The Effect of Gymnastics' Shows on the Locus of Control and Achievement Movement Level in Gymnastics

Transcription

1 World Journal of Sport Sciences 3 (3): , 2010 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 2010 The Effect of Gymnastics' Shows on e Locus of Control and Achievement Movement Level in Gymnastics 1 2 Wael Talaat Nabih Soliman and Nabil Mounir Samy Ragaee 1 Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science for Men, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt 2 Department Sport Kinetics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science for Men, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt Abstract: Gymnastic shows measure e nation's aletic development; erefore, developed countries pay special attention to em. Artistic gymnastics for men is also deemed as one of e gymnastics types which consists of six apparatuses as supervised by e International Gymnastics Federation. It is also considered one of e most important games in e Olympic Games. The locus of control is e feeling of e person at he can control e external effects at could affect him. The idea of e research came to e researchers when ey were allowed e opportunity to design and perform a gymnastics show for e faculty on e occasion of opening e African You wrestling Championship, While teaching gymnastics curriculum e researchers noticed a variation in e student's performance. The research aims at defining e effect of gymnastic show on locus of control and movement achievement in gymnastics. The sample of e research included 60 students divided into two groups; one experimental group and e oer control group, each consists of 30 students. The results showed at gymnastic shows have a positive effect in developing and improving e locus of control and movement achievement in gymnastics. It also proved statistically significant differences between e two groups of e research; e experimental and e control groups in favour of e experimental one in movement achievement in gymnastics. The researchers recommend adding gymnastic shows as a basic curriculum in e Faculties of Physical Education due to its psychological, physical and mental benefits, moreover recommends getting introduced to e most recent developments in e field of gymnastic shows by ose who teach exercises in e Faculties of Physical Education. Key word: Gymnastics show % Locus of control % Movement achievement INTRODUCTION at performed by a big number of people at e same time where performance are combined wi expressing music or Gymnastic shows are deemed as a front to measure singing before audiences to indicate e level of e nation's aletic development. Therefore, developed participants and eir development in e aletic field countries pay special attention to em. The designers of [2, 4, 5]. such shows use different formations, accompanying It also acquires e individual many values, music, costumes and colours as a meod to express e characteristics, good manners and social spirits as a result idea of e show in an attractive way. Such operation can of team training and cooperation between participants not be performed wiout an organized manner and wiin e training. In addition, it affects e individual's cooperation between trainers, performers, designers of e personality and gives him self confidence as a superior show and e country's auorities [1-3]. person as well as acquiring physical characteristics due to Kracht and oers define gymnastic shows as e his special performance especially if is performance was "physical actions combined according to e highly estimated by oers which leads to developing e physiological, dynamic and aesetic laws and principals artistic level and reaching high levels of performance [4]. Corresponding Auor: Wael Talaat Nabih Soliman, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science for Men, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt 168

2 Artistic gymnastics for men is one of e gymnastic basic movements and element group skills used in types consisting of six events as supervised by e gymnastics movements performance, along wi International Gymnastics Federation and is considered increasing eir ability to gain new expertise at were not one of e most important games in e Olympic Games previously provided, accordingly develop eir locus of at attracts e biggest number of spectators. It is also a control and eir understanding of new gained special competitive aletic practice at differentiate from experiences which will be positively reflected on oer sports which appears in e variety of apparatuses improving e level of movement achievement in wi different engineering design on which certain gymnastics. movements are performed rough e regulatory aspects defined by e Gymnastics Code set for international and MATERIALS AND METHODS Olympic Competitions wi concepts relates to (difficulty, connections, execution) and also B score execution The Purposes of e Research: The research aims at represented in courage, innovation and ingenuity [6]. identifying e effect of gymnastic show on locus of Mosa [7] defined e locus of control as e feeling control and movement achievement in gymnastics. of e person at can control e internal effects at could affect him and at e internal locus of control Hypoesis of e Research category covers persons who ink at ey are responsible for what ever happens to em and eir C There are statistically significant differences between internal capabilities control eir success or failure. e experimental and control groups in favour of e External control category is e persons who ink at experimental group in locus of control. ey are not responsible for what happens to em, as C There are statistically significant differences between ey refer at to an outside force which ey can not e experimental and control groups in favour of e control and such force is referred to luck, coincidence or experimental group in e level of movement oers powers which control eir destinies and erefore achievement in gymnastics. eir success or failure. Rateb [8] indicated at e surpassed sport Research Procedures: The researchers used e individual has a higher degree of internal control experimental meod rough using e experimental compared to a less degree of external control as he design of two groups; one experimental group and e interprets his accomplishments in e light of personal oer control group. factors under his control and e level of his capabilities and excreted effort.moreover, his responses to failure Community and Sample of e Research: The research experiences are less negative as he has high amount of community of 152 students were purposely chosen from persistence and determination and also capable of e students of e ird year (Department of Curriculum developing his targets in a realistic manner consistent and Teaching Meods) from e Faculty of Physical wi his abilities and ambition's level compared to e Education for Men in Cairo of e academic year alete who has a higher degree of external control whose 2010 and after excluding e failing students (26 students), success experiences does not support his performance as absent students (23 students) and also excluding 23 he usually refers is success to external factors. students ( members of aletic teams in bo e faculty The idea of e research came to e researchers and sport clubs and 20 students whom participated in e when ey were allowed e opportunity to design and pilot study, accordingly, e sample of e research perform a gymnastic show for e faculty on e occasion became 60 students divided to two groups; one of opening e African You wrestling Championship in experimental and e oer control as each consists of 30,2010 where e researcher noticed while teaching students. gymnastics curriculum a variation in e students The researchers conducted consistency between e performance which caused him to identify some elements sample of e research regarding age, height, weight, at could affect e degree of movement achievement for locus of control, intelligence and movement achievement. is curriculum rough training for e gymnastic show Table 1 indicates e consistency of e research and assisting participants in acquiring great amount of sample in e previously mentioned variables. 169

