S[NCE the publication of The Authoritarian

Transcription

1 AUTHORITARIAN ATTITUDES AND PERSONALITY MALADJUSTMENT ARTHUR R. JENSEN 1 Institute of Psychiaty (Maudstey Hospital], Univesity of London S[NCE the publication of The Authoitaian Pesonality (2), the elationship of ethnic pejudice and authoitaian attitudes to pesonality and psychopathology has been the subject of a- numbe of studies. Seveal scales have been used as measues of authoitaian attitudes, and the pesonality factos undelying authoitaianism have been investigated with an even geate vaiety of techniques. The most fequently used attitude measues in studies of this type have been the Anti-Semitism (A-S), Ethnocentism (E), and Fascism (F) scales developed in The Authoitaian Pesonality. The pesonality side has been assessed by means of clinical inteviews (2), psychoanalysis (1), the Thematic Appeception Test (2), the Roschach (IS, 19), the Rosenzweig P-F test, the Allpot-Venon Scale of Values, and othe tests (10). The MMPI has been used most often in studying the authoitaian syndome (2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17). A suvey of these studies, the majoity of which have been eviewed by Chistie (5), leaves no doubt that pesonality factos account fo a substantial potion of the vaiance in ethnic pejudice and authoitaian attitudes in geneal. The question that still emains open, howeve, concens the chaacteistics and the extent of these pesonality factos. Two athe diffeent appoaches to this question may be discened. In one appoach the emphasis is on descibing the psycho dynamics (if the investigato is psychoanalytically inclined) o the tait stuctue (if the investigato is facto-analytically inclined) of the authoitaian pesonality, but without efeence to psychological maladjustment pe se. The dynamic appoach is exemplified, fo example, by the wok of Fenkel-Bunswik (see 5, pp ). The tait stuctue appoach is epesented in the wok of Eysenck (7), who conceives of the authoitaian pesonality as epesenting one exteme of the dimension of "tough-mindedness-tendemindedness," which in tun he conceives as a pojection onto the social attitude field of a set of constitution- 1 Public Health Sevice Reseach Fellow of the National Institute of Mental Health. 303 ally detemined pesonality vaiables, viz., intovesion-extavesion. In Eysenck's scheme the intovesion-extavesion dimension is epesented as independent of "neuoticism" o maladjustment. Moe will be said concening this theoy in the light of the pesent evidence. The second, moe pevalent, appoach has been concened with the kind and degee of pesonality maladjustment associated with authoitaian attitudes. Psychiatic diagnostic techniques, paticulaly the MMPI, have figued pominently in this eseach. And it is lagely at this point that most of the disageements have aisen. Thus Masling (17) has citicised the idea that authoitaianism is elated to psychological maladjustment, and has mentioned investigations on fou goups of psychiatic patients that failed to show significant coelation between vaious measues of authoitaianism (Anti-Semitism, Ethnocentism, and Fascism scales) and seveal citeia of psychopathology, including the MMPI. And Maia Levinson (2, p. 968) found that the entie ange on the Ethnocentism. scale was epesented in a goup of psychiatic clinic patients. The studies which have found moe positive evidence of a elationship between maladjustment and authoitaianism (8, 10, 11) have been addessed not to the question of whethe psychiatic patients obtain highe o lowe scoes than "nomal" subjects on measues of authoitaianism, but athe to that of whethe pesons in the nomal o nonpsychiatic population who scoe high on measues of authoitaianism show a geate degee of mental ill-health than pesons scoing low on authoitaianism. It seems likely that the elationship between mental ill-health and authoitaianism does not hold in both diections. In othe wods while it may be possible to have any degee of mental illness without showing authoitaian attitudes, it may not be possible to manifest an exteme degee of authoitaianism without being psychologically maladjusted. One may conceive of the scatte diagam of the coelation between authoitaianism and maladjustment as being moe the

2 304 ARTHUR R. JENSEN shape of a ight tiangle athe than the usual ellipse. This ough hypothesis helps to explain some of the seeming contadictions found in the liteatue, and if it appeas at all tenable, as it does to the pesent wite in. viewing the ecent eseach, it would seem that the most satisfactoy appoach to the poblem of authoitaianism and mental health would be to assess the psychological adjustment of individuals at the two extemes on measues of authoitaian attitudes. This essentially was the plan of the pesent study. The Pejudice scale. The pincipal instument used as a measue of pejudice in this study was the P (pejudice) scale, which Gough (11) deived by an item analysis of the MMPI, using the Levinson-Sanfod Anti-Semitism scale (16) as the citeion. While the P scale consists of 32 items of the MMPI, it has no moe than seven items in common with any othe MMPI scale (Pa), and one-fouth of the P items do not appea in any of the othe clinical scales. The eliability and