted into a periosteum and the inner layer produces bone. The correct order for these events is A. 3, 1, 5, 4, 2. B. 1, 3, 5, 4, 2. C. 1, 5, 3, 4, 2. D. 2, 3, 1, 5, 4. E. 3, 1, 4, 5, 2.

18 The ankle bones are examples of bones. A. long B. short C. flat D. irregular E. sesamoid

19 ANSWER The ankle bones are examples of bones. A. long B. short C. flat D. irregular E. sesamoid

20 The patella is an example of a bone. A. long B. short C. flat D. irregular E. sesamoid

21 ANSWER The patella is an example of a bone. A. long B. short C. flat D. irregular E. sesamoid

22 Secondary ossification centers occur A. in the medullary cavity of the diaphysis. B. at the outer surface of the diaphysis. C. in the center of the epiphyses. D. at the surface of the epiphyses. E. in the dermis of the skin.

23 ANSWER Secondary ossification centers occur A. in the medullary cavity of the diaphysis. B. at the outer surface of the diaphysis. C. in the center of the epiphyses. D. at the surface of the epiphyses. E. in the dermis of the skin.

24 The sternum is an example of a bone. A. long B. short C. flat D. irregular E. sesamoid

25 ANSWER The sternum is an example of a bone. A. long B. short C. flat D. irregular E. sesamoid

26 Mary is 50 years old. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals that portions of her skeleton show greater than normal demineralization. After reviewing the test results, her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone will she prescribe for her patient? A. thyroid hormone B. growth hormone C. estrogen D. parathyroid hormone E. calcitonin

27 ANSWER Mary is 50 years old. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals that portions of her skeleton show greater than normal demineralization. After reviewing the test results, her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone will she prescribe for her patient? A. thyroid hormone B. growth hormone C. estrogen D. parathyroid hormone E. calcitonin

28 The term diploe refers to A. The shaft of a long bone B. The ends of a long bone C. Bone with no medullary cavity D. Two thin flat plates of compact bone E. The internal layer of spongy bone in a flat bone

29 ANSWER The term diploe refers to A. The shaft of a long bone B. The ends of a long bone C. Bone with no medullary cavity D. Two thin flat plates of compact bone E. The internal layer of spongy bone in a flat bone

30 When production of sex hormones increases, bone growth A. slows down. B. accelerates rapidly. C. increases slowly. D. increases, but only in thickness. E. is not affected.

31 ANSWER When production of sex hormones increases, bone growth A. slows down. B. accelerates rapidly. C. increases slowly. D. increases, but only in thickness. E. is not affected.

32 The vertebrae are examples of bones. A. long B. short C. flat D. irregular E. sesamoid

33 ANSWER The vertebrae are examples of bones. A. long B. short C. flat D. irregular E. sesamoid

34 The innermost part of compact bone is known as the A. medullary cavity. B. metaphysic. C. spongy bone. D. epiphysis. E. diaphysis.

35 ANSWER The innermost part of compact bone is known as the A. medullary cavity. B. metaphysic. C. spongy bone. D. epiphysis. E. diaphysis.

36 The most abundant mineral in the human body is A. sodium. B. potassium. C. phosphorus. D. calcium. E. sulfur.

37 ANSWER The most abundant mineral in the human body is A. sodium. B. potassium. C. phosphorus. D. calcium. E. sulfur.

38 How would increasing the amount of osteoid in the bony matrix affect the physical characteristics of bone? A. The bone would be less flexible B. The bones would be stronger C. The bones would be more brittle D. The bones would be larger E. The bones would be less compressible

39 ANSWER How would increasing the amount of osteoid in the bony matrix affect the physical characteristics of bone? A. The bone would be less flexible B. The bones would be stronger C. The bones would be more brittle D. The bones would be larger E. The bones would be less compressible

40 Our bones are constantly changing to adapt to the demands we place on them. A. True B. False

41 ANSWER Our bones are constantly changing to adapt to the demands we place on them. A. True B. False

42 Mature bone cells are called A. osteocytes. B. osteoblasts. C. osteoclasts. D. chondrocytes. E. osteons.

43 ANSWER Mature bone cells are called A. osteocytes. B. osteoblasts. C. osteoclasts. D. chondrocytes. E. osteons.

44 Bundles of collagen fibers that run in a particular direction around the entire bone are called A. Concentric lamellae B. Circumferential lamellae C. Interstitial lamellae D. Lacunae