3 Table 1: Arimetic mean, standard deviation, medium and bending mean for e research sample in age, height, weight, locus of control, intelligence and movement achievement. Variables Measurement unit Average Standard deviation Medium Bending mean Age Year Height cm Weight kg Locus of Control Degree Intelligence Degree Movement Achievement Degree Table 2: Arimetic mean, standard deviation and "T" value for e two groups of e research, e experimental and e control groups in age, height, weight, locus of control, intelligence and movement achievement. Experimental group Control group Difference Measurement Arimetic Standard Arimetic standard between two Indication Variables Unit mean deviation mean deviation means "T"value level Age Year Not significant Height cm Not significant Weight kg Not significant Locus of Control Degree Not significant Intelligence Degree Not significant Movement Achievement Degree Not significant Indexed "T" value at e level of 0.05 = Table 1 illustrates at bending means ranged by "yes or no" and e high score of total responses between 1.61 and showing at all measurements refers to e external control where e low degree refers were between (±3), indicating e consistency of e to e internal control. research sample in ese measurements. Afterwards, e researchers conducted e Intelligence Test: The researchers used e intelligence equivalence of e two research groups; e experimental test prepared by El-Sayed [10] for e consistency and and e control groups in age, height, weight, locus of equivalence of e research sample as it suits for e control, intelligence and movement achievement as research sample, where intelligence is a general mental indicated in Table 2. ability and important term required by e student to be Table 2 illustrates at ere are no statistically able to acquire e motor skills. significant differences between e two research groups; e experimental and e control groups, indicating e Third: Level of Movement Achievement in Gymnastics: equivalence of e two groups in e variables of age, The level of movement achievement in gymnastics was height, weight, locus of control, intelligence and evaluated by a teaching staff committee from e movement achievement. Department of Curriculum and Teaching Meods whom are responsible for issuing degrees.three of e staff for Tools of e Research each measurement evaluate e students' performance in First: Apparatuses and Tools e final test of practical gymnastics curriculum at C A Restameter to measure height in centimetres. consists of five measurements by measuring e level of C Medical scale to measure weight in kilograms. floor movements in floor exercise, horizontal bar, parallel C The faculty records to get e age and results of e bars, vault table and assistance meods (education firstyear for practical gymnastics curriculum for e technology) used in teaching gymnastics curriculum. members of e research sample of e year Three degrees were given for each measurement of e to conduct consistency and equivalences. previous five measurements wi e total of 15 degrees. The researchers excluded e fif measurement's degree Second: Used Tests (education technology) from e final result as it does not Locus of Control Test: The researcher used e measure e practice performance level of gymnastics alete's locus of control test prepared by Afifi [9] curriculum, so e total degree for e movement at consists of 30 statements on which e response is achievement in gymnastics became 12 degrees. 170

