Effects of Ankle Dorsiflexion on Active and Passive Unilateral Straight Leg Raising
|
|
- Bruno Hudson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Effects of Ankle Dorsiflexion on Active and Passive Unilateral Straight Leg Raising RICHARD L. GAJDOSIK, BARNEY F. LEVEAU, and RICHARD W. BOHANNON The purpose of this study was to analyze the straight-leg-raising (SLR) maneuver while the ankle was fixed in dorsiflexion or relaxed in plantar flexion. Twenty-two healthy subjects underwent active and passive SLR with the ankle in each position. We used cinematography to document movement of the right lower limb and pelvis and electromyography to document hamstring muscle activity. Analyses of variance of the angles of maximum SLR and change in the pelvic position showed a significant F ratio (p =.01) among the active and passive trials. Post hoc analyses demonstrated significant differences (p =.01) between SLR with dorsiflexion and SLR with plantar flexion. The EMG activity among trials was not significantly different. The possible causes of the effects of dorsiflexion on SLR are discussed. We encourage clinicians to document and compare SLR with dorsiflexion and SLR with plantar flexion, and we recommend additional research to examine the relative influence of tissue structures on SLR. Key Words: Exercise test, Leg, Muscles, Neurologic examination, Pelvis. Mr. Gajdosik is Associate Professor, Physical Therapy Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, and currently a doctoral candidate, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Direct all correspondence to 612 Hibbard Dr, Chapel Hill, NC (USA). Dr. LeVeau is Professor and Chairman, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Texas, Health Sciences Center at Dallas, TX Mr. Bohannon is Chief of Physical Therapy, Southeastern Regional Rehabilitation Center, Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, PO Box 2000, Fayetteville, NC This study was presented as a Research Platform Presentation at the Sixty-First Annual Conference of the American Physical Therapy Association, New Orleans, LA, June 19, This article was submitted November 7, 1984; was with the authors for revision four weeks; and was accepted April 0, The unilateral straight-leg-raising (SLR) test is widely reported in the literature as an indirect test for measuring hamstring muscle tightness and as an aid in the diagnosis of sciatica and nerve root irritation. 1,2 Although interest in the SLR test has been widespread, a review of the literature revealed no studies that examined the effects of ankle positions on SLR. Such studies are needed so that clinicians can have an objective understanding of the variables that may influence test results. Traditionally, when the SLR test is used to measure hamstring muscle tightness, the ankle is relaxed in plantar flexion (PF). No documentation exists, however, on the differences in SLR that may result if the ankle is held in dorsiflexion (DF). If the position of the ankle influences measuring hamstring muscle tightness, as determined by SLR, then a standard ankle position should be required for hamstring muscle tightness testing. When the SLR test is used in the diagnosis of sciatica or disk prolapse, passive DF of the ankle near the limit of pain-free SLR is used as a qualifying test because ankle DF puts tension on the sciatic nerve and its roots. -5 Studies of the movement of the sciatic nerve and its roots on SLR in cadavers have documented that movement of the nerve and roots diminishes progressively after 70 degrees of SLR, but tension generated along the nerve increases. 6, 7 The possibility that ankle DF could limit SLR seems reasonable in light of these reports. The purposes of our study were twofold: 1) to analyze the effect of ankle DF on the angle of SLR in relation to the horizontal plane (), in relation to the pelvis (), and on the change in position of the pelvis in relation to the horizontal plane (pelvis-horizontal) and 2) to examine the electromyographic activity of the hamstring muscles during both active and passive SLR. We expected to find a significant difference in the amount of SLR with the ankle fixed in DF in comparison with the amount of SLR with the ankle relaxed in PF. We expected no difference in the EMG activity of the hamstring muscles. These expectations stemmed from our unpublished observations that ankle DF limits both active and passive SLR in normal subjects and that the loss of motion is independent of the EMG activity of the hamstring muscles. METHOD Twenty-two healthy adults, 12 women and 10 men, with a mean and standard deviation for age, weight, and height of 28.0 ± 4.8 yr, 66.0 ± 9.9 kg, and 17.4 ± 8.0 cm, respectively, volunteered to participate in this study. Each subject reviewed and signed an informed consent form for the study, which was approved by the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of Human of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. had Normal muscle strength and range of motion of the back and lower extremities and were not obese. They had no history of orthopedic or neurologic disorders PHYSICAL THERAPY
2 RESEARCH Instrumentation We used a motor-driven 16-mm Bolex motion picture camera* with a 25-mm lens to film the position of the lower limb during SLR. The camera was mounted on a tripod at a height of cm (51 in) and positioned 4.6 m (15 ft) from and perpendicular to the sagittal plane of the subject, who lay on a padded table 79 cm (1 in) high. A plumb bob was placed within the filming field to provide a reference for angle measurements. Filming was performed at 24 frames/sec, and the developed film was analyzed with a Vanguard motion analyzer. The raw EMG signal was amplified and processed by equipment designed and constructed by the Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The frequency response of the amplifier was 1 Hz to 1 khz. The common mode rejection ratio was 90 db, and the differential input impedance was kmω. The raw EMG signal and one-second time-reset integrated EMG (IEMG) signal were recorded on a Honeywell Visicorder light-sensitive oscillograph. A signal from a footswitch used to document the onset of SLR was also recorded on the Visicorder. Before testing, the subject was positioned prone, and the belly of the long head of the right biceps femoris muscle was identified by palpation during an isometric contraction at 90 degrees of knee flexion. The skin over the muscle belly was abraded according to Shackel's method, which reduced skin resistance below 20 kω. 8 Then, 16-mm silver-silver chloride surface electrodes were affixed longitudinally cm apart over the muscle belly; placement of the electrodes was confirmed with