THE IMPACT OF MEMORY ERASING ON THE MAIN CHARACTER IN THE MOVIE ETERNAL SUNSHINE OF THE SPOTLESS MIND BY MICHEL GONDRY

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1 THE IMPACT OF MEMORY ERASING ON THE MAIN CHARACTER IN THE MOVIE ETERNAL SUNSHINE OF THE SPOTLESS MIND BY MICHEL GONDRY Yana Kusuma Sari English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Bina Nusantara University Jl. Darma Putra 3 no. 39, Kebayoran Lama drownbywords@gmail.com Irfan Rifai S.Pd., M. Ed. ABSTRACT Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is a movie about a man whose lover has erased the memories between them with the help of a company that can do selective memory erasing so he decides to erase his memory of the girl too. The research focuses on the main character including his memory of his girlfriend. This research analyzes the character s way of thinking towards his memory. The purposes of this research are to show how the erasing is portrayed, how the character deals with it, and how his memories affect his emotion. The research method is library research and is using the theory of psychoanalysis and memory. Psychoanalysis theory that is used is from Sigmund Freud consists of the levels of mental life, provinces of the mind and defense mechanisms. The results of the analysis are the plot and setting picture the erasing in a definable way and that memory can influence the character in changing his emotion and decision.

2 Keywords: Memory, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Psychoanalysis, Defense mechanisms ABSTRAK Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind adalah film tentang seorang pria yang kekasihnya telah menghapus ingatan antara mereka dengan bantuan dari suatu perusahaan dimana perusahaan tersebut dapat melakukan penghapusan ingatan terpilih sehingga pria tersebut memilih untuk menghapus ingatan tentang kekasihnya juga. Penelitian ini berfokus pada karakter utama termasuk ingatan tentang kekasihnya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menganalisa pemikiran karakter terhadap ingatannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bagaimana penghapusan ingatannya digambarkan, bagaimana sang karakter menanggapinya, dan bagaimana ingatannya mempengaruhi emosinya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan dan menggunakan teori psikoanalisis serta ingatan. Teori psikoanalisis yang digunakan adalah teori Sigmund Freud terdiri dari tingkat kesadaran, struktur pikiran and mekanisme pertahanan. Hasil dari analisa adalah plot dan setting menggambarkan penghapusan ingatan dengan cara yang bisa dijelaskan dan ingatan dapat mempengaruhi karakter dalam merubah emosi dan keputusannya. Kata Kunci: Ingatan, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Psikoanalisis, Mekanisme Pertahanan INTRODUCTION Memory plays an important role to human mind because human learn from their experiences in the past and every experiences are kept in the memory. Having these memories, we acknowledge the things we have already known. We develop ourselves by remembering what we have gone through in our life. Our memories affect feelings too. If we remember sad events, our emotion at the current moment will be sad recalling those sad moments. If a terrible thing happens to us and it frightens us so bad then it may cause a trauma that we do not want it to be a part of our memory anymore. Not everything in life that occurs to us is a good thing but it is sure that our experiences can all remain in our memory. There are memories we want to forget but we cannot. These memories are usually the ones that are emotionally involved. The movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind shows the possibility of erasing memories when in real life there is no such thing of memory eraser. RESEARCH METHOD The analysis uses qualitative methods with library research and online research. The main medium of this research is the film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Other media are text books that contribute the most to the theories being used to analyze the research. The analysis is focused on the main character. The theories that are used are literature theory, Sigmund Freud s psychoanalysis theory and memory theory. For literature theory, plot and setting are used. As for psychoanalysis, the levels of mental life, provinces of the mind, and defense mechanisms. Then the information about memory and emotion are gathered. The research analyzes the dialogue and scenes in the movie.

