CHAPTER 3 What Is Anatomy?

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 3 What Is Anatomy? Kinesiology Books Publisher 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position Directional Terms Body Planes Movements Musculoskeletal System Human Skeleton Types of Muscle Joints Kinesiology Books Publisher 2 THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY Anatomical Position Directional Terms Body Planes Movements Kinesiology Books Publisher 3 1

2 ANATOMICAL POSITION Starting reference point Specifies locations of specific body parts relative to other body parts Kinesiology Books Publisher 4 Arms at the sides Palms facing forward Thumbs facing outward Standing erect Face forward Legs straight Heels & feet together, parallel Kinesiology Books Publisher 5 DIRECTIONAL TERMS Based on the assumption that the body is in anatomical position Kinesiology Books Publisher 6 2

3 Ears lateral to cheeks Cheeks medial to ears Anterior skeleton Posterior skeleton Pelvis superior to legs Elbow proximal to hand Hand distal to elbow Legs inferior to pelvis Supine Prone Kinesiology Books Publisher 7 Kinesiology Books Publisher 8 BODY PLANES Imaginary flat surfaces: Divide the body in anatomical position At right angles to each other Describe s in parallel to them Kinesiology Books Publisher 9 3

4 MIDSAGITTAL / MEDIAN PLANE Divides body into right and left halves Sagittal: parallel to median plane Sagittal plane s: forward & backward motion 10 Kinesiology Books Publisher 10 FRONTAL / CORONAL PLANE Divides body into anterior and posterior sections Frontal plane s: lateral or side to side 11 Kinesiology Books Publisher 11 TRANSVERSE PLANE Divides body into superior and inferior sections Transverse plane s: parallel to the transverse plane 12 Kinesiology Books Publisher 12 4

5 Centre of gravity Where median, frontal, and transverse planes intersect Kinesiology Books Publisher 13 JOINT MOVEMENTS Around any one or more of three axes In pairs opposite s Y Z X Kinesiology Books Publisher 14 Flexion Movement pair Action Reference Example Extension Reduces / increases angle between joints Sagittal plane Biceps curl Abduction Adduction Away / towards midline Frontal plane Jumping jacks Pronation Supination Palm faces posterior / anterior Hand and forearm Holing bowl of soup Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Foot up / foot plants Sole foot Toe raise Inversion Eversion Sole moves in / out Sole foot Rolling over ankle Medial / internal rotation Lateral / external rotation Flexed forearm moves in / out Longitudinal axis Opening / closing doors Kinesiology Books Publisher 15 5

6 CIRCUMDACTION A cone of No rotation Flexion/extension + abduction/adduction Kinesiology Books Publisher 16 Eversion Inversion Supination Pronation 17 Kinesiology Books Publisher 17 Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Abduction Adduction 18 Kinesiology Books Publisher 18 6

7 THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Human Skeleton Types of Muscle Joints Kinesiology Books Publisher 19 Muscles Skeleton Joints Movement Kinesiology Books Publisher 20 HUMAN SKELETON Divisions Axial Appendicular Approx 206 bones Shape Classification Tissue composition Kinesiology Books Publisher 21 7

8 AXIAL SKELETON Skull Sternum Ribs 80 bones Supports, stabilizes, and protects vital organs Vertebral column Kinesiology Books Publisher 22 APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 bones Pectoral girdle Upper limb Pelvic girdle Responsible for a large portion of Lower limb 23 Kinesiology Books Publisher 23 BONE SHAPES Shape determines function Kinesiology Books Publisher 24 8