active isotonic contractions of hip extension and knee flexion. We used an active isometric muscle contraction as the standard for computing the percentage of IEMG activity of the long head of the biceps femoris muscle during the SLR trials. The subject in a standing position flexed the right knee to 90 degrees and extended the right hip so that the right thigh was aligned with *Model HR 16, Bolex International SA, Yverdon, Switzerland. Vanguard Instrument Corp, Walt Whitman Rd, Melville, Long Island, NY Honeywell Test Instrument Div, Denver, CO 807. Figure. Subject undergoing active straight leg raising. Note -point splint holding knee in extension, ankle-foot orthosis holding ankle in dorsiflexion, skin markings, surface electrodes, and footswitch. the left thigh. The subject held the position for five seconds. No resistance was added to the weight of the limb. The IEMG activity over the second, third, and fourth seconds was averaged to determine the IEMG per second. The IEMG activity of each trial was computed as a percentage of the standard contraction for each subject. A -point splint (wt =.2 kg) held the knee in full extension, and arigidanklefoot orthosis (wt =. kg) molded to 10 degrees of DF fixed the ankle in DF (Figure). Procedure After the EMG electrodes were in place, we marked the subject's skin to measure,, and the pelvis-horizontal angles. The marking procedure has been described in detail elsewhere. 9 Marks included a line between the right anterior and posterior superior iliac spines, a point just distal to the greater trochanter, and a point over the lateral malleolus. We also marked the long axis of the fifth metatarsal to record the position of the ankle and the lateral aspect of the knee to document any change in knee extension (Figure). The subject was then positioned supine on an examining table and the - point splint was secured to the knee. With the splint in place, the subject performed five active SLR practice trials (one trial per minute); the rhythm of a metronome aided the subject to complete each trial in about three seconds. The practice trials also provided a warm-up period to decrease the potential for increases in the angle of SLR that might result from measuring repeated trials from a cold start. 10 After each subject completed the practice trials, we secured the left thigh to the table with a cloth strap and put the switch under the right heel to be activated when SLR began. We collected data on four trials: 1) active SLR with the ankle relaxed in PF, 2) active SLR with the ankle fixed in DF, ) passive SLR with the ankle relaxed in PF, and 4) passive SLR with the ankle fixed in DF. For the active trials, we told the subject to complete each trial at the speed learned in the practice trials and to stop when "firm resistance" was felt. For the passive trials, one investigator raised the limb at a similar speed until he felt "firm resistance," and the subject expressed that full SLR had been reached. The four trials were randomized for each subject to lessen the potential for systematic influence of repeated trials. We obtained measurements of the angles of and pelvis-horizontal and of the angles of the knee and ankle (in relation to the lower limb) from the film by measuring before limb motion began and again after full SLR had been reached. We determined intratester reliabilities of measuring the joint angles at the knee and ankle by measuring two positions each from a Volume 65 / Number 10, October
3 TABLE 1 Mean, Standard Deviation, Range, and Mean Difference for Straight-Leg-Raising Angles a and Change in Position of Pelvis (N = 22) Change in pelvis-horizontal s Range (±s) b 9.1 (±7.5) 10.1(±5.1) 7.1 (±4.2) 6.7(±4.) 2.0(±5.8).(±4.1) a Measured in degrees. b Mean difference between straight leg raising (SLR) with ankle dorsiflexion (DF) and SLR with ankle plantar flexion (PF). TABLE 2 Mean, Standard Deviation, and Range of Electromyography Activity for Long Head of Biceps Femoris Muscle a and Time of Straight-Leg-Raising (N = 22) b C s Range ] J Time(±s).0(±0.7) 2.8(±0.6) 4.(±1.0).9(±0.8) a Data analyzed were the percentage of IEMG from comparison with an active voluntary isometric contraction. b Plantar flexion. c Dorsiflexion. random sample of 11 subjects (n = 22). Correlation coefficients (Pearson r) were found to be.99 and.99, respectively. We did not calculate correlation coefficients for measuring and the pelvis-horizontal angles because they were previously reported high. 9 We determined the angle of the SLRpelvis by subtracting the change in the angle of the pelvis-horizontal from the angle of ( = -pelvis-horizontal). The change in the position of the pelvishorizontal angle was calculated as the difference in the measurements of the angle of the pelvis at the starting position and at the end of SLR. The time to complete each trial was calculated by determining the number of film frames from the time the heel left the table to the time the greatest SLR angle was reached and dividing by the film rate. This time was also measured on the Visicorder recording from the footswitch marks. From these measurements, we then determined the total IEMG activity during each trial. After the baseline noise reading was subtracted from the IEMG signals, we calculated the average IEMG per second. This value was then compared with the average IEMG per second for each subject's standard active isometric contraction. Data Analysis We computed descriptive data for the angles of,, the change in the angle of the pelvishorizontal, and the percentage of IEMG activity for each trial. Changes in the angles of the knee and ankle were also computed. Differences between trials for the angles and the IEMG data were treated with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. Duncan new multiple range tests were used for all post hoc analyses. 