3 DISCUSSION The movie is analyzed with intrinsic elements of literature, the theory of psychoanalysis and memory. The analysis focuses on the main character, Joel Barish. The intrinsic elements of literature are plot and setting. The psychoanalysis theory is from Sigmund which consists of the levels of mental life (conscious, preconscious, and unconscious), provinces of the mind (id, ego, and superego), and the defense mechanisms are sorted afterwards. The analysis of the character s memory and emotion is also included. INTRINSIC ELEMENTS Plot is the arrangements of events that creates a story, according to Diyanni (2001, p.44.) A plot makes us wondering what will happen in a story. A good plot has a connected sequence of incidents that relates one another. There are several types of plot according to Soles (2009, p.57). A sequential plot is the plot where the events in the story happen in a chronological order. On the other hand, a non-sequential plot is where the events occur in chronological order but the time order in the story is changed. Ironic plot is when the story s events turn out to be different from what the readers had expected they would. Meanwhile, an archetypal plot is when the sequence of events is familiar because there have been stories before that sound similar. Unpredictable events are preferable in stories because it attracts reader or audience to be more curious of the next events. A plot twist or a surprise ending makes the story even more interesting. A plot of a story consists of a conflict, which is an important element in a fiction. Conflict is a quarrel of the characters in a story that can be in a form of actions, thoughts, or wishes (Arp & Johnson, 2005, p. 46). Conflicts in a story are various. Characters can face a conflict against another person or a group of people. There is also a conflict with external power or environment such as nature, society, and fate. A conflict with several elements in characters own natures against themselves is also possible. The conflict of a character can be physical, mental, emotional or moral. Plot begins with exposition that explains the background of the story. It is the opening part that introduces us to the main characters and the events happening before the conflicts being told. Exposition describes any information we need to understand like setting so we are interested in the next events following (Kennedy & Gioia, 2010, p.14.) The plot then develops into complication, where a new conflict is introduced. It is a series of conflicts or as described by DiYanni (2001), intensifications of the conflict (p. 45). These series of complications later goes into a moment of high tension, crisis. Then the crisis may get bigger and come to a turning point where the tension is the highest, known as climax. This climax then leads to the outcome of what will be done so the conflict falls off. At the end, the complications are sorted out and it brings the outcome, or the resolution, to solve the end of the story. Barnet, Burto, & Cain (2005) explain setting as the physical surroundings the furniture, the architecture, the landscape, the climate and these often are highly appropriate to the characters who are associated with them (p.230). Setting is not just about the physical environments but also the background of events that happens to the character at a point of time. Time setting helps us to understand an event that happens in a few century back. Time can lead us to imagine different customs and attitudes of an era. It can be a specific time like the years, seasons or more specific like hours. Besides time and place, Kennedy & Gioia add weather and atmosphere as settings that are also important to a story. The setting of weather or climate can picture more about the condition in the story. The atmosphere setting, as explained by Kennedy & Gioia (2010) is, the total effect conveyed by the author s use of language, images, and physical setting (p.108). It is the whole combination of the settings description that creates the mood or feeling of a situation in the story. The atmosphere influences us to feel what the author suggests so we can sense the story more. PSYCHOANALYSIS THEORY

4 Psychoanalysis is an observation of the conscious and unconscious mind. It is a study of human mind related to personality. Sigmund Freud developed the theories where the problems of a person are brought from unconscious into conscious. He believes that the worries remain in the unconscious are the cause of the problems of our actions. As quoted by Barry, The classic method of doing this is to get the patient to talk freely, in such a way that the repressed fears and conflicts which are causing the problems are brought into the conscious mind and openly faced, rather than remaining buried in the unconscious (2009, p.92). Therefore, it can be found out what has bothered a person s mind. Psychoanalytic criticism is based on these theories, in which the form of literature is analyzed from a psychologist point of view. The actions and the characters of a literary work have reasons or purpose to how the story goes. Freud introduced a model of the mind called the mental life. This model is used to get a better understanding to human s personality which is led by urges that are mostly beyond our awareness. Freud divided the levels of mental life into two levels, they are conscious and unconscious. The unconscious is divided in two different levels; the preconscious and unconscious proper. Those three levels of mental life function as a model for mental process and location. The first level is conscious, the state when we are aware. The second level is unconscious, where we are not aware, is where our drives and urges lie. Then there is preconscious, a part of the unconscious but can be brought easily into awareness. (Feist & Feist, 2009, p.24) Freud then later developed a structural model of the mind, called provinces of the mind. It does not replace the levels of