45 ANSWER Bundles of collagen fibers that run in a particular direction around the entire bone are called A. Concentric lamellae B. Circumferential lamellae C. Interstitial lamellae D. Lacunae

46 The tissue found in the medullary cavity that is primarily adipose tissue is A. Yellow marrow B. Red marrow C. Cartilage D. Collagen E. Osseous tissue

47 ANSWER The tissue found in the medullary cavity that is primarily adipose tissue is A. Yellow marrow B. Red marrow C. Cartilage D. Collagen E. Osseous tissue

48 Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone A. calcitonin. B. thyroid hormone. C. parathyroid hormone. D. growth hormone. E. testosterone.

49 ANSWER Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone A. calcitonin. B. thyroid hormone. C. parathyroid hormone. D. growth hormone. E. testosterone.

50 Cells that synthesize the organic components of the bone matrix are called A. osteocytes. B. osteoprogenitor cells. C. osteoblasts. D. osteoclasts. E. chondrocytes.

51 ANSWER Cells that synthesize the organic components of the bone matrix are called A. osteocytes. B. osteoprogenitor cells. C. osteoblasts. D. osteoclasts. E. chondrocytes.

52 Which of the following is a characteristic of bone? A. The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. B. The matrix of the bone contains osteoclasts. C. Narrow passageways form through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients. D. all of the above E. both A and C

53 ANSWER Which of the following is a characteristic of bone? A. The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. B. The matrix of the bone contains osteoclasts. C. Narrow passageways form through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients. D. all of the above E. both A and C

54 An inherited collagen disorder, such as osteogenesis imperfecta, might lead to what symptoms A. Brittle bones susceptible to fracture B. Soft bones C. Blister formation D. Increased risk of cancer

55 ANSWER An inherited collagen disorder, such as osteogenesis imperfecta, might lead to what symptoms A. Brittle bones susceptible to fracture B. Soft bones C. Blister formation D. Increased risk of cancer

56 The hormone calcitonin functions to A. stimulate osteoclast activity. B. decrease the rate of calcium excretion. C. decrease the rate of calcium absorption. D. decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood. E. stimulate both osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

57 ANSWER The hormone calcitonin functions to A. stimulate osteoclast activity. B. decrease the rate of calcium excretion. C. decrease the rate of calcium absorption. D. decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood. E. stimulate both osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

58 Large, multinucleated cells that can dissolve the bony matrix are called A. osteocytes. B. osteoprogenitor cells. C. osteoblasts. D. osteoclasts. E. chondrocytes.

59 ANSWER Large, multinucleated cells that can dissolve the bony matrix are called A. osteocytes. B. osteoprogenitor cells. C. osteoblasts. D. osteoclasts. E. chondrocytes.

60 Restoring broken ends of a bone to normal position is called a(n) A. Addition B. Subtraction C. Reduction D. Fracture E. Fusion

61 ANSWER Restoring broken ends of a bone to normal position is called a(n) A. Addition B. Subtraction C. Reduction D. Fracture E. Fusion

62 Jim begins puberty early at age 10. What effect would you predict this will have on his stature? A. Jim will probably be taller than if he had started puberty later B. Jim will probably be shorter than if he had started puberty later C. Jim will be a giant D. The early onset of puberty will have no effect on Jim s stature

63 ANSWER Jim begins puberty early at age 10. What effect would you predict this will have on his stature? A. Jim will probably be taller than if he had started puberty later B. Jim will probably be shorter than if he had started puberty later C. Jim will be a giant D. The early onset of puberty will have no effect on Jim s stature

64 marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone. A. Bone B. Yellow C. White D. Gray E. Red

65 ANSWER marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone. A. Bone B. Yellow C. White D. Gray E. Red

66 Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways, except it A. stimulates osteoclast activity. B. increases the rate of calcium absorption. C. decreases the rate of calcium excretion. D. raises the level of calcium ion in the blood. E. stimulates osteoblast activity.

67 ANSWER Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways, except it A. stimulates osteoclast activity. B. increases the rate of calcium absorption. C. decreases the rate of calcium excretion. D. raises the level of calcium ion in the blood. E. stimulates osteoblast activity.