validity of the P scale wee sufficiently high in Cough's studies (11, 12) to waant its use as an instument fo measuing pejudice on the pesonality level. The P scale has been shown to be significantly coelated with anti-semitic, ethnocentic, and authoitaian attitudes as measued by the A-S, E, and F scales (11). The elative magnitudes of these coelations indicate that the P scale may be egaded actually as much a measue of authoitaian attitudes as of pejudice. It should also be ecognized that the 32 items of the P scale, constituting about 6 pe cent of the total MMPI items, ae almost cetainly not the only items of the MMPI that ae coelated with authoitaianism. Altus and Tafejian (3) subjected the MMPI to an item analysis using high and low scoes on the F scale as the citeion, and found 40 items which togethe coelated.62 with the F scale. Yet only six of the P items wee among these 40. In the pesent study an item analysis of the P scale, using 5s in the highest and lowest 27 pe cent on the F scale as the citeion, showed that 20 of the 32 P items disciminated between the high and low goups in the F scale at the 5 pe cent level of confidence o bette. Thus thee ae at least 66 items of the MMPI which have been shown to be coelated with authoitaian attitudes. It appeas, howeve, that while many of the MMPI items ae elated to the authoitaian syndome,- the elationship is tenuous and vaious items do not have the same degee of disciminatoy powe in diffeent populations. A likely hypothesis seems to be that the disciminatoy powe of the items is elated to the degee of educational sophistication of the subjects and pobably othe factos that have educationally selective effects. This possibility is suggested by the fact that 20 of the P items disciminated between high and low F-scale subjects among the San Diego State College students and only 6 of the P items wee found to disciminate between high and low F-scale subjects in the study by Altus and Tafejian (3), whose subjects wee students in a psychology couse in the Santa Babaa College of the Univesity of Califonia, and pobably epesent an educationally, o at least psychologically, moe sophisticated goup. (Psychology majos in San Diego State College geneally had the lowest P scoes of any students in the pesent study.) The content of the P items may be intepeted in geneal tems as epesenting attitudes of anti-intellectuality ("I like science" false. "I like poety"false), cynicism ("Most people make fiends because fiends ae likely to be useful to them"tue), distust ("I think most people would lie to get ahead"tue), doubt and suspicion ("I commonly wonde what hidden eason anothe peson may have fo doing something nice fo me"tue), misanthopy and queulousness ("The man who povides temptation by leaving valuable popety unpotected is about as much to blame fo its theft as the one who steals it"tue), discontent with self-status and feaful self-concen ("It makes me feel like a failue when I hea of the success of someone I know well" tue. "Seveal times a week I feel as if something deadful is about to happen"tue). The fact that cetain MMPI items diffeentiate between high and low scoes on measues of pejudice and authoitaianism and that the P scale is coelated with the A-S, E, and F scales has led some wites (3, 11) to chaacteize the authoitaian pesonality in tems of the content of these MMPI items. Stictly speaking this is not a valid podecue. In ode to be valid, an additional investigation would be equied to detemine whethe o not the items wee factually tue statements about the individuals taking the test. Since this has

3 AUTHORITARIAN ATTITUDES AND PERSONALITY MALADJUSTMENT 305 neve been done, and indeed would not even be advisable, we can legitimately make no use of item content othe than as a possible souce of hypotheses about pesonality. A moe defensible appoach would consist of detemining the elationships between the authoitaian measues and the vaious clinical scales of the MMPI and then chaacteizing the authoitaian pesonality in tems of ou empiical knowledge of the meaning of the clinical scales, which have been elucidated by innumeable studies (6). Even then, caution must be taken not to think of the authoitaian pesonality in the singula. The appoach suggested above would pemit a numbe of genealizations about the pesonality chaacteistics to be found among a goup of pesons having authoitaian attitudes, but most likely only some of these genealizations would hold tue fo any individual. METHOD Subjecls. The goup fom of the MMPI was administeed to 712 enteing feshmen in the San Diego State College, a fou-yea coeducational libeal ats college in Southen Califonia, and was eadministeed one yea late to the 312 students of this class who emained in college to begin thei sophomoe yea. The same data and in addition the Califonia F scale (Fom 60A) wee obtained fom 114 senios majoing in education. Intelligence test (Ameican Council on Education) scoes and gade-point aveages wee also available fo all the feshmen. 