mental life, but instead helps explaining mental structure based on their properties or purposes. This model is known as provinces of the mind. It is not a literal province of territorial but only an imaginary construction. These provinces are classified into three parts of structure. They are id, ego, and superego. It relates to the levels of mental life and each of them has its components. The id is unconscious, the ego is preconscious and unconscious, while the superego has the three components; conscious, preconscious and unconscious. Each of the provinces has different function. The id s function is to get pleasure. The ego s function is to help the id get what it wants but also restrain it. The superego acts as a guide to the values in life. (Feist & Feist, 2009, p.27.) Defense mechanism is a process of the mind in order to protect a person from anxiety. Often, the ego cannot maintain the urges form the id we have, and it interferes with the morals of our superego so it creates an unpleasant feeling or anxiety. Anxiety is an unpleasant state, which acts as a signal that things are not right and something must be done according to Larsen & Buss (2005, p. 284). Anxiety comes out in the form of physical symptom like sweaty palms, fast heart beat and sometimes panic. Because of this inconvenience feeling, the ego tries to reduce it using various defense mechanisms (Larsen & Buss, 2005, p. 285.) There are various kind of defense mechanisms but the analysis uses four of them; repression, reaction formation, regression, and denial. Repression, according to Larsen & Buss (2005) is the process of preventing unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or urges from reaching conscious awareness (p. 285). Repression happens to people mostly about sad or embarrassing moments that one does not want to remember anymore. Reaction formation is a tactic where the urge can make it through consciousness by unconsciously disguising it into the opposite form (Feist & Feist, 2009, p.35.) Because the reality does not match a person s original feeling towards something that is unpleasant to him/her, then the person shows the contrary feeling of the original. Regression, in order to decreases anxiety, makes someone can revert back to an earlier state whereas the things that are connected with the state will be used as a way to make a person feels pleasant or safe (Feist & Feist, 2009, p.36.) That way, the stress can be reduced because they think a familiar object is safer and comfortable. Denial is a mechanism that the mind tries to reject reality and convinces that things are not the way they are. A person in denial ignores the facts that are happening to him. (Larsen & buss, 2005, p. 286) Memory According to Passer & Smith, memory refers to the process that allows us to record, store, and later retrieve experiences and information (2007, p.233). Everything we have experienced goes into our memory but our mind selectively keeping what memories we want to remember and what we do not want to. The memories that we do not want to remember are not completely gone. It is still there in our mind but remain unconscious because we try to forget, or simply, repress it. According to Myers (2007, p.351) our memory

5 has three steps in order to remember; encoding (getting information), storage (saving information), retrieval (accessing information). The storage of memory is divided into three; sensory memory (keeps information of sensors), short-term memory (keeps temporary information), and long-term memory (keeps information for a long time). Myers added that information stored in our memory is connected with each other so when we process information, we associate it with other information related like our environment or feelings. They are known as retrieval cues, the points to access the target information to be retrieved. (Myers, 2007, p. 371) Our emotions including moods are affected by our mental activity like perceptions, interpretations, including memory (Myers, 2007, p.525.) Moments that have high emotions can cling to our memories longer because they influence the stress hormones to be free. It makes the chemical that transfers information signal to the brain and body raises the activation of the brain structure that controls emotions. These emotional experiences then are placed into a longer-term memory. Memories that have emotional effect can look so clear and vivid every time we recall them are called flashbulb memories. (Passer & Smith, 2007, p.249) THE MEMORY ERASING Memory erasing does not exist in reality, or maybe has not existed yet to these days. The memory erasing process in the movie, not to mention the company who provides it, is completely made up by the maker of the movie. However, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind shows the process with a medical procedure that is close to reality. The plot of the movie looks quite confusing but it can be understood as the story goes. The plot in this movie is a non-sequential plot where the beginning part of the movie is the events in which the main character, Joel, has erased his memory. Then the story turns into his erasing process including his memories before the erasing, later it goes back to the beginning of the movie in which the erasing process has finished and continues until the story ends. The story starts with both of the main characters meet each other and get together after their memories have been erased but the movie does not show the audience that their memories are erased. After the meeting, the scene changes into the events of Joel s erasing. The movie does not reveal the erasing right away, but with weird events in the scenes and the clues of the incidents that happen to the main character such as the time setting and the changing of Clementine s hair color. As the story keeps going, the audience will find out that Joel is under the process of memory erasing inside his mind while he falls asleep during the process.