11 RESULTS Table 1 shows descriptive data for the SLR angles, change in the position of the pelvis-horizontal angle, and the mean differences between SLR with ankle DF and SLR with ankle PF. Table 2 shows the summary data of the average percentage of EMG activity of the biceps femoris muscle across trials. The mean and standard deviation of the initial position of the ankle for all PF trials was 5.9 ± 6.7 (90 = 0, neutral). Plantar flexion increased 2.4 ± 5.0 from the initial position to the end of SLR. For the SLR trials with DF, we attempted to secure the ankle at 10 degrees of DF, but 10 degrees of DF could not be maintained by most subjects. Consequently, the initial mean angle for DF was 4. ±.6. Dorsiflexion decreased slightly (0.5 ± 2.5 ) from the initial position to the end of SLR. The knee remained relatively fixed in extension with a 1.5 ± 1.4 mean increase in flexion for all trials. The ANOVA summary data for all SLR angles and EMG activity are shown in Tables and 4, respectively. The ANOVA revealed significant F ratios (p =.01) for and SLRpelvis angles and for the change in the pelvis-horizontal angle among trials. Percentage of EMG variation among trials was not significantly different. Duncan post hoc analyses demonstrated significant differences between SLR with DF and SLR with PF for SLRhorizontal and angles (Tab. 5). No differences existed between the active and passive trials within the conditions of DF and PF. The change in the pelvis-horizontal angle showed that active SLR with PF was not significantly different from active or passive SLR with DF. Only passive SLR with PF was different from active and passive SLR with DF. DISCUSSION The results of this study clearly demonstrated that SLR was less with DF than with PF during both active and passive tests. Comparisons by post hoc analyses showed no significant differences between active and passive SLR with PF or with DF. We believe that changes in the positions of the ankle and knee were not major factors in differences between DF and PF trials because the changes were minimal and consistent across trials PHYSICAL THERAPY
4 RESEARCH In analyzing the EMG data, we chose to compare the average percentage of IEMG per second of the long head of the biceps femoris muscle with an active isometric contraction. We did this because we expected minimal EMG activity and because submaximal isometric contractions have been shown to be more reliable than maximal contractions. 12 The standard should be easy to replicate in future studies. Our finding that EMG activity of the biceps femoris muscle was minimal was consistent with the findings of Norton and Sahrmann 1 that passive SLR elicits negligible EMG activity in the hamstring muscles and those of Moore and Hutton 14 that the angle of SLR is not dependent on the level of EMG activity of the hamstring muscles. The low average percentage of EMG activity in our study, both with DF and with PF, supports the suggestion that some other factors, such as the resting tension of muscles and other tissues, may influence SLR. 2 What then, might have limited SLR with the ankle fixed in DF? One potential factor may be that DF puts added tension on the sciatic nerve and related structures. 4, 5 Such increased tension in the sciatic nerve and its roots has been reported at the end of SLR. 6, 7 Dorsiflexion before SLR may take up slack in the sciatic nerve and manifest the increased tension by limiting the angle of SLR. In addition, structures not normally suggested as limiting SLR could affect SLR, such as the skin, subcutaneous connective tissue, and the enveloping deep fascia of the posterior aspect of the entire lower limb. Markee et al have described variations in the hamstring muscles that could decrease SLR with DF, such as extra muscle fascicles extending from the semitendinosus muscle to the fascia on the back of the thigh and from the long head of the biceps femoris muscle to the sural fascia. 15 Also, fascial connections between the gastrocnemius muscle and the hamstring muscles in the popliteal region may allow DF to increase the passive tension of the hamstrings, and this increased passive tension could limit SLR. Although several explanations can be suggested, the specific causes of the effects of DF on SLR are beyond the scope of this study. Additional anatomical studies of SLR with the ankle relaxed and with it held in DF are needed to examine the relative contributions of the various tissue structures to limiting SLR. TABLE Summary of Analysis of Variance for Straight-Leg-Raising Angles and Change in Pelvis Between Source of Variation Change in pelvishorizontal df SS MS F Critical F Value (.01) TABLE 4 Summary of Analysis of Variance for Standardized Electromyography a of the Long Head of the Biceps Femoris Muscle During Straight Leg Raising Source of Variation df 6 SS MS F 1.96 b Critical F Value (.01) a Data analyzed were the percentage of IEMG from comparison with an active voluntary isometric contraction. b NS. TABLE 5 Summary of Duncan post hoc Analyses of Differences of Straight-Leg-Raising Angles and Change in Position of Pelvis Between Angles Change in pelvis-horizontal Trial () () () a Key: = active straight leg raising (SLR) with dorsiflexion (DF), = passive SLR with DF, = active SLR with relaxed plantar flexion (PF), = passive SLR with relaxed PF. Note: Any means not underscored by the same line are significantly different (p =.01). Any means underscored by the same line are not significantly different. Volume 65 / Number 10, October
5 Clinical Implications Clinicians should be aware that ankle DF limits the angle of both active and passive SLR. Because the difference between DF and relaxed PF was greatest for (about 10 ), and measuring this angle is probably the most common method of measuring SLR, clinicians should standardize the testing procedure and document the position of the ankle during the test. Measuring the angle of SLR with DF may provide an additional test for evaluating SLR, and by comparing the results to SLR with PF, additional information about the flexibility of SLR may be obtained. In addition to measuring, clinicians may choose to measure the angle of as recently suggested in another study by R.W.B. 9 Because ankle DF limited this angle by about 7 degrees in our study, clinicians should consider the position of the ankle when using this technique as well. CONCLUSION The angle of SLR with the ankle fixed in DF was less than the angle of SLR with the ankle relaxed in PF for both active and passive SLR. The loss of motion was apparently unrelated to the EMG activity of the long head of the biceps femoris muscle. Although increased passive tension of anatomical structures crossing the posterior aspect of the lower limb was implicated as causing the loss of motion, the specific limiting structures were unclear. Additional studies are needed to examine the relative contribution of the anatomical structures that may limit SLR. Clinicians should be aware that ankle DF limits SLR. Moreover, clinicians should consider SLR with DF as an additional SLR test and compare the results of the test with those of SLR with PF. Acknowledgments. We thank O.W. Hensen, Jr, PhD, Department of Anatomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, for his support of the study, and Alice Workman, Chief, Occupational Therapy Department, Southeastern Regional Rehabilitation Center, Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC, for constructing the anklefoot orthosis. Special thanks to the physical therapists at the North Carolina Memorial Hospital, Chapel