Influencing Factors on Fertility Intention of Women University Students: Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior

Transcription

1 Vol.32 (Healthcae and Nusing 206), pp Influencing Factos on Fetility Intention of Women Univesity Students: Based on the Theoy of Planned Behavio Myeong-Jeong Chae, In-Sook Cho, Jin-il Kim 2* Depatment of Nusing, Kwangju Women's Univesity. 20, Gwang-ju, Koea 2 College of Nusing, Jeju National Univesity. 02, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Govening Povince, Koea {woundcae92, chois}@kwu.ac.k, neoeva@jejunu.ac.k Abstact. This study was conducted to investigate the factos influencing the fetility intentions of female univesity students, based on the theoy of planned behavio (TPB). The data wee collected by self-administeed questionnaies that asked about geneal chaacteistics and TPB vaiables egading fetility intention fom 548 female univesity students. Thee constucts of the TPB (attitudes, subjective nom and peceived behavioal contol) egading fetility coelate with fetility intentions. Multiple egession analysis indicated that all thee constucts of the TPB and the intention of futue maiage could pedict fetility intentions. Based on the esults, the TPB is useful to explain fetility intentions and the data fom this study can be used as fundamental infomation to impove low bith ates. Keywods: Fetility, Intention, Theoy of Planned Behavio, Univesity Students Intoduction As bith ates have declined in most developed counties, the low bith ates ae consideed as a seious poblem that is emeging aound the wold. Most developed counties ae faced with so-called fetility cisis as bith ates have dopped below the eplacement fetility ate. Studies egading low fetility ates pointed that total fetility ate (TFR) should be maintained uppe 2. to secue stable population [-3]. In line with declining of global bith ates, Koean National Statistical Office (KOSTAT) epoted that the TFR of Koea is.2 in 204 [4]. If the low bith ates ae pesisted, negative consequences including deceased woking-age population, labo supply and even national poductivity ae expected [5]. It is not a supise that thee have been abundant attempts to undestand factos influencing this sociological phenomenon, low bith ates [6]. Thus, investigating factos undelying fetility decline is being moe impotant than eve. It is difficult to explain the factos affecting low bith phenomenon due to its vaiety and complexity [7]. Despite such difficulty, appoaches using behavioal theoies ae intoduced to explain this phenomenon. Of behavioal theoies, one ISSN: ASTL Copyight 206 SERSC

2 notable theoy entitled theoy of planned behavio has eceived consideable attention fo its oveall pedictive utility [8,9]. Theoy of planned behavio (TPB) is a theoy that pedicts individual s delibeate behavio. The theoy emphasizes intention of behavio as a poweful deteminant of behavio and has thee key constucts influencing behavioal intention. TPB has been adopted in vaious fields of study, especially in health-elated field fo its high pedictability of intention [0,]. Howeve, thee hadly exist studies egading fetility behavio. Theefoe, to expand ou knowledge about the intention of fetility, we conducted this study to investigate the fetility intentions and its influencing factos based on the TPB. 2 Methods 2. Subjects and Data Collection Paticipants fo this study childbeaing-aged undegaduate univesity students who did not have childbith expeience. Sampling method was convenience sampling. Powe analysis was done to calculate the appopiate sample size using G-powe softwae (Faul F, Univesität Kiel, Kiel, Gemany). Optimum size was found to be 550 by taking effect size (f 2 ) of 0.02, α eo of 0.05, and powe (-β) of 0.8 fo linea multiple egession: Fixed model, R 2 deviation fom zeo model. Based on calculated size, 555 students wee ecuited by convenience sampling manne. 7 incomplete questionnaies wee excluded, thus 548 questionnaies wee analyzed. 2.2 Instuments The questionnaie used in this study was stuctued and self-administeed questionnaie and consisted of two pats. The fist pat of the questionnaie contains questions asking demogaphic and fetility elated geneal chacteistics. The second pat of questionnaie was consisted with 53-items measuing the fetility intentions and elated constucts of TPB (attitudes, subjective nom and peceived behavioal contol) of univesity students. This pat was modified fom questionnaie developed fo geneal hopital nuses [2]. Subjects wee asked to choice 5-point liket scale anging fom stongly agee (5) to stongly disagee () and colledted data was expessed as aveage scoe. Each constucts of questionnaies have high conbach s alphas anging Ethical Consideation Study was conducted in accodance with the Declaation of Helsinki and unde supevision of the eseache s institution. Pio to study, paticipants wee ecuited afte poviding an explanation of the pupose of the study vebally and in witing. 38 Copyight 206 SERSC