2 The one athe atypical featue in this sample seems to be the high dop-out ate (56 pe cent) between the feshman and sophomoe yeas. The wite can only add his speculations to the few points in the data that suggest possible causes fo so many dop-outs. Fo one thing, the "G.I. Bill" was still in effect at the time these data wee gatheed and lage numbes of men wee caused to ente college who othewise would not have sought college taining, not only fo lack of financial means but also of the necessay academic inteests and aptitudes. The college entance equiements wee elaxed fo these students, while academic standads wee maintained at a high level. Thus many wee discouaged fom continuing beyond thei fist yea. The mean P scoe of the students who dopped out of college was significantly (/> <.05) highe than those who continued, suggesting that the dop-outs wee moe like noncollege goups and high school students who do not plan to go to college (13, p. 265). These goups typically ae known to obtain highe P scoes on the aveage than college goups. 3 Anothe cause of 2 1 am indebted to D. Kenneth Eells fo having made these data available to me. 3 The wite also administeed the P and F scales to 96 junio college vocational students in the same locality and found thei mean scoes on both scales to be significantly (p <.001) highe than those in the libeal ats college. TABLE 1 CONVERSION TABLE AND PERCENTILES POR PR SCORES, BASED ON 712 COLLEGE FRESHMEN (342 MALES, 370 FEMALES) Raw Scoe / T Scoe* ** Raw Scoe / Pecentile Peccntile T Scoe * Since the distibution of aw scoes is significantly skewed, the T scoes have been nomalized. **The absence of fequencies above this point pohibits the computation of T scoes. the high dop-out ate is that fo many students the state college is a stepping stone to othe colleges and univesities. RESULTS Chaacteistics of P. Since, nomative data on the P scale have been published only fo a sample of high school senios (11, 12), it would seem advisable to pesent simila data fo a college sample befoe going on to make futhe intepetations on the basis of P. The distibution of aw P scoes in the college sample is.conspicuously moe consticted and positively skewed than in Gough's high school sample. In ode to make compaisons of the P scale with othe MMPI scales, a T convesion table was pepaed (Table 1). This T scale has a mean of SO and a standad deviation of 10, Since a test of the skewness of the distibution of aw scoes was significant at the 5 pe cent level, the T scale was nomalized, Table 2 is quite self-explanatoy. The following points in this table ae to be noted. a. The eliability of P is consistent with Cough's findings (11, p. 254) and compaes favoably with the eliability of othe MMPI scales (see 6, p, 5). b. The etest eliability afte one yea is notably high consideing the esticted ange of scoes. c. The mean P fo the feshmen is appoximately one standad deviation lowe than that

4 306 ARTHUR R. JENSEN TABLE 2 DATA ON PR SCALE IN Two COLLEGE SAMPLES P Data a Split-half eliability (odd-even, coected by Speaman-Bown fomula) b Retest eliability (1 yea inteval) c Mean and Standad Deviation d Aveage decease in P afte 1 yea of college and Citical Ratio fo the diffeence e Coelation of P with F scale (FomOOA)* / Coelation of P with intelligence (Ameican Council on Education test) g Coelation of P with Gade Point Aveage College Feshmen N = (If = 100).56 (N = 312) 8.3S SD CJ59.45 (N = 312) -.15, SE.06 (N = 288) -.13, SE.06 (N = 288) Education Majos (Senios) N = 1U 6.37 SD3A3.27 SE.09 * This scale is identical with the E-F scale given in Gough pape (10, pp ). of Cough's high school sample, and the mean of the education majos is nealy two standad deviations lowe. This is consistent with the findings of othe studies, which epot significant coelation between educational level and measues of authoitaianism (S, p. 170). d. The systematic loweing of P scoes afte one yea of college is highly significant. While 69 pe cent of the Ss obtained lowe P scoes on the etest, only 20 pe cent obtained highe scoes. The 11 pe cent whose scoes did not change ove the one-yea inteval had a vey low mean P of 5.77, SD e. The coelation of P with the F scale in the college senio goup is consideably lowe than the coelation of.46 in Cough's study. This is undoubtedly due to the vey esticted ange of scoes on both scales in the college sample, a facto tending to lowe the coelation coefficient. When the pesent sample was combined with a goup of 96 junio college vocational students who had taken the same tests, the coelation between P and F ose to.65, SE.07. f & g. The coelations of P with intelligence and gade-point aveage ae similaly much lowe than those in Cough's study, again because of the geate homogeneity of the college sample, with the consequent estiction of ange on the coelated vaiables. Both the coelations, howeve, ae statistically significant at bette than the 5 pe cent level of confidence. While thee is cetainly a negative coelation between intelligence and P, as well as of othe measues of authoitaianism (5, p. 168), intelligence may be egaded as a negligible facto in the vaiance of P in a college population. Fo example, it was found that goups even with widely diffeing P scoes (above 15 and below 3) showed no significant diffeence in mean intelligence test (ACE) scoes. Some additional findings about P may be noted. Thee wee no significant diffeences between men and women. Students majoing