68 During fracture repair, which of the following is the first step A. Formation of a fracture hematoma B. Soft callus formation C. Bone remodeling D. Hard callus formation

69 ANSWER During fracture repair, which of the following is the first step A. Formation of a fracture hematoma B. Soft callus formation C. Bone remodeling D. Hard callus formation

70 In the process of osteolysis, A. new bone is formed. B. an organic framework is formed. C. the bony matrix is dissolved to release the stored minerals. D. osteoblasts form the osteoid that is later calcified. E. fractured bones repair themselves.

71 ANSWER In the process of osteolysis, A. new bone is formed. B. an organic framework is formed. C. the bony matrix is dissolved to release the stored minerals. D. osteoblasts form the osteoid that is later calcified. E. fractured bones repair themselves.

72 A fracture where a piece of bone is torn away is a fracture A. Stress B. Indirect C. Pathologic D. Avulsion E. Depressed

73 ANSWER A fracture where a piece of bone is torn away is a fracture A. Stress B. Indirect C. Pathologic D. Avulsion E. Depressed

74 A fracture due to weakness from disease such as osteoporosis A. Stress B. Indirect C. Pathologic D. Avulsion E. Depressed

75 ANSWER A fracture due to weakness from disease such as osteoporosis A. Stress B. Indirect C. Pathologic D. Avulsion E. Depressed

76 Vitamin D is necessary for A. collagen formation. B. absorption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions. C. reducing osteoblast activity. D. increasing osteoclast activity. E. the formation of the organic framework of bone.

77 ANSWER Vitamin D is necessary for A. collagen formation. B. absorption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions. C. reducing osteoblast activity. D. increasing osteoclast activity. E. the formation of the organic framework of bone.

78 Which of the following individuals would have the largest humerus? A. Swimmer B. Ice skater C. Ballerina D. Distance runner E. Weight lifter

79 ANSWER Which of the following individuals would have the largest humerus? A. Swimmer B. Ice skater C. Ballerina D. Distance runner E. Weight lifter

80 Which of the following hormones helps to maintain bone density A. Parathyroid hormone B. Estrogen C. Insulin D. Oxytocin

81 ANSWER Which of the following hormones helps to maintain bone density A. Parathyroid hormone B. Estrogen C. Insulin D. Oxytocin

82 bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and makes it easier for muscles to move the bones. A. Short B. Irregular C. Spongy D. Sesamoid E. Long

83 ANSWER bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and makes it easier for muscles to move the bones. A. Short B. Irregular C. Spongy D. Sesamoid E. Long

84 A lack of exercise would A. cause bones to become thicker. B. cause bones to store more calcium. C. result in thin and brittle bones. D. increase the length of a bone. E. have no effect on a bone.

85 ANSWER A lack of exercise would A. cause bones to become thicker. B. cause bones to store more calcium. C. result in thin and brittle bones. D. increase the length of a bone. E. have no effect on a bone.

86 What is the term for a fracture at the distal radius of the wrist? A. Colle s fracture B. Pott s fracture C. Avulsion fracture D. Comminuted fracture E. Greenstick fracture

87 ANSWER What is the term for a fracture at the distal radius of the wrist? A. Colle s fracture B. Pott s fracture C. Avulsion fracture D. Comminuted fracture E. Greenstick fracture

88 In the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes swell and die in which layer A. Zone of hypertrophy B. Zone of resting cartilage C. Zone of calcified cartilage D. Zone of proliferating cartilage

89 ANSWER In the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes swell and die in which layer A. Zone of hypertrophy B. Zone of resting cartilage C. Zone of calcified cartilage D. Zone of proliferating cartilage

90 During fracture repair, which of the following is the second step? A. Formation of a fracture hematoma B. Bone remodeling C. Hard callus formation D. Spongy bone is laid down E. Soft callus formation

91 ANSWER During fracture repair, which of the following is the second step? A. Formation of a fracture hematoma B. Bone remodeling C. Hard callus formation D. Spongy bone is laid down E. Soft callus formation

92 When stress is applied to a bone, A. the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts. B. osteoclast activity increases. C. the bone becomes thin and brittle. D. the bone compensates by becoming thinner in the region of stress. E. trabeculae are formed perpendicular to the zone of stress to increase strength.