6 Climax: Joel changes his mind but the process keeps going so he tries to stop it from his unconscious in any possible way. Complication: Joel finds Clementine has erased her memory of Joel so Joel wants the same. Falling action: Joel realizes that the process cannot be stopped and decides to let it go. Exposition: Audience are introduced to the meeting of the main characters Joel & Clementine. The movie replays some of the first scene to reveal this is actually the second meeting. They doubt if they can be together They find a proof that they both have erased each other from their memories. Joel learns that he loves Clementine no matter what had happened Resolution: They try to understand each other and get together again. Graphic 1: Plot Chart Non-sequential plot of Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind The erasing happens in Joel s bedroom by the Lacuna employees or technicians. He is given an anesthesia pill so he can fall asleep until morning during the procedure of erasing. Before this procedure, Joel has to gather all things about Clementine to Lacuna. It includes things like dolls, pictures, and the artworks he has made for her. Then, in the doctor s room, Joel has to tell all about Clementine in a tape recorder as an archive to be saved. Lacuna company is more like a clinic with its own doctor so Joel has to be checked for his health condition. Later, the doctor of the company who handles Joel tells the process of erasing procedure that will happen to him. Thereafter, Joel gets into a machine that looks like a brain scan machine. Joel is told to recall the memories from looking at the things he had told to gather. The machine scans his brain activity towards the things and shows which part of the brain that reacts to it. The reacting parts are marked with dots to locate where the memory is. The memories that are going to be erased are only the memories of Clementine so the things that are related to Clementine act as retrieval cue, which is the trigger to activate information in long-term memory. The activities from the brain that react to the things are marked by the machine and located the region in which the brain storage has to be erased. The information of certain memories are connected with each other, these stuff relate from one memory to another memory and the parts of the brain reacting to these stuff are recorded in the program so it creates a map of memory in the brain. That way, the eraser will only reach certain related memories because it has been routed where in the brain the erasing will happen. The movie shows scenes between the settings of Joel who sleeps during the erasing and his on-going memories which are on the process of being recalled to be erased. The scenes switch in turn so the audience notice the real situation of Joel who is not conscious during the process and that the events happening to Joel together with Clementine are a part of his unconscious memories that is on the process of erasing. The plot during Joel s erasing in his reality goes forward but at the same time, the plot plays his memories backward in his unconscious. Joel s memories that are shown in this film are some kind of flashbulb memories, the memories that contain high emotional feeling that they look clear. The movie shows Joel s memories, with

7 strange events and setting such as cars falling from the sky, and blurry faces. Joel himself in his memories is shown as if he is in the state of conscious and can communicate with the people inside his memories. Meanwhile, Joel s real situation where he is actually asleep in his bedroom is shown normal with the condition around him. THE MEMORY INFLUENCE TO EMOTION The provinces of the mind that consist of id, ego, and superego are used to know more about the character s problem. The id is the part of the mind that has basic desires, the ego is the one that controls it, and the superego is the indicator of values for the mind. Joel s id are to get Clementine s love and to feel secure. Joel does not open himself to Clementine so their relationship begins to have some problems. Joel s superego of keeping nice values makes him judge Clementine so that is why Clementine feels sick and erases her memory. Yet, Joel s ego develops when he sees his happy memories with Clementine and knows he is still in love with her so he does not want the memories go by trying to stop the erasing. Joel is angry at Clementine once he knows she erases him from her memories, but his emotion changes when he undergoes the erasing. At first, he is okay with the erasing process. His insecurity makes him think it is better for him if he forgets Clementine too because he would rather not to remember anything about her than to suffer from the heartache. When he recalls the memories of their fight, he recalls it with anger. He expresses his hate to Clementine on his mind and he is satisfied by the memory eraser. However, when he finds out there is a man named Patrick, who is an employee of the erasing company, trying to get Clementine, Joel is jealous. Joel still loves Clementine, but his disappointment of her erasing her memory makes him mad that he only focuses on how to release the anger to her. The jealousy he gets from Patrick leads him to reveal true feeling for Clementine and the memory