in diffeent subjects had significantly diffeent mean P scoes. Why these diffeences should exist among goups of students of the same age, at the same stage in thei education, and in the same college would be difficult to explain except in tems of pesonality diffeences. Most of the goups epesenting diffeent fields of study wee too small to pemit meaningful statistical compaisons, but the two lagest goupsbusiness majos and education majos showed a highly significant diffeence (p <.001) in mean P scoes. The high P goups wee students majoing in business administation, commece, social wok, at, music, mathematics, and chemisty. The low P goups wee students majoing in psychology, education, physics, biology, and economics. Any genealizations o intepetations fom these data alone would necessaily be ad hoc. Since the students in all these goups took the MMPI at the vey beginning of thei feshman yea, thee can be no eflection on the influence of the faculties o cuicula of the vaious depatments of the college in contibuting to these diffeences in mean P. P and pesonality adjustment. The geatly esticted ange of the P distibution in this college sample, with the lage piling-up of scoes towad the low end of the scale, and the likely constiction and skewness of the distibution on most of the clinical scales of the MMPI, deteed the investigato fom studying the elationship between P and the clinical scales by means of the coelation co-

5 AUTHORITARIAN ATTITUDES AND PERSONALITY MALADJUSTMENT 307 efficient. The natue of the distibutions in this sample would have so attenuated the coelations as to obscue possibly impotant elationships. Theefoe it was decided to compae the MMPI clinical scales of adequately lage goups of high and low 5s on P to pemit the emegence of elatively unambiguous statistical significance should eal diffeences exist. While it is the standad pactice to use the uppe and lowe 27 pe cent of the distibution in compaing high and low goups, this cutoff point would be. impossible in the pesent,distibution, as is obvious fom inspection of the Pecentile column in Table 1. Thee would be only five points diffeence between the highs and lows if the uppe and lowe 27 pe cent wee used, and futhemoe the highs would still fall below the mean P of noncollege goups. Theefoe it was decided to select fom the 712 feshmen who took the MMPI the uppe 7 pe cent (N = 54) on the P scale (scoes above IS) and the lowe 8 pe cent (scoes below 3, N 59). Compaisons between these goups on the nine clinical scales and the K scale of the MMPI evealed that some of the scales disciminated positively, some negatively, and othes not at all. On each scale that showed a diffeence between the high and low P goups, this diffeence was significant at bette than the.001 level of confidence. The diffeences on the emaining scales wee in all cases smalle than the standad eo of the diffeence and thus completely nonsignificant. The high P goup was highe (moe "maladjusted") on the following MMPI scales: Hs (hypochondiasis), D (depession), Pd (psychopathic deviate), Pi (psychasthenia), Sc (Schizophenia), and Ma (hypomania). The following scales disciminated negatively: K ("defensiveness") and Ply (hysteia). The Mf (masculinity-femininity) and Pa (paanoia) scales did not disciminate significantly. These esults ae pesented in Table 3 in such a way as to pemit compaisons with othe studies on the elationship between measues of authoitaian attitudes and the MMPI scales. The magnitude of the coelations has not been given, as TABLE 3 RELATIONSHIPS 1 BETWEEN VAJUOUS MEASURES OP AUTHORITARIANISM AND THE MMPI SCALES Study Jensen Tyle (20, p. 453) Gough (12, p. 258) Gough (12, p. 258) Gough (10, p. 241) Gough (11, p. 249) Gough (10, p. 241) Feedman, et ^. (8, p. 317) Feedman, et of. (8, p. 317) Sample College Feshmen Gaduate Education Majos (female) High School Senios' Class A High School Senios Class B High School Senios Class A High School Senios Class A High School Senios Class A College Feshmen Sample 1 (female) College Feshmen Sample 2 (female) N f. I s - Meassue of Relationship Citeion Scale P P P P A-S 4 A-S 4 E-F 6 F' F' K O 3 Bs -f- D Uy _ a a Pd 4- MMPI Scales Uj (m) WO 7 -)- -f- -)- -f- -}- Pa PI -)- -f- -(- -}- Sc - - -) tla -( indicates a positive coelation, indicates a negative coelation. Only elationships significant beyond the.05 level of confidence ae given. In the Jensen study all elationships ae significant beyond the.001 level. 2 / test fo significance of diffeences between means of highest 7 pe cent (P scoes above IS) and lowest 8 pe cent (P scoes below 3) in a sample of 712 Ss. 3 K scale not used in Tyle's study, 4 Levlnson-Sanfod Anti-Semitism Scale (16). 5 / test fo significance of diffeences between means of highest 40 and lowest 40 on A-S scale in a sample of 271 Ss. 6 Cough's E-P scale (10, pp ) is made up of 30 items fom the Califonia F scale, Fom 60 (2, pp ). * Califonia F scale (2, pp ). s The somatic items of the By scale wee not counted fo this coelation in Feedman's study. The coelation fo the complete Hy scale was non-significant. 9 The Class A High School Senios in Cough's study is the same sample in evey instance; theefoe the fou sets of data fom Gough ae not independent.