93 ANSWER When stress is applied to a bone, A. the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts. B. osteoclast activity increases. C. the bone becomes thin and brittle. D. the bone compensates by becoming thinner in the region of stress. E. trabeculae are formed perpendicular to the zone of stress to increase strength.

94 The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called A. lamellae. B. lacunae. C. canaliculi. D. marrow cavities. E. matrices.

95 ANSWER The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called A. lamellae. B. lacunae. C. canaliculi. D. marrow cavities. E. matrices.

96 The outermost layer of compact bone is the endosteum. A. True B. False

97 ANSWER The outermost layer of compact bone is the endosteum. A. True B. False

98 For women, the drop in estrogen as part of aging has what effect on bone tissue? A. a decrease in protein synthesis B. demineralization C. a decreased number of osteoblasts D. a decreased number of osteoclasts E. a decreased number of osteoprogenitor cells

99 ANSWER For women, the drop in estrogen as part of aging has what effect on bone tissue? A. a decrease in protein synthesis B. demineralization C. a decreased number of osteoblasts D. a decreased number of osteoclasts E. a decreased number of osteoprogenitor cells

100 A condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function is A. osteopenia. B. osteoporosis. C. osteomyelitis. D. osteitis. E. osteomalacia.

101 ANSWER A condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function is A. osteopenia. B. osteoporosis. C. osteomyelitis. D. osteitis. E. osteomalacia.

102 The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from a limited range of directions is bone. A. spongy B. trabecular C. compact D. lamellar E. irregular

103 ANSWER The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from a limited range of directions is bone. A. spongy B. trabecular C. compact D. lamellar E. irregular

104 During endochondral bone formation, the primary center of ossification forms in the A. Proximal epiphysis B. Distal epiphysis C. Epiphyseal plate D. Diaphysis E. Metaphysis

105 ANSWER During endochondral bone formation, the primary center of ossification forms in the A. Proximal epiphysis B. Distal epiphysis C. Epiphyseal plate D. Diaphysis E. Metaphysis

106 The following are steps in the process of bone repair. 1. Cells of the periosteum and endosteum divide rapidly. 2. A fracture hematoma forms. 3. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the region of the injury. 4. An external callus encircles the bone at the level of the fracture and an internal callus organizes within the marrow cavity. 5. Osteoblasts replace the central cartilages with spongy bone. 6. Cells at the center of the callus differentiate into chondrocytes and cells at the edges of the callus differentiate into osteoblasts. The correct order of these events is: A. 2, 4, 1, 6, 5, 3. B. 1, 2, 4, 6, 5, 3. C. 3, 2, 1, 4, 6, 5. D. 2, 1, 4, 6, 5, 3. E. 1, 4, 2, 5, 6, 3.

107 ANSWER The following are steps in the process of bone repair. 1. Cells of the periosteum and endosteum divide rapidly. 2. A fracture hematoma forms. 3. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the region of the injury. 4. An external callus encircles the bone at the level of the fracture and an internal callus organizes within the marrow cavity. 5. Osteoblasts replace the central cartilages with spongy bone. 6. Cells at the center of the callus differentiate into chondrocytes and cells at the edges of the callus differentiate into osteoblasts. The correct order of these events is: A. 2, 4, 1, 6, 5, 3. B. 1, 2, 4, 6, 5, 3. C. 3, 2, 1, 4, 6, 5. D. 2, 1, 4, 6, 5, 3. E. 1, 4, 2, 5, 6, 3.

108 The function of the epiphyseal plate is to A. Allow more flexiblity in a long bone B. Allow a means by which the bone can increase in diameter C. Allow a means by which bone can increase in length D. Provide nourishment to isolated osteocytes

109 ANSWER The function of the epiphyseal plate is to A. Allow more flexiblity in a long bone B. Allow a means by which the bone can increase in diameter C. Allow a means by which bone can increase in length D. Provide nourishment to isolated osteocytes

110 The function of osteoblasts is to A. Breakdown bone B. Produce blood cells C. Produce new bone formation D. Add new tissue to the periosteum E. Provide nourishment to the cells of the articular cartilage

111 ANSWER The function of osteoblasts is to A. Breakdown bone B. Produce blood cells C. Produce new bone formation D. Add new tissue to the periosteum E. Provide nourishment to the cells of the articular cartilage

112 Intramembranous ossification begins with the cells. A. osteoclast B. osteoprogenitor C. mesenchymal D. osteoblasts E. osteocytes

113 ANSWER Intramembranous ossification begins with the cells. A. osteoclast B. osteoprogenitor C. mesenchymal D. osteoblasts E. osteocytes

114 The tiny plates of bone material found in spongy bone are called A. osteons. B. trabeculae. C. concentric lamellae. D. interstitial lamellae. E. lacunae.