Hill, NC, who volunteered as subjects. REFERENCES 1. Gajdosik R, Lusin G: Hamstring muscle tightness: Reliability of an active-knee-extension test. Phys Ther 6: , Bohannon RW, Gajdosik R, LeVeau BF: Contribution of pelvic and lower limb motion to increases in the angle of passive straight leg raising. Phys Ther 65: , Fajersztajn J, cited in Woodhall B, Hayes GJ: The well-leg-raising test of Fajersztajn in the diagnosis of ruptured intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg [AM] 2: , Breig A, Troup JDG: Biomechanics considerations in the straight-leg-raising test: Cadaveric and clinical studies of the effects of medial hip rotation. Spine 4:24-250, Troup JDG: Straight-leg-raising (SLR) and the qualifying tests for increased root tension: Their predictive value after back and sciatic pain. Spine 6: , Chamley J: Orthopaedic signs in the diagnosis of disc protrusion with special reference to the straight-leg-raising test. Lancet 1: , Goddard MD, Reid JD: Movements induced by straight-leg-raising in the lumbo-sacral roots, nerves and plexus, and in the intrapelvic section of the sciatic nerve. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 28:12-18, Shackel B: Skin drilling, a method for diminishing galvanic skin potentials. Am J Psychol 72:114-1, Bohannon RW: Cinematographic analysis of the passive straight-leg-raising test for hamstring muscle length. Phys Ther 62: , Atha J, Wheatley DW: The mobilising effects of repeated measurement on hip flexion. Br J Sports Med 10:22-25, Duncan DB: Multiple-range and multiple-f tests. Biometrics 11:1-42, Yang JF, Winter DA: Electromyography reliability in maximal and submaximal isometric contractions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 64: , Norton BJ, Sahrmann SA: The effect of stretching procedures on EMG activity in the hamstring muscles. Abstract. Phys Ther 61:686, Moore MA, Hutton RS: Electromyographic investigation of muscle stretching techniques. Med Sci Sports Exerc 12:22-29, Markee JE, Logue JT, Williams M, et al: Twojoint muscles of the thigh. J Bone Joint Surg [AM] 7: , PHYSICAL THERAPY
Electromyographic Activity Recorded from an Unexercised Muscle During Maximal Isometric Exercise of the Contralateral Agonists and Antagonists
Electromyographic Activity Recorded from an Unexercised Muscle During Maximal Isometric Exercise of the Contralateral Agonists and Antagonists KATHLEEN L. DEVINE, MS, BARNEY F. LeVEAU, PhD, and H. JOHN
More informationMaximal isokinetic and isometric muscle strength of major muscle groups related to age, body weight, height, and sex in 178 healthy subjects
Maximal isokinetic and isometric muscle strength of major muscle groups related to age, body weight, height, and sex in 178 healthy subjects Test protocol Muscle test procedures. Prior to each test participants
More informationAnalysis of a Modified Active Knee Extension Test
Analysis of a Modified Active Knee Extension Test Yvonne Kane, MS, PT' lay Bernasconi, MS, PT2 P hysical therapists frequently assess hamstring muscle length (HML) in patients with hamstring injuries,
More informationRN(EC) ENC(C) GNC(C) MN ACNP *** MECHANISM OF INJURY.. MOST IMPORTANT ***
HISTORY *** MECHANISM OF INJURY.. MOST IMPORTANT *** Age of patient - Certain conditions are more prevalent in particular age groups (Hip pain in children may refer to the knee from Legg-Calve-Perthes
More informationBIOMECHANICAL EXAMINATION OF THE PEDIATRIC LOWER EXTREMITY
BIOMECHANICAL EXAMINATION OF THE PEDIATRIC LOWER EXTREMITY B.Resseque, D.P.M. ARCH HEIGHT OFF WEIGHTBEARING Evaluate arch height by placing a ruler from the heel to the first metatarsal head Compare arch
More informationReliability of Measuring Trunk Motions in Centimeters
Reliability of Measuring Trunk Motions in Centimeters MARGARET ROST, SANDRA STUCKEY, LEE ANNE SMALLEY, and GLENDA DORMAN A method of measuring trunk motion and two related motions using a tape measure
More informationBIOMECHANICAL EXAMINATION OF THE PEDIATRIC LOWER EXTREMITY 2017
BIOMECHANICAL EXAMINATION OF THE PEDIATRIC LOWER EXTREMITY 2017 B. RESSEQUE, D.P.M., D.A.B.P.O. Professor, N.Y. College of Podiatric Medicine ARCH HEIGHT OFF WEIGHTBEARING Evaluate arch height by placing
More informationA Comparison of the Immediate Effects of Eccentric Training vs Static Stretch on Hamstring Flexibility in Basketball Players Dr.
A Comparison of the Immediate Effects of Eccentric Training vs Static Stretch on Hamstring Flexibility in Basketball Players Dr. Mandeep Thour* *Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education SGGS
More informationThe Reliability of Four Different Methods. of Calculating Quadriceps Peak Torque Angle- Specific Torques at 30, 60, and 75
The Reliability of Four Different Methods. of Calculating Quadriceps Peak Torque Angle- Specific Torques at 30, 60, and 75 By: Brent L. Arnold and David H. Perrin * Arnold, B.A., & Perrin, D.H. (1993).
More informationEffect of Repeated Eight-Minute Muscle Loading on the Angle of Straight-Leg Raising
Effect of Repeated Eight-Minute Muscle Loading on the Angle of Straight-Leg Raising RICHARD W. BOHANNON The right lower extremities of 10 experimental subjects were passively loaded for 8 minutes on three
More informationObesity is associated with reduced joint range of motion (Park, 2010), which has been partially
INTRODUCTION Obesity is associated with reduced joint range of motion (Park, 2010), which has been partially attributed to adipose tissues around joints limiting inter-segmental rotations (Gilleard, 2007).
More informationCHAPTER 8: THE BIOMECHANICS OF THE HUMAN LOWER EXTREMITY
CHAPTER 8: THE BIOMECHANICS OF THE HUMAN LOWER EXTREMITY _ 1. The hip joint is the articulation between the and the. A. femur, acetabulum B. femur, spine C. femur, tibia _ 2. Which of the following is
More informationBalanced Body Movement Principles
Balanced Body Movement Principles How the Body Works and How to Train it. Module 3: Lower Body Strength and Power Developing Strength, Endurance and Power The lower body is our primary source of strength,
More informationRelative Isometric Force of the Hip Abductor and Adductor Muscles
Relative Isometric Force of the Hip Abductor and Adductor Muscles WARREN W. MAY, Captain, AMSC A-LTHOUGH THE CONCEPT of the muscular force curve is not new, its clinical application has been generally
More informationMohammad Ashraf. Abdulrahman Al-Hanbali. Ahmad Salman. 1 P a g e
- 7 Mohammad Ashraf Abdulrahman Al-Hanbali Ahmad Salman 1 P a g e Structures under the cover of Gluteus Maximus: 1-Bones: Ileum, Femur (Head, greater trochanter and gluteal tuberosity), Ischium (ischial
More informationHamstring Strain. 43 Thames Street, St Albans, Christchurch 8013 Phone: (03) Website: philip-bayliss.com.
