Psycholinguistics Psychological Mechanisms

Transcription

1 Psycholinguistics Psychological Mechanisms

2 Psychological Mechanisms Information processing system Processing Serial and parallel processing Top-down and bottom-up processing Automatic and controlled processes Development of the processing system

3 The Stages of Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval

4 Information-Processing Model of Memory A model of memory in which information must pass through discrete stages via the processes of attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval.

5 Memory Types of Memory Sensory Memory Records information from the senses for up to three seconds Short-Term Memory Holds about seven items for up to twenty seconds before the material is forgotten or transferred to long-term memory Long-Term Memory Relatively permanent, can hold vast amounts of information

6 Working Memory (Short Term Memory) A temporary holding place for the cognitive acts on the information. Size: limited, 7±2 units Duration: limited, 10 to 20 seconds

7 Working Memory (Short Term Memory) Continuous rehearsal (rehearing) can maintain the contents of the memory indefinitely. Memory span test participants are given a series of items (words, letters, numbers, and so forth) and asked to recall the items in the order presented (or in backwards order)

8 Baddeleys Working Memory Model Visual Scribe Central Executive Articulatory Loop Visuo-spatial Sketch Pad Episodic Buffer Phonological Store

9 Working Memory Model Articulatory Loop Used to maintain information for a short time and for acoustic rehearsal Visuo-spatial Sketch Pad Used for maintaining and processing visuo-spatial information Episodic Buffer Used for storage of a multimodal code, holding an integrated episode between systems using different codes

10 Working Memory Model Central Executive Focuses attention on relevant items and inhibiting irrelevant ones Plans sequence of tasks to accomplish goals, schedules processes in complex tasks, often switches attention between different parts Updates and checks content to determine next step in sequence of parts

11 Tests of the model Word-length effect Stroop task Antisaccade task The Stroop and antisaccade tasks depend on attention control

12 Long-term memory Semantic memory Our store of general knowledge Episodic memory Our personal memory system

13 Long-term memory Autonoetic consciousness the type of consciousness of subjectivity experienced time: past, present, or future Déjà vu the erroneous feeling that one has experienced a particular event before

14 Issues in Language Processing Serial and parallel processing Top-down and bottom-up processing Automatic and controlled processes Modularity

15 Serial and Parallel Processing Serial processing: deal with one task at a time. Parallel processing: deal with multiple tasks at a time Rumelhart s test shows the context helps decide the identity of the obscured letter. And thus proves the parallel processing (fig. 3-2).

16 Parallel Distributed Processing Properties of the tasks that people are good at. A number of different pieces of information must be kept in mind at once. Each plays a part, constraining others and being constrained by them Assumption of PDP model: interactions of a large number of simple processing elements each sending excitatory and inhibitory signals to other units. Elements of model unit, activation, interaction among units

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18 Top-down and Bottom-up Processing Bottom-up processing: from the lowest level to the highest level Top-down processing: information at the higher levels may influence processing at the lower levels. Top-down attention is also referred to as endogenous or sustained attention, and bottom-up attention is commonly typified as exogenous or transient attention (Carrasco, 2011).

19 Automatic and Controlled Processes Tasks that draw substantially from the limited resources are controlled tasks and the processes involved are controlled processes. Tasks that do not require substantial resources are automatic tasks and the processes involved are automatic processes. Automatic tasks are not related to the age of the individual or to the strategy employed.

20 Automatic and Controlled Processes Certain automatic tasks appear to be biologically built into our cognitive equipment, e.g. frequency counter. Other automatic processes are the result of extensive practice. Language processing can be automatic (recognition of common words) or controlled (parsing of sentences).

21 Piaget s Theory of Cognitive Development In Children Features of Piaget s theory Genetic Epistemology biological approach Structuralism Mechanisms of development Cognitive adaptation Assimilation Accomodation Cognitive equilibriation

22 Stages of Development Piaget s theory identifies four developmental stages and the processes by which children progress through them. The four stages are: 1. Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 24 months) 2. Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old) 3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old) 4. Formal Operational Stage (11-15 years old) (Brainerd, 1978).

23 Sensorimotor Stage In this period, intelligence is demonstrated through motor activity without the use of symbols. Knowledge of the world is limited (but developing) because it is based on physical interactions and experiences. Some symbolic abilities are developed at the end of this stage.

24 Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old) In this period, intelligence is demonstrated through the use of symbols. Language use matures. Memory and imagination are developed. Thinking is done in a non-logically nonreversible manner Egocentric thinking predominates

25 Characteristics of Pre-Operational Stage Egocentrism It is all about them They can not differentiate between themselves and the world Rigidity of Thought Centration: focus on one aspect of an object Therefore no addition or subtraction Semilogical reasoning Limited social cognition Lack of awareness of intentions in others

26 Concrete operations stage Seriation mentally arrange items along a dimension (e.g. height, weight, time or speed) Classification Sort objects into groups Class inclusion Number concepts Numbers are arbitrary Invariance of number Conservation

27 Formal operations stage Reasoning about abstractions Hypothetical and abstract notions Future other worlds Applying logic Deductive reasoning ( if then ) Advanced problem solving Systematic Pendulum task

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