6 308 ARTHUR R. JENSEN these vay consideably fom one sample to anothe and essentially add nothing to the pictue. Only those elationships significant beyond the 5 pe cent level have been included. Though these esults clealy establish the fact of a elationship between P and cetain clinical scales, they alone ae not sufficient to answe the question concening the elation of P to psychological maladjustment. The coelation, o diffeences between high and low goups, could conceivably be based entiely on AIMPI scoes consideed to be well within the nomal ange of psychological adjustment. In ode to answe this question the high and low P goups wee compaed with espect to the popotion of each goup obtaining T scoes above 70, i.e., the level geneally indicative of psychological maladjustment. The esults wee clea-cut. A significantly (p <.01) geate popotion of the high P goup obtained T scoes above 70 on the following scales: D, Pd, Pa, Ft, Sc, Ma. Fo each of these scales, on the aveage, thee wee about twelve times as many of the high P goup who obtained T scoes above 70 as of the low P goup. The scales on which the popotions of high and low P goups having T scoes above 70 wee not significantly diffeent wee Hs, Hy, and Mf. 4 It should be noted that while in the compaisons of Table 3 the Hy scale is invesely elated to P, the high and low P goups do not diffe in the popotions obtaining T scoes above 70 on the Hy scale. This finding suggests that though low P is associated with high Hy in this sample, the Hy is not so high as to be in the abnomal ange. The nonhomogeneous chaacte of the Hy scale also entes the pictue hee. Fo example, Feedman el al, (8) found a significant negative coelation between Hy and the Califonia F scale in thei college sample only when they emoved the somatic items fom the Hy scale. Anothe question emains to be answeed concening the elationship of P to adjustment. That is, do students who show signs of poo psychological adjustment as judged independently of the MMPI also have highe P scoes than students who appea to be well-adjusted? To get at least a ough answe 4 The K scale was not included in these compaisons since it has not been validated as a measue of maladjustment. to this question the entie college faculty was asked to submit the names of students whom they knew pesonally and consideed eithe well-adjusted o pooly adjusted in the sense of being likely candidates fo psychological counseling. None of the faculty had any knowledge of the aims of this study. Students about whom thee was geneal ageement by two o moe of the faculty wee compaed on the P scale. Again the esults wee cleacut. The pooly adjusted goup (N = 30) had a significantly (p <.001) highe mean P (9.93) than the well-adjusted goup (A 7 = 57) with a mean P of DISCUSSION Thee is quite clealy a elationship between authoitaian attitudes on the pesonality level as measued by the P scale and psychological maladjustment as measued by the MMPI as well as by faculty atings. But in addition to this geneal finding, what moe specifically can be gleaned fom these data as to the aspects of pesonality tapped by the P scale? While in any one study in which a numbe of coelations o goup diffeences ae obtained cetain of these may lack geneal significance because of peculiaities of the paticula sample, the type of analysis applied, o the meely chance fluctuations of sampling, the maked consistencies shown in the studies summaized in Table 3 do povide a sound basis fo intepetation. The K, D, Hy, Pt, and Sc scales display the most consistent elationship to measues of authoitaianism, and so the discussion is confined to these. Not only does K show negative coelations with authoitaian measues in evey study, but these coelations ae geneally highe than any of the othes. Gough (12), fo instance, found coelations between P and K which wee nealy as high as the eliabilities of eithe of these scales. The meaning of K is complex. The scale was oiginally devised as a coection facto fo the clinical scales (18) but has since been found to have psychological significance in its own ight. In the clinical intepetation of the MMPI a high K scoe is egaded as indicative of a defensive attitude, and a low K scoe suggests unguaded and indiscete fankness and a tendency to speak citically of self. Low K is found most fequently in conditions chaacteized by ego