43 Thames Street, St Albans, Christchurch 8013 Phone: (03) 356 1353. Website: philip-bayliss.com Hamstring Strain The hamstring muscles are very susceptible to tears, strains and other common sporting
More informationFunctional Movement Screen (Cook, 2001)
Functional Movement Screen (Cook, 2001) TEST 1 DEEP SQUAT Purpose - The Deep Squat is used to assess bilateral, symmetrical, mobility of the hips, knees, and ankles. The dowel held overhead assesses bilateral,
More informationComparison of N-K Table Offset Angles with the Human Knee Flexor Torque Curve
Comparison of N-K Table Offset Angles with the Human Knee Flexor Torque Curve By: Daniel J. LaPlaca *, Douglas R. Keskula, Kristinn I. Heinrichs, and David H. Perrin LaPlaca, D.J., Keskula, D., Heinrichs,
More informationHip Joint DX 612 Orthopedics and Neurology
Hip Joint DX 612 Orthopedics and Neurology James J. Lehman, DC, MBA, DABCO University of Bridgeport College of Chiropractic Hip Anatomy Palpation Point tenderness Edema Symmetry Hip ROM Hip Contracture
More informationHip Anatomy. Hip Joint DX 612 Orthopedics and Neurology. Hip ROM. Palpation
Hip Joint DX 612 Orthopedics and Neurology Hip Anatomy James J. Lehman, DC, MBA, DABCO University of Bridgeport College of Chiropractic Palpation Hip ROM Point tenderness Edema Symmetry Hip Contracture
More informationLeo Kormanik DC, MS, CCSP Ohio Sports Chiropractic
Leo Kormanik DC, MS, CCSP Ohio Sports Chiropractic ! Been running at a high level for 15 years.! 2012 Olympics Trials qualifier in the marathon and 6-time All-American in college! Owner of Ohio Sports
More informationSolving Today s Pain and Injury Puzzle with Erik Dalton An Online Workshop for ABMP Members Session 4 Handout
Solving Today s Pain and Injury Puzzle with Erik Dalton An Online Workshop for ABMP Members Session 4 Handout Please Note: Erik Dalton teaches his Myoskeletal Alignment Techniques with the expectation
More informationMuscles of the Thigh. 6.1 Identify, describe the attachments of and deduce the actions of the muscles of the thigh: Anterior group
Muscles of the Thigh 6.1 Identify, describe the attachments of and deduce the actions of the muscles of the thigh: Anterior group Sartorius: This is a long strap like muscle with flattened tendons at each
More informationFlexibility. STRETCH: Kneeling gastrocnemius. STRETCH: Standing gastrocnemius. STRETCH: Standing soleus. Adopt a press up position
STRETCH: Kneeling gastrocnemius Adopt a press up position Rest one knee on mat with the opposite leg straight Maintain a neutral spine position Push through arms to lever ankle into increased dorsiflexion
More informationEffective Treatments for Sciatica
Effective Treatments for Sciatica Exact data on the incidence and prevalence of sciatica are lacking. In general an estimated 5%-10% of patients with low back pain have sciatica, whereas the reported lifetime
More informationInt J Physiother. Vol 2(5), , October (2015) ISSN:
Int J Physiother. Vol 2(5), 718-723, October (2015) ISSN: 2348-8336 ABSTRACT 1 M. Prasad Naik 2 Dr. A. Viswanath Reddy, M.P.T(Sports),PhD 3 Dr. K. Madhavi M.P.T(CT),PhD,FIAP Background: Muscle energy technique
More informationLumbar Spine Applied Anatomy. Jason Zafereo, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT Clinical Orthopedic Rehabilitation Education
Lumbar Spine Applied Anatomy Jason Zafereo, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT Clinical Orthopedic Rehabilitation Education Objectives Discuss concepts relevant to pathophysiology and differential diagnosis for lumbar radiculopathy
More informationLower limb summary. Anterior compartment of the thigh. Done By: Laith Qashou. Doctor_2016
Lower limb summary Done By: Laith Qashou Doctor_2016 Anterior compartment of the thigh Sartorius Anterior superior iliac spine Upper medial surface of shaft of tibia 1. Flexes, abducts, laterally rotates
More informationThe Language of Anatomy. (Anatomical Terminology)
The Language of Anatomy (Anatomical Terminology) Terms of Position The anatomical position is a fixed position of the body (cadaver) taken as if the body is standing (erect) looking forward with the upper
More informationLower Limb Nerves. Clinical Anatomy
Lower Limb Nerves Clinical Anatomy Lumbar Plexus Ventral rami L1 L4 Supplies: Abdominal wall External genitalia Anteromedial thigh Major nerves.. Lumbar Plexus Nerves relation to psoas m. : Obturator n.
More informationMyoskeletal Alignment for Low Back, Hip, and Leg Pain DVDs
Myoskeletal Alignment for Low Back, Hip, and Leg Pain DVDs Use these handy time markers to locate the specific treatment techniques on the Level 4 Dynamic Body 6 DVD set as demonstrated by Erik Dalton
More informationEFFECTS OF VARIOUS THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES IN THE SUBJECTS WITH SHORT HAMSTRING SYNDROME
Original Research Article EFFECTS OF VARIOUS THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES IN THE SUBJECTS WITH SHORT HAMSTRING SYNDROME Pratik Vakhariya 1, Shruti Panchal * 2, Bhumi Patel 2. 1 Assistant Professor at Shree B.
