Experimental approaches to repression
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1 Experimental approaches to repression Nikolai Axmacher NPSA 2018
2 Overview Introduction: repression and suppression Intentional memory suppression Repression
3 Overview Introduction: repression and suppression Intentional memory suppression Repression
4 Repression Conflict Central mechanism for generation of the psychodynamic unconscious Repression Conversion: link between body and mind, energetic and hermeneutics Conversion Symptom Conflict becomes unconscious The theory of repression is the corner-stone on which the whole structure of psycho-analysis rests. Freud, On the history of the psycho-analytic movement (1914)
5 Repression and suppression Freud (Repression, 1915): the essence of repression lies simply in the function of rejecting and keeping something out of consciousness Is unconscious repression the same as conscious suppression? Indeed: Freud s original definition only referred to a process regardless of its cause or motive (see also Erdelyi, BBS 2006)
6 Repression suppression Executive control Process characteristics Consequences Content Repression Driven by internal conflicts that reduce executive control Unconscious / automatic No erasure: return of the repressed Only wishes/desires in psychodynamic conflicts Suppression Recruits executive control Voluntary and conscious (but.) Erasure Anything Link to resistance Induces resistance Does not induce resistance Axmacher et al., Front Hum Neurosci 2010
7 An integrative model Repression may consist of 2 consecutive phases (cf. talk by Beate Krickel) Phase 1 Inhibitory intention is conscious Suppression occurs deliberately / controlled Suppression may be successful (erasure of suppressed contents) Adaptive process that helps in emotion regulation (see Engen and Anderson, TICS 2018) Phase 2 (in case phase 1 was not successful?) Intention to repress has become unconscious Repression occurs automatically / unconscious Repression is not successful: repressed affects remain, repressed contents may come back Maladaptive pathogenic process
8 Overview Introduction: repression and suppression Intentional memory suppression Repression
9 Intentional memory suppression: The Think/No-Think paradigm Voluntary control DLPFC Suppression Suppression during retrieval Memory for No-Think items < baseline Suppressed contents are erased Hippocampus Anderson et al., Science 2004
10 Intentional memory suppression: The directed forgetting paradigm Suppression during encoding Neural correlates: DLPFC, hippocampus Problem: Is there really inhibition in the directed forgetting paradigm (or just reduced encoding/consolidation)? Talks by Marie Fellner and Gerd Waldhauser: EEG evidence for consecutive employment of active inhibition and rehearsal Anderson and Hanslmayr, TICS 2014
11 Intentional memory suppression: The directed forgetting paradigm Intracranial EEG recordings in presurgical epilepsy patients DLPFC electrodes: n=13; hippocampal electrodes: n=15 Both areas: n=6 (5 right, 1 left) Oehrn et al., Curr Biol (in press)
12 Intentional memory suppression: The directed forgetting paradigm To-be-forgotten items DLPFC theta power voluntary control processes Hippocampal alpha power memory inhibition Oehrn et al., Curr Biol (in press); Jensen et al., TICS 2012
13 Intentional memory suppression: The directed forgetting paradigm To-be-forgotten items DLPFC theta power voluntary control processes Hippocampal alpha power memory inhibition Oehrn et al., Curr Biol (in press); Jensen et al., TICS 2012
14 Intentional memory suppression: The directed forgetting paradigm Increased DLPFC-hippocampal communication for to-be-forgotten items Power correlations: DLPFC theta power, HC alpha power (lagged correlations consistent with conduction delays) DLPFC-HC phase synchronization (with phase lags consistent with conduction delays) Granger causality: directional coupling DLPFC HC Fell and Axmacher, Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; Oehrn et al., Curr Biol (in press)
15 Overview Introduction: repression and suppression Intentional memory suppression Repression
16 Repression and free association Free Association Repressed contents may be expressed Resistance: delay, emotional reaction Renewed repression
17 C.G. Jung's association experiment
18 C.G. Jung's association experiment Operationalization of resistance and repression Reading of word list Recording of association, reaction time (RT) and skin conductance response (SCR) Hypothesis: RT, SCR unconscious / repressed conflict head water death... + Free association Resistance Repressed content (delay, emotional reaction)
19 Levinger & Clark (1961): Emotional factors in the forgetting of word associations Adaptation of Jung's method + subsequent cued recall Results High SCR forgetting Long RT forgetting head water death... + head water death...? Replications: Rossmann, 1983; Köhler and Wilke, 1999; Thöns, 2002