recalling turns into recalling good memories with her. Looking back those happy memories, Joel regrets his decision to erase her in the first place. By seeing his memories, he can see the mistakes he had done to her. Looking at the memories he has recalled, he learns his love to Clementine is more important than his ego. He realizes their relationship can end not because Clementine s fault only but also because of him too. THE CHARACTER S RESPONSE TO THE ERASING In the movie, Joel responses to the erasing with defense mechanisms. He is shown to deal with his impulses while he was still together with Clementine and also uses defenses to run away from the erasing. Denial is when the mind refuses reality and believing that the truth is not how it really is. Joel at first denies that Clementine can erase him with the memory erasing service. Then his desperation of being dumped out of her memory seems to take over him and he is soon to get mad at Clementine. He ends up denying he still loves Clementine and acts like he does not love her anymore. By the time he realizes he still care for Clementine, he regrets his option to do the erasing. Reaction formation is a way to disguise an impulse into the opposite form. Joel uses reaction formation to conceal his true feeling to Clementine after finding out she has erased him. It appears by the time he undergoes the memory erasing. At the beginning, he disguises his feeling by throwing his anger to Clementine. He expresses to the Clementine s figure in his mind that he is happy with the erasing when he is actually disappointed that she erases her memory first. Repression is a defense to avoid unacceptable urge to get into conscious mind by repressing it in the unconscious. The movie shows Joel represses his unpleasant memories such as when he was humiliated. Yet, these repressed thoughts are the ones that help Joel to hide from the erasing process. The process of erasing in the movie itself can be considered as a form of repression in a bigger scale because it portrays actions of removing the memories. Yet, the main characters whose memories have been erased at the end find themselves having the thoughts of doing something they suppose to do, like going to Montauk where they meet for the first time before the erasing, without realizing they have done it in the past and they fall in love with each other all over again. Regression happens when a person goes back to an earlier, safe state. Joel uses regression as a way to avoid Clementine s memory getting erased. This is shown when Joel runs away from the erasing by

8 thinking of the memory where he has not met Clementine. That memory is his childhood memory. Joel thinks of his childhood to escape from the erasing map which has been tracked to erase Clementine. He knows Clementine is not a part of his childhood so the program might not reach that memory. He thinks that childhood memory is the safest place along with the memory of his mom. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION The movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind tells about a character named Joel Barish whose girlfriend has erased her memories of him. Joel finds out that she erases her memories by using a service from a memory erasing company called Lacuna Inc. The company erases only particular memories. Joel, whose heart was broken finding what Clementine had done, decides to erase his memory of her without hesitating. This thesis tries to figure these main problems; the way the movie portrays the memory erasing from its setting and plot, the main character s response to the memory erasing, and the influences of the character s memories to his emotion. The analysis is done by using intrinsic elements of plot and setting along with Freud s psychoanalysis theory as well as memory theory. The intrinsic elements include plot and setting to analyze the events due to the memory erasing. For the psychoanalysis, the research uses the levels of mental life, which consist of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious, and the provinces of the mind that consist of id, ego, and superego, including defense mechanisms; repression, reaction formation, regression, and denial. The analysis also uses memory theory and relates the relationship it has with emotion. The movie shows the erasing by unique plot and setting. It starts with both main characters, Joel and Clementine, meeting then fall in love quickly. Thereafter, strange events following the scene happen to Joel. There are scenes where Joel sees himself in moments he has had, there are blurry images of people and things, and written words that keep missing and fading away. Those events let the audience question the situation happening to Joel. As the story keeps going, the movie reveals that Joel undergoes a process of memory erasing. The process happens when he sleeps in his apartment and the people who do the process are the technicians from Lacuna. The movie shows the condition of Joel during the erasing while he is asleep and also shows his erasing world in his unconscious. Joel s reality and Joel s unconscious are portrayed in a different way. Joel s reality when he sleeps are shown with a forward storyline, while the unconscious is shown backward. Joel s real situation is pictured as in a normal