115 ANSWER The tiny plates of bone material found in spongy bone are called A. osteons. B. trabeculae. C. concentric lamellae. D. interstitial lamellae. E. lacunae.

116 When an osteoblast beomes isolated in a lacuna, it is transformed into a(n) A. Macrophage B. Osteocyte C. Osteoclast D. Fibroblast E. Osteal fiber

117 ANSWER When an osteoblast beomes isolated in a lacuna, it is transformed into a(n) A. Macrophage B. Osteocyte C. Osteoclast D. Fibroblast E. Osteal fiber

118 fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin. A. Open B. Closed C. Compound D. Recurrent E. both B and D

119 ANSWER fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin. A. Open B. Closed C. Compound D. Recurrent E. both B and D

120 The central canal of an osteon contains A. bone marrow. B. osteocytes. C. concentric lamellae. D. blood vessels. E. lacunae.

121 ANSWER The central canal of an osteon contains A. bone marrow. B. osteocytes. C. concentric lamellae. D. blood vessels. E. lacunae.

122 Collagen is secreted by A. Mesenchyme cells B. Osteoblasts C. Osteoclasts D. Hyroxyapatites E. Both B and C are correct

123 ANSWER Collagen is secreted by A. Mesenchyme cells B. Osteoblasts C. Osteoclasts D. Hyroxyapatites E. Both B and C are correct

124 In which step of endochondral ossification does remodeling of the bone occur? A. step 1, cartilage enlargement B. step 2, blood vessel formation around cartilage edges C. step 3, blood vessel penetration of cartilage and central region D. step 4, growth and marrow cavity creation E. both B and D

125 ANSWER In which step of endochondral ossification does remodeling of the bone occur? A. step 1, cartilage enlargement B. step 2, blood vessel formation around cartilage edges C. step 3, blood vessel penetration of cartilage and central region D. step 4, growth and marrow cavity creation E. both B and D

126 All of the following are normal sites of red blood cell formation EXCEPT A. Clavicle B. Hip bone C. Rib D. Sternum E. Vertebral bodies

127 ANSWER All of the following are normal sites of red blood cell formation EXCEPT A. Clavicle B. Hip bone C. Rib D. Sternum E. Vertebral bodies

128 All of the following bones would be produced via endochondral ossification except the A. Tibia B. Femur C. Frontal bone D. Humerus E. radius

129 ANSWER All of the following bones would be produced via endochondral ossification except the A. Tibia B. Femur C. Frontal bone D. Humerus E. radius

130 A fracture where the shaft of one bone is broken and the adjacent bone is bent is best described as a fracture. A. compression B. Pott s C. displaced D. greenstick E. Colles

131 ANSWER A fracture where the shaft of one bone is broken and the adjacent bone is bent is best described as a fracture. A. compression B. Pott s C. displaced D. greenstick E. Colles

132 The medullary cavity of bones contains A. compact bone. B. osteons. C. cartilage. D. marrow. E. periosteum.

133 ANSWER The medullary cavity of bones contains A. compact bone. B. osteons. C. cartilage. D. marrow. E. periosteum.

134 Growth at the epiphyseal plate is shut down by A. Vitamin A B. Human growth hormone C. Calcitonin D. PTH E. estrogens

135 ANSWER Growth at the epiphyseal plate is shut down by A. Vitamin A B. Human growth hormone C. Calcitonin D. PTH E. estrogens

136 While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her femur. What would you expect to see as a part of her nursing assessment several hours after the fall? A. hypertension B. tachycardia C. erythema D. hematoma E. cyanosis

137 ANSWER While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her femur. What would you expect to see as a part of her nursing assessment several hours after the fall? A. hypertension B. tachycardia C. erythema D. hematoma E. cyanosis