3 Paticipants wee given an infomed consent that explain the aim of study, isks, benefits and thei ights to withdaw fom study in plain language. 2.4 Data Analysis Collected data wee analyzed using PASW 8.0 softwae (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Desciptive statistics wee used fo descibing data (mean, SD, fequency and pecentage of fequency). Reliability of instument was established via Conbach s alpha. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA wee used to compae the diffeences of the fetility intentions accoding to geneal chaacteistics. Peason s coelation was used to detemine the elationship among constucts of TPB. Step-wise multiple egession was used to pedict factos influencing fetility intention. 3 Results 3. Coelations between Scoes of Fetility Intentions and TPB Constucts The mean scoe of the fetility intentions was 3.82 (ated on a 5-point scale). The scoes of constucts of TPB (attitudes, subjective nom and peceived behavioal contol) wee 4.4, 3.65 and 3.52 espectively. The coelation coefficients between each scoe of constucts of TPB and the fetility intentions wee found to be coelated (=0.50, p<.00, =0.33, p<.00 and =0.59, p<.00 espectively) (Table ). Table. Coelations between Scoes of Fetility Intentions and TPB Constucts Constucts Mean±SD Attitudes Attitudes 4.4±0.52 Subjective 3.65±0.57 nom Peceived behavio 3.52±0.52 contol Fetility 3.82±0.73 intentions 0.50 * 0.33 * 0.59 * Subjective nom 0.33 * 0.45 * Peceived Behavio contol 0.36 * (n=548) Fetility intentions 3.2 Diffeences between Scoes of the Fetility Intentions and Geneal Chaacteistics The scoes of the fetility intentions wee significantly diffeent in accodance with six fetility elated geneal chaacteistics. Those who have moe intentions to get maied in the futue showed highe scoe of the fetility intentions (t=6.2, p<.00). Copyight 206 SERSC 39

4 Student having positive pespectives on the futue and employment showed highe scoe of the fetility intentions than those who have negative pespectives on that (F=6.83, p=.00 and t=5.26, p<.00). Students peceiving low bith ates moe seiously and having moe negative opinion about inceasing govenment spending on low bith ates wee significantly moe likely to have lowe scoe of the fetility intentions than those who wee not (F=8.44, p<.00). Students peceiving moe seious about low bith ates poblem wee significantly moe likely to have highe scoes of the fetility intentions than those who ae not (F=8.44, p <.00 and F=6.83, p=.00). Thee also be significant diffeence between the scoe of the fetility intentions and intentions to temination of employment afte maiage (t=-2.22, p=.027). Table 2. Diffeences between Scoes of the Fetility Intentions and Geneal Chaacteistics (N=548) Chaacteistics Categoy n Fetility intentions Mean±SD F/t Intentions to get maied in the Yes ±0.67 futue No ± (<.00 * ) Pespectives on futue Unstable a ± (.00 * ) Modeate b ±0.7 (a,b<c) Stable c ±0.68 Pespectives on employment Unstable ±0.78 Stable ± (<.00 * ) Intentions to temination of Yes ±0.65 employment afte maiage No ± (.027 * ) Pespectives on low bith ates Seious a ± (<.00 * ) Modeate b ±0.69 (a>b,c) Unseious c ±0.99 Disagee a ±0.8 Inceasing govenment spending 6.89 (.00 * ) Modeate b 9 3.8±0.73 on low bith ates (a<b,c) Agee c ± Regession analysis fo Vaiables Pedicting the Fetility Intentions To identify the factos pedicting the fetility intentions, six fetility elated geneal chaacteistics shown to be significant in t-test o ANOVA and all of the constucts of TPB wee analyzed using step-wise multiple egession. Five fetility elated geneal chaacteistics except intention to get maied in the futue wee excluded fom the model of step-wise multiple egession. Intention to get maied in the futue and all thee constucts of TPB wee pedicted the fetility intentions. Model showed 44% of explanatoy powe fo thee constucts of TPB, wheeas model 2 showed 46% of explanatoy powe fo intentions to get maied in the futue and thee constucts of TPB (Table 3). 40 Copyight 206 SERSC