real life, with the setting is mainly in his room while Joel s unconscious is actually a collection of his memories, so the events happening can appear blur with unreal effects because they are all going on inside his head, just like the state of dreaming. The procedure lasts overnight, Joel has taken an anesthesia pill before so he will not wake up until the process is done, which is at morning. As his memories replayed, the audience can see the beginning of the procedure. Joel is told by the doctor of the company to collect things that are related to Clementine. It can be gifts, journals, and pictures. The next process is to tell all about Clementine and record it in a tape. Then his brain is scanned with a machine that looks like a brain scanner. While his brain is being scanned, he looks at the things he has gathered and the machine records his brain activity. The regions that react to the things are marked and it formed a path that it becomes a map of the erasing track. The next procedure is to erase his memories when he is unconscious, which is why the process happens in his apartment at night. One by one, his memory is recalled from the latest to the oldest. The movie gives clue of what has happened to Joel s relationship that Clementine decides to erase her memories first. The film has a lot of surprise in the story. The audience can learn that the beginning of the story in which they meet each other is not the first time they really meet each other, but in fact, that is the second time. By the time Joel finds out about Patrick, he begins to realize he loves Clementine after all. He tries to stop erasing since then. Although he knows the process is impossible to be stopped because he cannot wake but he still tries to use any ways he thinks is possible to suspend the erasing. Joel s id is to be secure as well as to be loved by Clementine. Clementine loves Joel and asks him to be more open to her but Joel decides to stay closed. So when Clementine feels she is done with Joel and erases her memory, Joel later erases his too. Joel s superego, which is keeping good values and thinking he is the one who is always right, makes him judge Clementine s mistakes. However, as he looks through his

9 memories, his ego develops. Joel s emotions, at the beginning, were all disappointment and anger. At first, he feels satisfied with the erasing but then it changes when he realizes he still loves Clementine. He used to be glad the process keeps going at the early memories of arguing with her. Then he starts seeing his happy memories together and regrets his decision to erase it. He knows he wants the memories stay and he also realizes his fault to her. In the movie, Joel reacts to the erasing with four kinds of defense mechanisms, they are; repression, reaction formation, regression, and denial. It appears when his memory erasing process is going. First, he uses reaction formation at the beginning of the erasing. He shows to his image of Clementine in his mind that he will be happy with no memory of her left. He is also in denial that he still loves her. Then when he realizes he loves her after all, he tries to run away from his erasing with regression, which he starts to think of his childhood memory so he will go out of the erasing map. However, the technicians keep getting him back on the track. He also tries to run to his repressed memories such as the memories when he gets humiliated. This research focuses on memory and uses psychoanalysis theory. For researchers who are interested in analyzing the same media can use structuralism by observing more about the intrinsic elements. Future research can also observe other characters beside the main character and analyze the symbols in the movie. REFERENCES Arp, T. R., & Johnson, G. (2006). Perrine's Story and Structure. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. Barnet, S., Burto, W., & Cain, W. E. (2005). Literature for Composition; Essay, Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. New York: Longman. Barry, P. (2009). Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary Theory and Cultural Theory. New York: Manchester University Press. DiYanni, R. (2001). Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. New York: McGraw-Hill. Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill. Gondry, M. (Director). (2004). Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind [Motion Picture]. Grau, C. (2006). Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and the Morality of Memory. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Kennedy, X. J., & Gioia, D. (2010). Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. New York: Longman. Lahey, B. B. (2009). Psychology: An Introduction. New York: McGraw-Hill. Larsen, R. J., & Buzz, D. M. (2005). Personality Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Myers, D. G. (2007). Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers. Passer, M. W., & Smith, R. E. (2007). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour. New York: McGraw- Hill. Soles, D. D. (2009). Understanding Literature and Film. Abergele: Studymates Limited.

10 AUTHOR Yana Kusuma Sari was born in Jakarta on January 9 th, The author graduated her Bachelor degree at Bina Nusantara University in the field of English Literature in 2013.