9 Shape Examples Function Carpals Tarsals Short Shock absorbers Long Femur Humerus Levers Flat Skull Scapula Ribs Protect organs Irregular Facial bones Vertebrae Special function Sesamoid Patella Change pressure / friction Kinesiology Books Publisher 25 Kinesiology Books Publisher 25 BONE CLASSIFICATION 2 classes of bone tissue: Compact / cortical Spongy / cancellous Kinesiology Books Publisher 26 Porosity Cancellous High: low mineral density and high collagen Compact Low: high mineral density and low collagen Structure Honey comb Compact Characteristic Flexible but is not stress resistant Stiff and stress resistant but less flexible Function Shock absorption Withstanding stress Location Vertebrae Long bones Kinesiology Books Publisher 27 9

10 BONE COMPOSITION Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate 60-70% of bone Stiffness Resistance to pressing forces Collagen protein Flexibility Resist pulling forces When lost bone becomes brittle Water 20% of bone (vs. 60% of body) Kinesiology Books Publisher 28 LONG BONES Epiphyseal line / growth plate Periosteum Articular Cartilage Cancellous bone + red marrow Compact bone Medullary cavity + yellow marrow Apophysis Proximal Epiphysis Diaphysis Distal Epiphysis Kinesiology Books Publisher 29 BONE AND EXERCISE Strong bone at young age and with regular exercise Weak bone with ageing and without regular exercise Density Mineralization Porosity Kinesiology Books Publisher 30 10

11 MUSCLE TYPES 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth Kinesiology Books Publisher 31 CARDIAC MUSCLE Heart contraction / beating Very fatigue resistant Has own intrinsic beat Autonomic nerve control / involuntary SKELETAL MUSCLE Attached to bone Contraction = body Motor nerve control / voluntary SMOOTH MUSCLE Blood vessels & organs Slow and uniform contractions Fatigue resistant Autonomic nerve control / involuntary Kinesiology Books Publisher 32 SKELETAL MUSCLE CHARACTERISTICS ORIGIN Closer to the centre of the body More stationary parts BICEPS MUSCLE INSERTION Away from the centre of the body More mobile structures Kinesiology Books Publisher 33 11

12 JOINTS Joint classification Synovial joints Kinesiology Books Publisher 34 WHAT S AJOINT? Connection between two or more bones Knee joint Strands of connective tissue ensure stability Classified by the degree of Connective tissues Kinesiology Books Publisher 35 Fibrous joints No Absorb shock Example: skull sutures Cartilaginous joints Limited Absorb shock Example: intervertebral discs Synovial joints Greatest degree of Allow, most common Example: hip joint Kinesiology Books Publisher 36 Kinesiology Books Publisher 36 12

13 SYNOVIAL JOINTS Joint Capsule Surrounds the joint and provides support Lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid Joint cavity Filled with synovial fluid for lubrication Also cushions Hyaline cartilage Dense white connective tissue that covers and protects the ends of the articulating bones Ligaments, extrinsic (and intrinsic) Support the joint Connect the articulating bones of the joint 37 Kinesiology Books Publisher 37 JOINT MOVEMENTS Uniaxial Movement about one axis Biaxial joints Movement about two perpendicular axes Multiaxial joints Movement about all three perpendicular axes Kinesiology Books Publisher 38 TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS Kinesiology Books Publisher 39 13

14 Joint type Description Movement Examples Pivot One bone rotates around one axis Uniaxial: One-axis rotation Neck Gliding Bone surfaces involved are nearly flat Uniaxial : Gliding Acromioclavicular Hinge Convex and concave articulating surfaces Uniaxial Flexion-extension Elbow Saddle Bones set together as in sitting on a horse Biaxial: Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction Thumb Condyloid Ovular convex shape and reciprocal concave surfaces Biaxial: Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction Knuckles Ball and Socket A rounded bone is fitted into a cup-like receptacle Multiaxial 3-axis rotation Hip Kinesiology Books Publisher 40 Kinesiology Books Publisher 40 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER The interactions of the bones, muscles, and joints in the body allow motion to occur Healthy bones protect the body's organs and provide the framework for muscle attachment Muscles exert force to move the bones at the joints, resulting in the wide array of possible s Kinesiology Books Publisher 41 14