138 The cells responsible for maintaining the daily cellular activities of bone tissue, such as exchange of nutrients and wastes with blood, are the A. Osteogenic cells B. Osteoblasts C. Osteoclasts D. Osteocytes E. chondroblasts

139 ANSWER The cells responsible for maintaining the daily cellular activities of bone tissue, such as exchange of nutrients and wastes with blood, are the A. Osteogenic cells B. Osteoblasts C. Osteoclasts D. Osteocytes E. chondroblasts

140 Bone constantly remodels and redistributes its matrix along lines of A. Blood flow B. Nervous stimulation C. Canaliculi D. Mechanical stress E. Overlying muscles

141 ANSWER Bone constantly remodels and redistributes its matrix along lines of A. Blood flow B. Nervous stimulation C. Canaliculi D. Mechanical stress E. Overlying muscles

142 The shaft of a long bone is called the A. epiphysis. B. diaphysis. C. epiphyseal plate. D. metaphysis. E. lamella.

143 ANSWER The shaft of a long bone is called the A. epiphysis. B. diaphysis. C. epiphyseal plate. D. metaphysis. E. lamella.

144 Bones that develop within tendons are called bones. A. irregular B. sesamoid C. sutural D. Wormian E. tendon

145 ANSWER Bones that develop within tendons are called bones. A. irregular B. sesamoid C. sutural D. Wormian E. tendon

146 A bedridden person loses bone mass because of A. Decreased calcitonin activity due to immobility B. Lack of sufficient mechanical stress on bones C. Increased conversion of monocytes to osteoclasts D. Pressure on the kidney that leads to reduced calcitriol production E. Insufficient blood flow to bones

147 ANSWER A bedridden person loses bone mass because of A. Decreased calcitonin activity due to immobility B. Lack of sufficient mechanical stress on bones C. Increased conversion of monocytes to osteoclasts D. Pressure on the kidney that leads to reduced calcitriol production E. Insufficient blood flow to bones

148 All of the following are effects of parathyroid hormone except A. Increased protein synthesis B. Increased numbers and activity of osteoclasts C. Reabsorption of calcium ions by the kidney D. Elimination of phosphate ions by the kidney E. Promotion of calcitriol production by the kidney

149 ANSWER All of the following are effects of parathyroid hormone except A. Increased protein synthesis B. Increased numbers and activity of osteoclasts C. Reabsorption of calcium ions by the kidney D. Elimination of phosphate ions by the kidney E. Promotion of calcitriol production by the kidney

150 Bones are more brittle in the elderly because A. Levels of calcitonin are higher in the elderly B. There is less collagen relative to the amount of mineral salts C. Low levels of growth hormone prevent deposition of calcium in bone D. The calcium salts in the bone matrix are of a different type than those in younger people E. Too much collagen takes up space that should be occupied by hydroxyapatites

151 ANSWER Bones are more brittle in the elderly because A. Levels of calcitonin are higher in the elderly B. There is less collagen relative to the amount of mineral salts C. Low levels of growth hormone prevent deposition of calcium in bone D. The calcium salts in the bone matrix are of a different type than those in younger people E. Too much collagen takes up space that should be occupied by hydroxyapatites

152 The lining of the marrow cavity is called the A. endosteum. B. periosteum. C. epimysium. D. perimysium. E. perichondrium.

153 ANSWER The lining of the marrow cavity is called the A. endosteum. B. periosteum. C. epimysium. D. perimysium. E. perichondrium.

154 Small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between some of the large flat bones of the skull are called bones. A. irregular B. sesamoid C. Sutural (wormian) D. sagittal E. tendon

155 ANSWER Small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between some of the large flat bones of the skull are called bones. A. irregular B. sesamoid C. Sutural (wormian) D. sagittal E. tendon

156 The lacunae of bone contain A. blood cells. B. osteocytes. C. chondroblasts. D. bone marrow. E. osteons.

157 ANSWER The lacunae of bone contain A. blood cells. B. osteocytes. C. chondroblasts. D. bone marrow. E. osteons.

158 Which of the following is a condition, usually in children, in which bones fail to calcify resulting in bone defromities? A. Osteogenic sarcoma B. Rickets C. Osteoporosis D. Osteoarthritis E. Paget s disease

159 ANSWER Which of the following is a condition, usually in children, in which bones fail to calcify resulting in bone defromities? A. Osteogenic sarcoma B. Rickets C. Osteoporosis D. Osteoarthritis E. Paget s disease

160 Calcification refers to the A. formation of new bone tissue. B. deposition of calcium salts within a tissue. C. deposition of calcium salts within a bone. D. release of calcium from bone. E. repair of fractured bones.