7 AUTHORITARIAN ATTITUDES AND PERSONALITY MALADJUSTMENT 309 weakness, in which the peson is psychologically naked and vulneable, as in the psychoses and anxiety states. K shows a high negative coelation (.74) with the Taylo Manifest Anxiety Scale (4), and a facto analysis of the MMPI in a college sample by Wheele (21) shows a low K, along with high Pt and Sc, to be highly satuated with the facto intepeted as anxious self-concen with which the ego defenses seem inadequate to cope. High K, along with high Hy, was satuated with the facto intepeted as intactness of the ego-defense mechanisms. Wheele's study also highlights the invese similaity between K and P, in that coelations between K and the othe MMPI scales show vey much the same patten as does the P scale, except of couse that the diection of the coelation is evesed, since P and K ae negatively coelated. High K scoes have been found to be associated with the following taits; sociable, wide inteests, easonably enthusiastic, and vebal; low K scoes: high-stung, cynical, dissatisfied, and individualistic (14, p. 78). K is positively coelated with intelligence and socioeconomic status and thee is a tendency fo college students and college-educated pesons to obtain K scoes one-half to one standad deviation highe than the noncollege populationthe same elationships that have been found (invesely of couse) fo the P scale (6, IS). Of all the MMPI scales, K is pobably the best single index of the pesonality facto tapped by P, at least in the nonpsychiatic population. The positive coelation between ethnic pejudice and the D scale was fist noted in The Authoitaian Pesonality, somewhat to the supise of the investigatos, since clinical signs of depession wee moe appaent in psychiatic patients scoing low on ethnocentism. As seen in Table 3, howeve, the positive elationship of authoitaian attitudes with D is entiely consistent in seveal studies. That D is not a homogeneous scale and must always be intepeted in elation to othe scales in clinical pactice may account fo the appaent discepancies with the clinical obsevation noted in The Authoitaian Pesonality. Thee is consideable ovelap in the taits associated with high D and low K. Pesons obtaining high D scoes ae chaacteized by lack of self-confidence, tendency to woy, naowness of inteests, poo moale, an uneasy self-concen and dissatisfaction with thei cuent situation (6). Except in elation to othe scales D is difficult to intepet clinically. Howeve, taken alone it may be egaded as the best single index of maladjustment in the MMPI (9). The Hy scale shows a consistently negative coelation with the P and F scales. Since Hy and K ae highly coelated, a simila intepetation as that given fo K applies also to Hy. in shot, thee appeas to be a negative elationship between epessive tendencies and authoitaianism. Like K, Hy is positively coelated with intelligence and is usually about one-half standad deviation highe in college samples than in the adult standadization goup. It is quite clealy the psychic and not the somatic items of the Hy scale that account fo its negative coelations with both P and F. Feedman et al. (8) found the coelations between the Hy scale and the Califonia F scale in two college samples to be.02 and.00. But when the somatic items wee emoved, the coelations ose to.41 and.44. A high Hy scoe based on the psychic items indicates a tendency not to tie easily, not to be depessed, a feeling that life is good and that the wold is benevolent in shot, a athe optimistic, extaveted attitude. The negative coelation (o absence of coelation) between authoitaianism and the Pa (paanoia) scale is usually viewed with supise, fo The Authoitaian Pesonality called upon the paanoid mechanisms of pojection, extapunitiveness, and powe oientation in explaining the authoitaian syndome. The eason fo the negative coelation between Pa and F (and pesumably also fo the lack of coelation with P in the pesent study) has been adequately explained by Feedman et al. (8) in tems of the heteogeneous natue of the Pa items. When the Pa scale is boken down into thee types of items, the coelations between F and these sub-pa scales ae as follows: Pesecutoy Ideas ( ~.01), Poignancy ( =.07), and Naivete ( =.22). This last coelation was significant at the.001 level and it seems safe to say it is this element of the P scale that lagely accounts fo the negative coelation with authoitaianism. The "pesecutoy"