20 Study 1: Free association to word list (Jung s paradigm in the scanner) 18 healthy subjects 150 words (Jung s list, extended) Recordings during association: RTs, SCR, fmri dependent on later memory Schmeing, Kehyayan et al., PLoS One 2013
21 Study 1: Free association to word list (Jung s paradigm in the scanner) Which free associations can not be consciously remembered afterwards? p <.05 p FDR <.05 RT resistance? SCR autonomic arousal ACC conflict processing? Schmeing, Kehyayan et al., PLoS One 2013
22 Study 1: Free association to word list (Jung s paradigm in the scanner) Control analyses for relationship between RT/SCR and memory Response entropy (effect can be partialed out) Word length (no effect on memory) Word frequency (no effect on memory) Semantic similarity (no effect on memory) Semantic relatedness (no effect on memory) Subjective valence (no effect on memory) Subjective arousal (no effect on memory) But are these words really related to conflicts? Schmeing, Kehyayan et al., PLoS One 2013
23 Study 2: Free association to conflict sentences Two major changes stimulus sentences: neutral, negative or conflict-related naming of 3 words, then 1 minute of free association Schmeing, Kehyayan et al., PLoS One 2013
24 Study 2: Free association to conflict sentences 6 neutral sentences: I try to follow the news on a regular basis 6 negative sentences: I am afraid sometimes when I'm walking alone in the dark 12 conflict-related sentences: typical psychodynamic conflicts Schmeing, Kehyayan et al., PLoS One 2013
25 Study 2: Free association to conflict sentences Free associations that cannot be remembered later RT (resistance?) SCR (arousal) Associations to conflict sentences: RT ( ) (resistance?) SCR (arousal) Memory (repression?) ACC (conflict?) hippocampus ( ) (memory) Schmeing, Kehyayan et al., PLoS One 2013
26 Study 2b: Free association to conflict sentences: personal relevance? Are the conflicts personally relevant? Analysis of free associations by two psychodynamic therapists: evidence for relevant conflict based on subjective reactions? Possible conflicts in 23/209 associations (8/18 subjects) Free associations to personally relevant conflicts SCR Ratings: mood, valence, agreement ACC Still these conflict sentences are not autobiographically derived Kehyayan et al., Front Hum Neurosci 2013
27 Study 3: Free association to autobiographical conflict sentences Assessment of individualized conflicts: OPD interviews OPD: Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis Diagnostic tool beyond DSM/ICD: based on psychodynamic theory Background: e.g., Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT; Luborsky et al.) Axes: perception of disease, relationship patterns, main conflict, structural pathology Kessler et al., Front Psychol 2017
28 Study 3: Free association to autobiographical conflict sentences Kessler et al., Front Psychol 2017
29 Study 3: Free association to autobiographical conflict sentences 6 autobiographical conflict sentences 6 autobiographical negative sentences putatively NOT related to conflict 6 autobiographical positive sentences Kessler et al., Front Psychol 2017
30 Study 3: Free association to autobiographical conflict sentences Conflicts: RT ( ), SCR, memory Subjective ratings of feelings and arousal cannot explain conflict effects Kessler et al., Front Psychol 2017
31 Repression and free association: Summary Free association to later forgotten vs. remembered words or sentences Study 1: RT, SCR, ACC Study 2: RT, SCR Free association to conflict vs. negative/neutral sentences Study 2: RT ( ), SCR, memory, ACC, hippocampus Study 3: RT, SCR, memory Study 4: RT, SCR, memory Free association to personally relevant vs. irrelevant conflict sentences Study 2b: RT, SCR, memory, ACC, hippocampus Study 4: RT, SCR, memory Reliable general effects, less pronounced effects of personal relevance
32 Voluntary suppression vs. repression Voluntary control DLPFC Psychodynamic conflict ACC Suppression Repression Suppressed contents are erased Hippocampus Conflict-related material becomes unconscious Hippocampus
33 Overall summary Voluntary memory suppression in the directed forgetting and think/nothink paradigms Can permanently reduce the accessibility of memories Occurs for various kinds of material Depends on interactions between lateral PFC and hippocampus Repression in the free association paradigm Occurs specifically for conflict-related material Is related to increases in SCR and RT during free association Depends on interactions between ACC and hippocampus Does repression lead to paradoxical (rebound) effects?
34 Bochum Neuropsychoanalysis Group
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