Surface Anatomy and Sonoanatomy for the Occasional Regional Anesthesiologist

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1 Surface Anatomy and Sonoanatomy for the Occasional Regional Anesthesiologist Edward R. Mariano, M.D., M.A.S. Professor of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Chief, Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care

2 Financial Disclosures Halyard Health, B Braun Unrestricted educational program funding paid to my institution The contents of the following presentation are solely the responsibility of the speaker without input from any of the above companies.

3 Learning Objectives Define optimal ultrasound transducer position for cross-sectional imaging of nerves Apply surface anatomic landmark identification in ultrasound transducer application Identify sonoanatomy of common peripheral nerves and surrounding structures Discuss tips and tricks to improve ultrasound images and block techniques

4 How Hard Can It Be? NYSORA.COM -

5 Lesson #1

6 Lesson #2 Regional anesthesia is applied anatomy

7 History of Nerve Localization Anatomic landmarks Fascial clicks or pops Electrical nerve stimulation Sustained twitch at < 0.5 ma current suggests appropriate needle position Ultrasound

8 Overview Introduction to ultrasound Surface anatomic landmarks Relevant gross anatomy Traditional nerve block techniques Sonoanatomy for nerve blocks

9 Overview Introduction to ultrasound Surface anatomic landmarks Relevant gross anatomy Traditional nerve block techniques Sonoanatomy for nerve blocks

10 Basic Sonoanatomy Blood vessels: hypo-echoic (dark) Muscles: hypo- > hyper-echoic (striations) Bone and fascia: hyper-echoic (white) Nerves: hypoechoic Connective tissues are hyperechoic (epineurium, perineurium)

11 A Closer Look at the Nerve Short-Axis View

12 The A.R.T. of Target Imaging A lignment R otation T ilt

13 Alignment: Where Do We Look?

14 Optimal Rotation

15 Optimal Rotation

16 Optimal Tilt

17 Optimal Tilt

18 Overview Introduction to ultrasound Surface anatomic landmarks Relevant gross anatomy Traditional nerve block techniques Sonoanatomy for nerve blocks

19 Interscalene Block: How We Did It Needle inserted in IS groove at C6 Antero-lateral approach Needle angle 30-45º Elicit motor response (deltoid, biceps, triceps, pectoralis) Borgeat A, et al. Anesth 2003:99:436

20 Interscalene Anatomy Position: supine with head turned away SCM clavicular head Interscalene groove posterior to SCM at cricoid level (C6) External jugular vein Subclavian artery Cricoid Subclavian Art

21 Interscalene Sonoanatomy Transverse Short-Axis View SCM ASM BP MSM CTP Mariano ER, et al. JUM 2010;29:329

22 Infraclavicular Block: How We Did It Insertion 2 cm medial and 2 cm caudad to CP Needle inserted plumb-bob Avg depth 4.24±1.49 cm in men, 4.01±1.29 cm in women Wilson JL, et al. A&A 1998;87:870

23 Infraclavicular Anatomy Position: supine with arm at side or abducted 90 Palpate coracoid process below the clavicle Plexus runs under coracoid process Coracoid

24 Infraclavicular Sonoanatomy Transverse Short-Axis View PMa PMi N AA N N AV Mariano ER, et al. JUM 2009;28:1211

25 Femoral Nerve Block: How We Did It Needle insertion: lateral to artery at 45 angle aiming cephalad Feel 2 pops Proper motor response = quad contraction Ilfeld, BM, et al. Anesth 2008;108:703

26 Femoral Anatomy Position: supine with roll under hip Leg straight Inguinal crease Femoral artery Femoral nerve is lateral to femoral artery

27 Femoral Sonoanatomy Iliacus N FI FA FL Mariano ER, et al. JUM 2009;28:1453 Transverse Short-Axis View

28 Adductor Canal Anatomy Position: supine with thigh externally rotated and knee slightly flexed Subsartorial tunnel begins distal to the apex of the femoral triangle Saphenous nerve runs with superficial femoral artery Horn JL, et al. RAPM 2009;34:486 Manickam B, et al. RAPM 2009;34:578

29 Adductor Canal Ultrasound Transducer placed along medial aspect of thigh distal to inguinal crease Short-axis view Landmarks Sartorius (S) muscle Saphenous (N) Femoral artery (A) Sartorius N A Mariano ER, et al. JUM 2014;33:1653

30 Popliteal Fossa Block: How We Did It Insertion site: 8-10 cm cephalad to popliteal crease or at intertendinous junction 4 needle angled 45 cephalad Plantar flexion or inversion preferred Hadzic A, et al. A&A 2002;94:1321

31 Popliteal Anatomy Position: prone with knee slightly flexed Popliteal crease Biceps femoris laterally Semimembranosus and semitendinosus medially Intertendinous junction

32 Popliteal Sonoanatomy Transverse Short-Axis View BF N F Mariano ER, et al. RAPM 2009;34:480

33 Transversus Abdominis Plane Anatomy

34 TAP Sonoanatomy Transverse Short-Axis View EO IO TA

35 Summary We defined optimal ultrasound transducer position for cross-sectional imaging of nerves We applied surface anatomic landmark identification in ultrasound transducer application We identified sonoanatomy of common peripheral nerves and surrounding structures We discussed tips and tricks to improve ultrasound images and block techniques

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