8 310 ARTHUR R, JENSEN items ae not at all subtle, hadly concealing thei pathological implications, and compaatively few of them ae esponded to in the keyed diection by moe sophisticated 5s such as college students. But as the Pa scoe ises, moe of the "pesecutoy" items ae of couse included, and it should be noted that when the high and low P goups in the pesent study wee compaed fo the popotions of 5s obtaining T scoes ove 70, the high P goup was significantly highe on Pa, because moe of them esponded in the keyed diection to a lage numbe of Pa items, including the "pesecutoy" items, which ae most commonly associated with paanoia. The Pt scale is a elatively pue measue of neuoticism of the anxiety and obsessivecompulsive vaieties. Pesons scoing high on Pt show excessive doubts, compulsions, obsessions o uneasonable feas, anxiety, peplexity, and appehension. The Sc scale in nonpsychiatic populations is associated with schizoid tendencies, feelings of isolation, disinteest, and pessimism. In the ove-all pictue pesented by these scalesthose most consistently elated to authoitaian measuesthe emphasis is on the obsessive-compulsive syndome (high D, Pt, Sc) and thee is compaatively little hysteical and epessive tendency (low fly and K). The impession is that pejudiced, authoitaian pesons have less well-developed ego defenses and ae thus moe exposed and vulneable to psychological stess, in the face of which they develop tendencies towad pessimism, cynicism, low moale (D), and psychological isolation (Sc), along with the moe pimitive defenses of a compulsive, itualistic, and schizoid natue (the tiad D, Pt, Sc). In view of the pictue pesented by the data of this study, as well as the consistencies seen in seveal othes, it seems to this wite that an adequate theoy of social attitudes, paticulaly those in the domain of ethnic pejudice and authoitaianism, must take into account psychopathological aspects of pesonality. To ignoe them seems an unwaanted ovesimplification of this complex field. Eysenck, fo example, has fomulated a theoy of social attitudes which essentially leaves out of account the elationship between social attitudes and pesonality adjustment (7). Eysenck conceives of social attitudes as being detemined by two othogonal factos the Radicalism-Consevatism dimension (Rfacto) and the Toughminded-Tendeminded (T-facto) continuum. We shall be concened hee only with the T facto, which is egaded as a pojection onto the social attitude field of a fundamental dimension of pesonality, viz., intovesion-exta vesion which is said to be constitutionally detemined and is conceived as being entiely unelated to emotional instability o neuoticism (7, p. 179). Eysenck equates the authoitaiandemocatic continuum with the T facto, authoitaian attitudes being an expession of toughmindedness. Futhemoe he consides the A-S, E, F, and P scales as essentially measues of toughmindedness (7, pp. 148, 152, 233). They should theefoe be highly coelated with measues of extavesion and show compaatively little, if any, coelation with measues of neuoticism. Eysenck has also stated that those towad the extaveted end of the continuum develop symptoms of the hysteical type duing peiods of emotional instability, while those towad the intoveted end develop "dysthymic" disodes (anxiety, depession, and obsessive-compulsive). If the wite undestands Eysenck coectly, these elationships postulated by his theoy ae not in accod with the facts pesented hee. The measues of authoitaianism wee shown to coelate negatively with the Ey (hysteia) scale and positively with the "dysthymic" scales (D, Pi), both coelations being contay to pedictions fom Eysenck's theoy. Two facto-analytic studies povide simila contadictoy evidence as well as demonstate that measues of authoitaianism have a consideable loading on the neuoticism facto. Tyle (20) pefomed a centoid facto analysis of fifteen MMPI scales, including P, on a college sample and found that P had its most substantial loading (.70) on the fist facto, which he intepeted as "geneal maladjustment." The scale showing the highest coelation with P was Pt, which Eysenck consides to be a elatively pue measue of neuoticism. A Lawley-type facto analysis was caied out in this laboatoy by D. M. I. Soueif on seveal MMPI scales (K,