More informationCan Muscle Power Be Estimated From Thigh Bulk Measurements? A Preliminary Study
Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 1999, 8.50-59 O 1999 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. Can Muscle Power Be Estimated From Thigh Bulk Measurements? A Preliminary Study Eric Maylia, John A. Fairclough, Leonard
More informationActive-Assisted Stretches
1 Active-Assisted Stretches Adequate flexibility is fundamental to a functional musculoskeletal system which represents the foundation of movement efficiency. Therefore a commitment toward appropriate
More informationMuscle Testing of Knee Extensors. Yasser Moh. Aneis, PhD, MSc., PT. Lecturer of Physical Therapy Basic Sciences Department
Muscle Testing of Knee Extensors Yasser Moh. Aneis, PhD, MSc., PT. Lecturer of Physical Therapy Basic Sciences Department Muscle Testing of Knee Extensors othe Primary muscle Quadriceps Femoris -Rectus
More informationCENTER FOR ORTHOPAEDICS AND SPINE CARE PHYSICAL THERAPY PROTOCOL ACUTE PROXIMAL HAMSTRING TENDON REPAIR BENJAMIN J. DAVIS, MD
Weeks 0-6 Goal: 1) Protection of the surgical repair Precautions: 1) Non-weight bearing with crutches for 6 weeks with foot flat or with knee Knee flexed to 90 degrees with sitting 2) No active hamstring
More informationValidity of Data Extraction Techniques on the Kinetic Communicator (KinCom) Isokinetic Device
Validity of Data Extraction Techniques on the Kinetic Communicator (KinCom) Isokinetic Device By: Laurie L. Tis, PhD, AT,C * and David H. Perrin, PhD, AT,C Tis, L.L., & Perrin, D.H. (1993). Validity of
More informationBLUE SKY SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL MASSAGE AND THERAPEUTIC BODYWORK. Musculoskeletal Anatomy & Kinesiology MUSCLES, MOVEMENTS & BIOMECHANICS
BLUE SKY SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL MASSAGE AND THERAPEUTIC BODYWORK Musculoskeletal Anatomy & Kinesiology MUSCLES, MOVEMENTS & BIOMECHANICS MSAK101-I Session 7 Learning Objectives: 1. List the three types
More informationPosterior compartment of the thigh. Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Associate Professor of Anatomy and Histology
Posterior compartment of the thigh Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Associate Professor of Anatomy and Histology Posterior compartment of the thigh 1-Muscles: Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Adductor magnus
More informationRN(EC) ENC(C) GNC(C) MN ACNP *** MECHANISM OF INJURY.. MOST IMPORTANT *** - Useful in determining mechanism of injury / overuse
HISTORY *** MECHANISM OF INJURY.. MOST IMPORTANT *** Age of patient Sport / Occupation - Certain conditions are more prevalent in particular age groups (Osgood Schlaters in youth / Degenerative Joint Disease
More informationOpen and Closed Chained Activity Effect on Shoulder External Rotation Range of Motion using Whole Body Vibration Therapy
Open and Closed Chained Activity Effect on Shoulder External Rotation Range of Motion using Whole Body Vibration Therapy Timothy L. Cooley, MS, ATC University of Utah Craig L. Switzler, MS, ATC University
More informationInformation within the handout. Brief Introduction Anatomy & Biomechanics Assessment & Diagnosis Treatment through Muscle Energy
Manual Medicine Diagnosis and Treatment for Somatic Dysfunction of the Pelvis Through Muscle Energy Greenman s Priciples of Manual Medicine (5 th Ed.)- Lisa DeStefano,DO Speaker disclosure I declare I
More informationPilates for the Endurance Runner With Special Focus on the Hip Joint
Pilates for the Endurance Runner With Special Focus on the Hip Joint Kellie McGeoy April 11 th, 2014 Aptos, CA 2013 1 Abstract: Endurance running is defined as any distance over 5 kilometers (3.1 miles)
More informationHuman Anatomy Biology 351
Human Anatomy Biology 351 Lower Limb Please place your name on the back of the last page of this exam. You must answer all questions on this exam. Because statistics demonstrate that, on average, between
More informationREMEMBER GOOD POSTURE DURING ALL YOUR EXERCISES, AVOID SLOUCHING AS YOUR CURRENT PROGRAM BECOMES EASY SLOWLY INCREASE:
REMEMBER GOOD POSTURE DURING ALL YOUR EXERCISES, AVOID SLOUCHING Apr 06, 2017 AS YOUR CURRENT PROGRAM BECOMES EASY SLOWLY INCREASE: # OF LAPS YOU ARE WALKING # OF REPITITIONS # OF SECONDS YOU HOLD A STRETCH
More informationCALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE COMPARISON OF GONIOMETRY AND INCLINOMETRY DURING PASSIVE KNEE EXTENSION: A RELIABILITY STUDY
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE COMPARISON OF GONIOMETRY AND INCLINOMETRY DURING PASSIVE KNEE EXTENSION: A RELIABILITY STUDY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the
More informationSurface Anatomy and Sonoanatomy for the Occasional Regional Anesthesiologist
Surface Anatomy and Sonoanatomy for the Occasional Regional Anesthesiologist Edward R. Mariano, M.D., M.A.S. Professor of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine
More informationMVP Most Versatile Power Tool!
MVP Most Versatile Power Tool! IDEA World session 736 Aileen Sheron This workshop showcases the tremendous versatility of resistance tubing by integrating strength, cardio and flexibility exercises. Combinations
More informationBalanced Body Pilates Instructor Training
Balanced Body Pilates Instructor Training Reformer 2: Reformer Progressions Balanced Body Reformer 2 Instructor Training Welcome! The Universal Reformer is the heart of equipment based Pilates and a wonderful
More informationVIPR and Power plate EXERCISE - 1 EXERCISE Fitness Professionals Ltd 2011 Job No. 2968
FIT FOR DAILY LIFE To be fit for daily life includes many movement abilities. Dynamic stability, co-ordination, balance, motor control, mobility and efficiency are all vital (including basic strength and
More informationToe walking gives rise to parental concern. Therefore, toe-walkers are often referred at the 3 years of age.
IDIOPATHIC TOE WALKING Toe walking is a common feature in immature gait and is considered normal up to 3 years of age. As walking ability improves, initial contact is made with the heel. Toe walking gives
More informationABDOMINAL MUSCLE ACTIVATION IN TWO TRUNK-CURL TESTS
ABDOMINAL MUSCLE ACTIVATION IN TWO TRUNK-CURL TESTS D. Knudson' and D. Johnston Z 'California State University, Chico, CA, USA zbaylor University, Waco, TX USA INTRODUCTION Health-related fitness test
More informationReliability of Stationary Dynamometer Muscle Strength Testing in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
1128 Reliability of Stationary Dynamometer Muscle Strength Testing in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Cheryl D. Ford-Smith, PT, MS, NCS, Jean F. Wyman, PhD, RN, R.K. Elswick Jr, PhD, Theresa Fernandez,
More informationJoint Range of Motion Assessment Techniques. Presentation Created by Ken Baldwin, M.Ed Copyright
Joint Range of Motion Assessment Techniques Presentation Created by Ken Baldwin, M.Ed Copyright 2001-2006 Objectives Understand how joint range of motion & goniometric assessment is an important component
More informationWhat is Kinesiology? Basic Biomechanics. Mechanics
What is Kinesiology? The study of movement, but this definition is too broad Brings together anatomy, physiology, physics, geometry and relates them to human movement Lippert pg 3 Basic Biomechanics the
More informationThe Lower Limb. Anatomy RHS 241 Lecture 2 Dr. Einas Al-Eisa
The Lower Limb Anatomy RHS 241 Lecture 2 Dr. Einas Al-Eisa The bony pelvis Protective osseofibrous ring for the pelvic viscera Transfer of forces to: acetabulum & head of femur (when standing) ischial
More informationGait Analysis with Reference to Chondromalacia Patellae
0196-6011 /83/0503-0127$02.00/0 THE JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC AND SPORTS PHYSICAL THERAPY Copyright 0 1983 by The Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy Sections of the American Physical Therapy Association
More information1-Apley scratch test.