5 Table 3. Regession analysis fo Vaiables Pedicting the Fetility Intentions (N=543) Model Model 2 Unstandadized Standadized Unstandadized Standadized Coefficients Coefficients t p Coefficients Coefficients t p β S.E β β S.E β (Constant) Attitudes < <.00 Subjective noms Peceived behavio contol < < < <.00 Intentions of futue <.00 maiage * F R Adj R * Dummy vaiable: =Yes Discussion and Conclusion Declined bith ates in South Koea ae ongoing social poblem that may theaten social stability. Theefoe cuent study attempted to identify the factos influencing the fetility intentions of women univesity students based on the TPB. It is found to be that intention to get maied in the futue and all thee constucts of TPB (attitudes, subjective nom and peceived behavioal contol) wee the factos pedicting the fetility intentions. Intention to get maied in the futue of subjects pedicted the fetility intentions and it can be explained by the popeties of maiage. In geneal, maiage consideed as pecondition of fetility since it pecedes the fetility as well as povides oppotunities fo being a paent [2]. That is, stategies o maiage-fiendly policies inceasing the intention to maiage can be efficient in inceasing the fetility intentions of women univesity students. Also, the esults that all constucts of TPB pedicted the fetility intentions wee consistent with pevious studies in which these vaiables significantly pedicted the fetility intentions of geneal hospital nuses [8] and childbeaing-aged women in five counties []. These findings suppot the assumption of TPB [9]. Thus, TPB is useful to pedict the fetility intentions. In summay, using the theoy of planned behavio, we examined the factos influencing the fetility intentions. Based on the findings, futhe studies o stategies Copyight 206 SERSC 4

6 to impove the fetility intentions o childbeaing-aged women should conside the factos influencing the fetility intentions. Refeences. Caldwell, J.C., Schindlmay, T.: Explanations of The Fetility Cisis in Moden Societies: A Seach fo Commonalities. Popul Stud (Camb), 57, (2003) 2. Mogan, S.P., Rackin, H.: The Coespondence between Fetility Intentions and Behavio in the United States. Popul Dev Rev, 36, 9--8 (200) 3. Žamac, J., Hallbeg, D., Lindh, T.: Low Fetility and Long-Run Gowth in an Economy with a Lage Public Secto. Eu J Popul, 26, (2009) 4. Koean National Statistical Office.: Bith statistics 204. Daejeon: Koean National Statistical Office, (205) 5. Lee, S.Y., Lee, H. A Study on Shae and Management System of Welfae Finance fo Aged Society. Seoul: Koea Reseach Institute fo Local Administation (2006) 6. Lutz, W., Skibekk, V., Testa, M.R.: The Low Fetility Tap Hypothesis: Foces that May Lead to Futhe Postponement and Fewe Biths in Euope. Vienna Yeab Popul Res, 2006, (2006) 7. Kohle, H.P., Billai, F.C., Antonio, J., Febuay, O.: Low Fetility in Euope: Causes, Implications and Policy Options. In F.R. Hais (Ed.), The Baby Bust: Who will do the Wok? Who Will Pay the Taxes?, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishes (2006) 8. Han, K. M., & Jung, H. S. (200). The Factos Affecting the Fetility Intention in Genealhospital Nuses Based on the Theoy of Planned Behavio. Koean J Occup Health Nus, 9(), Ajzen, I.: The Theoy of Planned Behavio. Ogan Behav Hum Decis Pocess, 50, (99) 0. Amitage, C.J., Conne, M.: Efficacy of the Theoy of Planned Behavio: A Meta-Analytic Review. B J Soc Psychol, 40, (200). Ajzen, I, Klobas, J.: Fetility Intentions: An Appoach Based on the Theoy of Planned Behavio. Demog Res, 29, (203) 2. Han, K.M.: An Analysis on Factos to Fetility Intention in Geneal-hospital Nuses Based on the Theoy of Planned Behavio. Unpublished maste s thesis, Seoul: The Catholic Univesity of Koea, (2009). 42 Copyight 206 SERSC