9 AUTHORITARIAN ATTITUDES AND PERSONALITY MALADJUSTMENT 311 Hy, Pd, Pt) and Guilfod's factoially pue D (depession), C (cycloid) and R (hathymia scales. (The R scale is egaded by Eysenck as one of the best measues of extavesion.) The fist two factos in Soueif's analysis wee neuoticism and intovesion-exta vesion. The MMPI scales with the lagest facto loadings on neuoticism wee K (.64) and Pt (.85), both of which ae highly coelated with authoitaianism. The K and Pt scales had compaatively small facto loadings on intovesion-extavesion (.40 and.14 espectively). The Hy scale had a loading of.12 on the neuoticism facto and.77 on extavesion. But it has consistently shown negative coelations with measues of authoitaianism, which is exactly the opposite of what one would pedict fom Eysenck's theoy. SUMMARY The MMPI was administeed twice, with a one-yea inteval, to 712 college feshmen and to 114 senios, who also took the Califonia F (Fascism) scale. A discussion of the natue of the P (pejudice) scale of the MMPI and its elation to a numbe of othe vaiables in a college sample ae pesented, along with a nomalized T convesion table fo P. 1. The distibution of P scoes in the college sample was moe skewed and consticted, with a piling up of low scoes, than the distibution of scoes in the high school goup used in the deivation of the P scale. 2. The eliability of P (.81) compaes favoably with that of othe MMPI scales. 3. Thee was a significant decease in mean P as students advance in college. 4. Thee wee significant diffeences in mean P among students majoing in diffeent fields. 5. P coelated significantly with the Califonia F scale. 6. P was positively coelated with the Hs, D, Pd, Pt, Sc, and Ma scales, and negatively coelated with K and Hy. These findings and those of seveal elated studies ae discussed as a means of psychologically chaacteizing the authoitaian pesonality. It was concluded that cetain psychopathological factos ae pesent in the authoitaian syndome. REFERENCES 1. ACKERMAN, N. W., & JAHODA, M. Anti-Semitism and emotional disode. New Yok: Hape, ADORNO, T. W., FRENKEL-BRUNSWIK, ELSE, LEVINSON, D. J., & SANIORD, R. N. The authoitaian pesonality. New Yok: Hape, ALTUS, W. D., & TAFEJIAN, T. T. MMPI coelates of the Califonia E-F Scale. /. soc. Psychol., 1953, 38, BRACKBILL, G., & LITTLE, K. B. MMPI coelates of the Taylo scale of manifest anxiety. /. consult. Psychol., 1954, 18, CHRISTIE, R., & JAIIODA, MARIE (Eds.). Studies in the scope and method of "The authoitaian pesonality." Glencoe, 111.: Fee Pess, COTTLE, W. C. The MMPI, A eview. Lawence, Kansas: Unive. of Kansas Pub., EYSENCK, H. J. The psychology of politics. New Yok: Paege, FKEEDMAN, M., WEBSTER, H., & SANTORD, N. A study of authoitaianism and psychopathology. J. Psychol, 1956, 41, GODGH, H. G. A new dimension of status: II. Relationship of the St scale to othe vaiables. Awe. social. Rev., 1948, 13, GOUGH, H. G. Studies of social intoleance: I. Some psychological and sociological coelates of anti- Semitism. J. soc. Psychol, 1951, 33, GOUGH, H. G. Studies of social intoleance: II. A pesonality scale fo anti-semitism. /. soc. Psychol, 1951, 33, GOUGH, H. G. Studies of social intoleance: III. Relationship of the P scale to othe vaiables. J. soc. Psychol, 1951, 33, GOUGH, H. G. Studies of social intoleance: IV. Related social attitudes. /. soc. Psychol, 1951, 33, HATHAWAY, S. R., & MEEHL, P. E. The Minnesota Multiphasic Pesonality Inventoy. In Militay clinical psychology, TM 8-242, AFM Washington: U. S. Govenment Pinting Office, HIMMELHOCK, J. The dynamics of toleance. Unpublished docto's dissetation, Columbia Unive., LEVINSON, D. J., & SANFORD, R. N. A scale fo the measuement of anti-semitism. /. Psychol, 1944, 17, MASLING, J. M. How neuotic is the authoitaian? Ame. Psychologist, 1953, 8, (Abstact) 18. MCKINLEY, J. C., HATHAWAY, S. R., & MEEHL, P. E. The Minnesota Multiphasic Pesonality Inventoy: VI. The K scale. /. consult. Psychol, 1948, 12, REICHARD, SUZANNE. Roschach study of pejudiced pesonality. Ame. J. Othopsychial, 1948, 18, TYLER, F. T. A factoial analysis of fifteen MMPI scales. J. consult Psychol, 1951,15, WHEELER, W. M., LITTLE, K. B., & LEHNER, G. F. The intenal stuctue of the MMPI. J. consult. Psychol, 1951, 15, Received May 28, 1956