4 The researchers reached e movement achievement degree by removing e highest and lowest degrees and took e middle degree for each apparatus. World J. Sport Sci., 3 (3): , 2010 Four: e Gymnastics Show: The researchers designed, performed and directed a gymnastics show for 30 students of Teaching Department in e Faculty of Physical Education for Men on e occasion of opening e African You wrestling Championship - under 17 nd years- on Thursday, 22 April, 2010 held at e Cairo test as illustrated in Table 3. stadium dom. The training duration took 30 training units The Scientific Coefficients for e Locus of Control Test Validity: The researchers tested e validity of e locus of control test by offering it to 8 specialist referees in physical education and psychology to decide its competence and ey agreed to it. The researchers tested e constructed validity by e internal consistency rough applying it on e pilot sample and calculating e coefficient correlation between e degree of each statement and e total degree of e Table 3 illustrates at coefficient correlation between each of an hour. e degree of each statement and e total degree of e test is statistically significant which confirms e validity The Pilot Study: The researchers conducted e pilot of e test for its purpose. study on Saturday, 13 February, 2010 till Monday 15 February, 2010 on a sample of 20 students from e Reliability Coefficient: Reliability coefficient research community and outside e main sample to was calculated by e meod of test and retest identify: wi an interval timing of 10 days on e students of e pilot sample.the first measurement was C The adequacy of e statements of locus of control conducted on Saturday, 13 February, 2010 and e test and e required time for applying it. nd second on Monday, 22 February, 2010 as illustrated C The suitability of e used training exercises for e in Table 4. research sample. Table 4 illustrates at coefficient correlation in locus C Specifying e required time and repetitions of each of control is which is significant indicator at e exercise of e show. level of So, it proves e reliability of is test. C The consistency of e formations and its distribution on e pitch. Pre-measurements: The pre-measurements were C Finding e scientific coefficients for e locus of performed on Sunday, 28 February, 2010 for height, control test. weight, intelligence and locus of control. Table 3: Coefficient correlation in e locus of control test between e degree of each statement and e total degree of e test, N= 20 Coefficient No. of Coefficient No.of Coefficient No. of Statement Correlation Significant Statement Correlation Significant Statement Correlation Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant "R" value on e level of 0.05 = Table 4: Coefficient correlation between e first and second measurements in e locus of control test, N = 20 First Measurement Second Measurement Variables Arimetic mean Standard deviation Arimetic mean Standard deviation Correlation coefficient Locus of Control Coefficient Correlation value at e level of 0.05=

5 Table 5: Arimetic mean, standard deviations and T value and significant between e two research groups; experimental and control groups, in e level of movement achievement and locus of control. Experimental group Control group Difference between Significant Variables Arimetic mean Standard deviation Arimetic mean Standard deviation two means T value level Movement Achievement Significant Locus of Control significant Post-measurements: The post-measurements were control or external locus of control.that agrees wi e conducted on Thursday, 29 May, 2010 for locus of studies of Salah El-Din [15] and El-Shahat [16] at control and level of movement achievement. aletes who have internal locus of control have a higher level of performance an ose wi external locus of Statistical Meods: The researchers used e statistical control. Through such result, e first hypoesis of e meods of arimetic mean, standard deviation, medium, research is proved. bending mean and "T" test. The researcher refer e superiority of e Table 5 illustrates e existence of statistically experimental group on e control one in movement significant differences between e two research groups; achievement in e gymnastics curriculum to e e experimental and e control groups, in favour of e gymnastic show exercises which include variable group of experimental group in each of movement achievement in exercises wi different preliminary postures which impart gymnastics and locus of control. many physical characteristics to e experimental group The researchers refer e superiority of e such as streng, agility, flexibility, balancing and experimental group on e control one in locus of control coordination. Participants also mentally benefit from to e role of e gymnastic show, which included free gymnastic shows rough memorizing movements and and double exercises and exercises by using tools such as connecting em togeer which acquire em a high flags which led to different formations and movement from degree of organized oughts, presence of mind and a formation to anoer in a flowing and aesetic manner. acuteness along wi e coordination of costumes and Such performance excited e spectators and colours which lead to increasing aesetic taste and reflected in improving e participants' locus of control feeling of happiness. by enjoying e gymnastic show and increasing eir The researchers also refer ese differences to e self-confidence along wi increasing eir ability to reaction between music and movements of e show, as concentrate and control eir passive emotions to exert e variation of rhym and tempo of e music leads to e best effort in training and performance in order to improving e feeling of e movement tempo by achieve eir purpose and reach e highest possible clarifying movements in a clear manner in e mind of e level. The persons who understand e positive and participant which accordingly appears in good negative incidents in eir lives as a result of eir streamlined performance wi less effort. Such result behaviour or personal characteristics have an internal agrees wi many studies [17-20], us e second locus of control [11, 12]. hypoesis of e research is proved. The researchers also refer e result of e control group to e fact at ey did not participate in e CONCLUSION gymnastic show which led to increasing eir external control and inability to control eir actions during e According to e results of e statistical analysis performance as ey refer eir results to external factors and according to e research purposes and e limits of such as luck, coincidence or oers. This was highlighted e sample, e following conclusion was reached: by Dubrin [13] who stated at persons who have external control believe at ere is an external force control eir C Gymnastic shows have a positive effect on results and destinies. developing and improving e locus of control. Askar [14] also indicates at e locus of control is C Gymnastic shows have a positive effect on e person's ability to understand e incidents facing him developing and improving e movement in his life and at decisions may be internal locus of achievement in artistic gymnastics. 172