161 ANSWER Calcification refers to the A. formation of new bone tissue. B. deposition of calcium salts within a tissue. C. deposition of calcium salts within a bone. D. release of calcium from bone. E. repair of fractured bones.

162 If the rate of osteolysis exceeds osteogenesis, bones will A. grow. B. become thicker. C. become demineralized. D. become stronger. E. become calcified.

163 ANSWER If the rate of osteolysis exceeds osteogenesis, bones will A. grow. B. become thicker. C. become demineralized. D. become stronger. E. become calcified.

164 The basic functional units of mature compact bone are called A. lacunae. B. osteocytes. C. osteons. D. canaliculi. E. lamellae.

165 ANSWER The basic functional units of mature compact bone are called A. lacunae. B. osteocytes. C. osteons. D. canaliculi. E. lamellae.

166 During appositional growth A. bones grow longer. B. bones grow wider. C. bone is replaced by cartilage. D. the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis. E. osteoblasts are inactive.

167 ANSWER During appositional growth A. bones grow longer. B. bones grow wider. C. bone is replaced by cartilage. D. the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis. E. osteoblasts are inactive.

168 The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification. 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts cluster together to form an ossification center. 3. Small struts of bone called spicules radiate out from the ossification centers to join with neighboring spicules. 4. Osteoblasts differentiate within a connective tissue at the site of arterioles. The correct order for these events is A. 4, 1, 2, 3. B. 2, 1, 3, 4. C. 4, 2, 1, 3. D. 2, 3, 1, 4.

169 ANSWER The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification. 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts cluster together to form an ossification center. 3. Small struts of bone called spicules radiate out from the ossification centers to join with neighboring spicules. 4. Osteoblasts differentiate within a connective tissue at the site of arterioles. The correct order for these events is A. 4, 1, 2, 3. B. 2, 1, 3, 4. C. 4, 2, 1, 3. D. 2, 3, 1, 4.

170 To maintain healthy, strong bones the elderly should A. Drink plenty of fruit juice to obtain vitamin C B. Select a diet rich in fats and carbohydrates to obtain energy C. Get plenty of rest indoors and save strength D. Remain physically active as long as possible E. Drink plenty of milk to obtain calcium

171 ANSWER To maintain healthy, strong bones the elderly should A. Drink plenty of fruit juice to obtain vitamin C B. Select a diet rich in fats and carbohydrates to obtain energy C. Get plenty of rest indoors and save strength D. Remain physically active as long as possible E. Drink plenty of milk to obtain calcium

172 The deposition of calcium salts in tissues other than bone is referred to as A. endochondral ossification. B. intramembranous ossification. C. calcification. D. osteogenesis. E. remodeling.

173 ANSWER The deposition of calcium salts in tissues other than bone is referred to as A. endochondral ossification. B. intramembranous ossification. C. calcification. D. osteogenesis. E. remodeling.

174 When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, A. puberty begins. B. interstitial bone growth begins. C. appositional bone growth begins. D. long bones have reached their adult length. E. the bone becomes more brittle.

175 ANSWER When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, A. puberty begins. B. interstitial bone growth begins. C. appositional bone growth begins. D. long bones have reached their adult length. E. the bone becomes more brittle.

176 The region in the epiphyseal plate where the cartilage cells are rapidly dividing is called the A. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage B. Zone of resting cartilage C. Zone of calcified cartilage D. Zone of proliferating cartilage E. Metaphysis

177 ANSWER The region in the epiphyseal plate where the cartilage cells are rapidly dividing is called the A. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage B. Zone of resting cartilage C. Zone of calcified cartilage D. Zone of proliferating cartilage E. Metaphysis

178 Which of the following is not formed by intramembranous ossification? A. roof of the skull B. lower jaw C. scapulae D. clavicle E. both C and D

179 ANSWER Which of the following is not formed by intramembranous ossification? A. roof of the skull B. lower jaw C. scapulae D. clavicle E. both C and D