1-Apley scratch test. The patient attempts to touch the opposite scapula to test range of motion of the shoulder. 1-Testing abduction and external rotation( +ve sign touch the opposite scapula, -ve sign
More informationThe Lower Limb II. Anatomy RHS 241 Lecture 3 Dr. Einas Al-Eisa
The Lower Limb II Anatomy RHS 241 Lecture 3 Dr. Einas Al-Eisa Tibia The larger & medial bone of the leg Functions: Attachment of muscles Transfer of weight from femur to skeleton of the foot Articulations
More informationmusculoskeletal system anatomy nerves of the lower limb 2 done by: Dina sawadha & mohammad abukabeer
musculoskeletal system anatomy nerves of the lower limb 2 done by: Dina sawadha & mohammad abukabeer #Sacral plexus : emerges from the ventral rami of the spinal segments L4 - S4 and provides motor and
More informationExperiment HM-7: Electromyogram (EMG) Activity in Antagonistic Muscles and Range of Motion
Experiment HM-7: Electromyogram (EMG) Activity in Antagonistic Muscles and Range of Motion Exercise 1: Antagonistic Muscles in Forearm Aim: To study the EMG activity in muscles that work in opposition
More informationEffect of cold treatment on the concentric and eccentric torque-velocity relationship of the quadriceps femoris
Effect of cold treatment on the concentric and eccentric torque-velocity relationship of the quadriceps femoris By: Kerriann Catlaw *, Brent L. Arnold, and David H. Perrin Catlaw, K., Arnold, B.L., & Perrin,
More informationKNEE AND LEG EXERCISE PROGRAM
KNEE AND LEG EXERCISE PROGRAM These exercises are specifically designed to rehabilitate the muscles of the hip and knee by increasing the strength and flexibility of the involved leg. This exercise program
More information발목관절의각도가무릎관절폄근의근활성도에미치는영향
1) 발목관절의각도가무릎관절폄근의근활성도에미치는영향 1 The Effects of Ankle Joint Angle on Knee Extensor Electromyographic Activity Sang-seok Yeo PT Jung-won Kwon PT Chung-sun Kim PT PhD 1 Department of Physical Therapy Graduate
More informationSports Rehabilitation & Performance Center Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Guidelines * Follow physician s modifications as prescribed
The following MPFL guidelines were developed by the Sports Rehabilitation and Performance Center team at Hospital for Special Surgery. Progression is based on healing constraints, functional progression
More informationThe Effect of Cervical Spine Isometric Contract-Relax Technique on Hamstring Extensibility
The Effect of Cervical Spine Isometric Contract-Relax Technique on Hamstring Extensibility Drew Taylor B.Sc., M.H.Sc.(Osteo.). Gary Fryer B.App.Sc.(Osteo.)., N.D. Patrick McLaughlin M.App.Sc. Abstract
More information2002 Physioball Supplement
2002 Physioball Supplement These exercises are not detailed on the 2002 Off-Ice Training video but will be taught in detail during the 2002 Reach for the Stars Seminar. CORE STRENGTH Physioball/ Sport
More informationLumbar. Physician. Technique: Continue this. back pain is. bent. under the contralatera. Copyright
Lumbar myofascial releasee Lumbar spine Brief description: Low back pain is a common problem and lumbar myofascial releasee can be useful as part of a comprehensiv ve treatment of low back pain. By usingg
More informationLower body modeling with Plug-in Gait
Lower body modeling with Plug-in Gait This section describes lower body modeling with Plug?in Gait. It covers the following information: Outputs from Plug-in Gait lower body model Marker sets for Plug-in
More informationRole Of The Fitness Professional. Causes of Fitness Related Injuries. The Assessments. Screening & Assessing: A Holistic Approach 2/9/2016
Screening & Assessing: A Holistic Approach Role Of The Fitness Professional Fitness professionals must assess clientele, but need to understand the difference between medical diagnosis vs fitness limitations.
More informationMedical Terminology. Unit 2
Medical Terminology Unit 2 Students will apply medical terminology. Objective 1: Identify and utilize anatomical positions, planes, and directional terms. Demonstrate what anatomical position is and how
More informationright Initial examination established that you have 'flat feet'. Additional information left Left foot is more supinated possibly due to LLD
Motion analysis report for Feet In Focus at 25/01/2013 Personal data: Mathew Vaughan DEMO REPORT, 20 Churchill Way CF10 2DY Cardiff - United Kingdom Birthday: 03/01/1979 Telephone: 02920 644900 Email:
More informationThe Lower Limb VI: The Leg. Anatomy RHS 241 Lecture 6 Dr. Einas Al-Eisa
The Lower Limb VI: The Leg Anatomy RHS 241 Lecture 6 Dr. Einas Al-Eisa Muscles of the leg Posterior compartment (superficial & deep): primary plantar flexors of the foot flexors of the toes Anterior compartment:
More informationCase Studies, Impairment of the Spine in Washington State
Case Studies, Impairment of the Spine in Washington State NAOEM at Skamania, 2015 25 Sep, 2015 Tim Gilmore, MD Several Slides from this Presentation Borrowed with permission from the Washington State Department
More informationEvaluating the Athlete Questionnaire
Evaluating the Athlete Questionnaire Prior to developing the strength and conditioning training plan the coach should first evaluate factors from the athlete s questionnaire that may impact the strength
More informationMuscles of the lower extremities. Dr. Nabil khouri MD, MSc, Ph.D
Muscles of the lower extremities Dr. Nabil khouri MD, MSc, Ph.D Posterior leg Popliteal fossa Boundaries Biceps femoris (superior-lateral) Semitendinosis and semimembranosis (superior-medial) Gastrocnemius
More informationMedical Terminology. Anatomical Position, Directional Terms and Movements
Medical Terminology Anatomical Position, Directional Terms and Movements What we will cover... Content Objectives Students will be able to gain a better understanding and application of medical terminology
More informationResearch Report. Abdominal Muscle Response During Curl-ups on Both Stable and Labile Surfaces
Research Report Abdominal Muscle Response During Curl-ups on Both Stable and Labile Surfaces Background and Purpose. With the current interest in stability training for the injured low back, the use of
More informationPractical 1 Worksheet
Practical 1 Worksheet ANATOMICAL TERMS 1. Use the word bank to fill in the missing words. reference side stand body arms palms anatomical forward All anatomical terms have a(n) point which is called the
More informationThe Lumbopelvic & Hip Region. Contents. Contents. Chapter 5 Assessment & Treatment incorporating corrective exercises/stretching. Chapter 6 Quiz T & F
The Lumbopelvic & Hip Region Contents Chapter 1 The lumbopelvic & hip region Chapter 2 Muscle firing patterns/endurance Chapter 3 Altered biomechanics to the & hip region lumbopelvic Chapter 4 - Musculoskeletal
More informationEndoBlade Soft Tissue Release System
Surgical Technique Endoscopic Gastroc Recession Endoscopic Plantar Fascia Release EndoBlade Soft Tissue Release System Endoscopic Gastroc Recession Arthrex has developed a comprehensive, completely disposable
More informationLeg. Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Associate Professor of Anatomy and Histology
Leg Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Associate Professor of Anatomy and Histology Skin of the Leg Cutaneous Nerves Medially: The saphenous nerve, a branch of the femoral nerve supplies the skin on the medial surface
More informationCHAPTER 3 What Is Anatomy?