6 Recommendation 11. Kerr, A. and J.D. Goss, Personal Controlling Elite Gymnast, e Relationships between locus of C The importance of adding gymnastic shows as a control Self Esteem and Trait Anxiety. Journal of basic curriculum in e Faculties of Physical Sport Behaviour, 20: Education due to its psychological, physical and 12. Reavs, C.C., Quantitative Research for e mental benefits. Behavioural Sciences, John Wiley and Sons, C The importance of developing psychological aspects Singapore, pp: 70. for students, especially in locus of control rough 13. Dubrin, A.J., Applying Psychology - Individual gymnastic shows. and Organizational Effectiveness, Prentice Hall C Identifying e most recent developments in e field International, Inc. U.S.A. 4 Ed. pp: 59. of gymnastic shows by ose who teach exercises in 14. Askar, A., Life pressures and how to face em, Faculties of Physical Education. psychological and physical heal in e age of tension and worry. Dar El-ketab El-Hadi, Egypt, 3 rd REFERENCES Ed. (In Arabic). pp: Salah El-Din, T., Achievement motive and locus 1. El-Hagrasy, S., Introduction to rhymical of control for Egyptian universities swimmers, a exercises and rhymic gymnastics, Modern Library, comparative study. The scientific conference towards Egypt, (In Arabic). pp: 5. st e strategy of e Egyptian sport for e 21 century, 2. Farag, E., Competitive rhymic exercises and Faculty of Physical Education, El-Minya University, gymnastic shows, First Edition, Dar El-Fekr El-Araby, Egypt. (In Arabic). Cairo, Egypt, (In Arabic). pp: El-Shahat, M., Relationship between locus of 3. Zahran, L., Scientific and practical bases for control, concept of e physical being and e level artistic exercises, Dar El-Fekr El-Araby, Cairo, Egypt. of skilful performance for Hockey players, Ph.D. (In Arabic). Thesis, Faculty of Physical Education for Men, 4. Khatab, A Exercises for Girls. Dar El-Maaref, Zagazig University, Egypt. (In Arabic). Egypt, 7 Ed. (In Arabic). pp: Shehata, A., Teaching physical education 5. El-Anzy, G., Exercises and gymnastic curriculum wi e meod of gymnastic shows and shows. its effect on some physical characteristics and 6. Hassan, A., Importance of Gymnastics and ideal emotional calmness for e girls of e preparatory gymnast characteristics. www. saspea. com. level. The international conference "History and 7. Mosa, F., Instructions book of control centre sciences of sport", Minya University, Egypt. (In for children.el-nahda El-Masreya bookshop, Cairo, Arabic). Egypt, (In Arabic). pp: Rawash, K., The effect of participating in 8. Rateb, A., Physical psychology Applications, gymnastic shows championship on some emotional Dar El-Fekr El-Araby, Cairo, Egypt, (In Arabic). developments for girl students at e preparatory pp: 82. level.conference of Sport and championship, vol.4, 9. Afifi, E.K., Locus of control and its relation to Faculty of Physical Education for Girls, Helwan e conception of body and match results of combat University, Egypt. (In Arabic). players "Judo, Wrestling and Boxing".Unpublished 19. Yousef, G., Sport gymnastic shows and its Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Physical Education for Men, effect on improving some physical characteristics and Helwan university. (In Arabic). physiological efficiency for some students at Faculty 10. Elsayed,W.M., The effect of e sport shows on of Physical Education. J. physical Education Res., (In self confedence and locus of control and performance Arabic). 1: level of e innovated combinations for e girls of 20. Gabr, I., The effect of gymnastics shows on e faculty of physical education. The ird some physical characteristics and mental abilities for international scientific conference, 22-23/3/2008, e students of e first level of basic Faculty of Physical Education for Girls, Zagazig education.m.sc.thesis, Faculty of Physical University. Education, Tanta University, Egypt. (In Arabic). 173