CHAPTER 3 What Is Anatomy? Kinesiology Books Publisher 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position Directional Terms Body Planes Movements Musculoskeletal System Human Skeleton Types
More informationIntroduction -
Introduction - http://www.irdpq.qc.ca/communication/publications/pdf/preliminaries.pdf Part 1 Gait : http://www.irdpq.qc.ca/communication/publications/pdf/part_1_gait.pdf Part 2 Muscle Strength and Physical
More informationLumbar Spine Applied Anatomy. Jason Zafereo, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT
Lumbar Spine Applied Anatomy Jason Zafereo, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT Clinical i l Orthopedic Rehabilitation ti Education 1 Objectives Apply key concepts from the cervical anatomy/kinesiology self-study to aid
More informationMassage and Movement. Patrick A. Ward, MS CSCS LMT OptimumSportsPerformance.com
Massage and Movement Patrick A. Ward, MS CSCS LMT OptimumSportsPerformance.com Massage and Movement Massage comes in all kinds of varieties. From spa massage, to clinical/treatment based massage, to the
More informationA B C. Breathing Concentration Control Centring Precision Flow
Session Two A B C Breathing Concentration Control Centring Precision Flow Will be based on your group of participants. Ensure that your lesson plan content links to objectives What is the reason for prep?
More informationCLINICAL MASSAGE THERAPY A Structural Approach to Pain Management
World Massage Conference Presents: Massage to support Pregnancy, Pelvic Birth Stabilization and Postnatal Including Hip for mother Replacement and baby World Massage Conference Protocols June with 2013
More informationTHE CORRELATION BETWEEN FOUR CLINICAL TRIALS FOR MEASUREMENT OF HAMSTRING MUSCLE FLEXIBILITY
ISSN: 2186-2982 (P), 2186-2990 (O), Japan, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2019.55.3652 Special Issue on Science, Engineering & Environment THE CORRELATION BETWEEN FOUR CLINICAL TRIALS FOR MEASUREMENT OF
More informationStretching the Major Muscle Groups of the Lower Limb
Preface In 1964, at the beginning of my PhD studies at Southern Illinois University, I was first introduced to the theory and practice of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). One specific application,
More informationElectromyographic Comparison of Abdominal Muscle Activation during Sit-Up Exercise and Ab Crunch
ISSN 1750-9823 (print) International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering Vol. 02 (2008) No. 01, pp. 52-56 Electromyographic Comparison of Abdominal Muscle Activation during Sit-Up Exercise and Ab
More informationACHILLES TENDON REPAIR REHAB GUIDELINES
ACHILLES TENDON REPAIR REHAB GUIDELINES Typically patients are discharged on the day of the operation or the next day. The leg is usually immobilized in a cast or hinged brace, ranging from 4-8 weeks.
More informationNumb bum means cauda equina Per rectal examination is indicated to assess anal tone
SPINE Age and occupation Pain: Where: Low back or leg Which is worse? Where about in the leg? Describe the radiation How long? More than 6 wks need warrant evaluation How the pain is now compared to the
More informationBody Planes & Positions
Learning Objectives Objective 1: Identify and utilize anatomical positions, planes, and directional terms. Demonstrate what anatomical position is and how it is used to reference the body. Distinguish
More informationInt J Physiother. Vol 1(3), , August (2014) ISSN:
Int J Physiother. Vol 1(3), 120-126, August (2014) ISSN: 2348-8336 ABSTRACT Sreekar Kumar Reddy.R 1 B. Siva kumar 2 N. Vamsidhar 2 G. Haribabu 3 Background: Patellofemoral pain syndrome is a very common
More informationExercise Therapy for Patients with Knee OA Knee Exercise Protocol Knee Home Exercise Programme
Chapter FOUR Exercise Therapy for Patients with Knee OA Knee Exercise Protocol Knee Home Exercise Programme Chris Higgs Cathy Chapple Daniel Pinto J. Haxby Abbott 99 n n 100 General Guidelines Knee Exercise
More informationSurgery Under Regional Anesthesia
Surgery Under Regional Anesthesia Jean Daniel Eloy, MD Assistant Professor Residency Program Director Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Peripheral Nerve Block
More informationIS THERE A LINK BETWEEN SPINE AND HIP MOBILITY?
EXERCISE AND QUALITY OF LIFE Volume 4, No. 2, 2012, 1-5 UDC 796.012.23 Research article IS THERE A LINK BETWEEN SPINE AND HIP MOBILITY? Miroslav Saviè and S2P, Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Learning,
More informationGoniometric Reliability in a Clinical Setting
Goniometric Reliability in a Clinical Setting Elbow and Knee Measurements JULES M. ROTHSTEIN, PETER J. MILLER, and RICHARD F. ROETTGER Reliability of goniometric measurements has been examined only under
More informationIntramachine and intermachine reproducibility of concentric performance: A study of the Con-Trex MJ and the Cybex Norm dynamometers
Isokinetics and Exercise Science 12 (4) 91 97 91 IOS Press Intramachine and intermachine reproducibility of concentric performance: A study of the Con-Trex MJ and the Cybex Norm dynamometers C. Bardis
More information