Journal of Applied Science and Agriculture

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1 Jounal of Applied Science and Agicultue, 9(1) Januay 2014, Pages: AENSI Jounals Jounal of Applied Science and Agicultue ISSN Jounal home page: The Relationship between Intelligence Beliefs, Self-Esteem, and Achievement Motivation and Entepeneuial Ability in Students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College 1 Hamze Ali Sabi, 2 Mohamad ali Amian pou, 3 Alieza Piouzpou, 4 Ali Ghobani 1, 2,3&4 Depatment of Public Administation, Dehaghan Banch, Islamic Azad Univesity, Esfahan, Ian PO BOX ARTICLE INFO Aticle histoy: Received 14 Novembe 2013 Received in evised fom 16 Decembe 2013 Accepted 20 Decembe 2013 Available online 1 Mach 2014 Keywods: Achievement Motivation Belief Entepeneuial Ability ABSTRACT Backgound: Entepeneuship and its associated concepts can be egaded as an intedisciplinay issue since it is the subject of inteest by vaious fields including psychology, sociology and economy Objective: The pupose of the pesent study was to investigate the elationship between intelligence beliefs, self-esteem, and achievement motivation and entepeneuial abilities in the students of Agicultual College of Shiaz Univesity. Method: The sample consisted of 148 students. Samples wee selected using the andom statified method. The instuments included a questionnaie with 70 questions to measue entepeneuial ability, a questionnaie with 10 questions to measue intelligence beliefs, a questionnaie with 55 questions to measue self-esteem, and a questionnaie with 40 questions to measue achievement motivation. Data wee analyzed using the mean and SD of the, dawing gaphs, the Speaman coelation coefficient, and egession with epeated measues. Results: The findings demonstated that the coelations between intelligence beliefs, self-esteem, and achievement motivation and entepeneuial ability fo all subjects wee significant, and fo male and female espondents, the coelation between the pedicting and citeia was significant, the esults of the egession analyses egading the pediction of entepeneuial ability fom achievement motivation, intelligence beliefs, and self-esteem show that fo all subjects, as well as male and female classifications, they wee significant at. In the egession analysis, intelligence beliefs wee poved to be of highe pedicting ability. Reseach suggestions ae povided at the end of this pape AENSI Publishe All ights eseved. To Cite This Aticle: Hamze Ali Sabi, Mohamad ali Amian pou, Alieza Piouzpou, Ali Ghobani., The Relationship between Intelligence Beliefs, Self-Esteem, and Achievement Motivation and Entepeneuial Ability in Students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College. J. Appl. Sci. & Agic., 9(1): , 2014 INTRODUCTION Entepeneuship and its associated concepts can be egaded as an intedisciplinay issue since it is the subject of inteest by vaious fields including psychology, sociology and economy. It shows that is a wide-anging and complicated concept which has aised consideable inteest. Entepeneuship was fist defined by Cantillon (cica 1700) (Kilby, 1971), bhu Schumpete (1934) attibutes the geneal sense of the wod in economics to Mill (1848). In his dissetation, Mill discussed political economy. Following Mill, Schumpete (1934) egaded fom a diffeent pespective. ae also of high impotance as a motivational concept (Dai., 1998). Mccleland (1961) pefomed a thoough and extensive investigation of the elationship between pesonality taits and gowth in caee; and he found that pogess is not limited to a cetain goup o eligion. Rathe, pogess can be achieved by gowing cetain featues in individuals. Entepeneus have been inteesting subjects of study as the factos acceleating development in developing counties and sustaining development in industial counties. Now that the Ianian economy is facing vaious challenges including bain dain, educed state investments, and lack of economic gowth, taining entepeneus is of essential impotance (Ahmad Poodaiani, 2000). Entepeneuship does not only involve a new small business; athe, it means ceating value, developing a new maket, and poviding new poducts o sevices to new customes. Entepeneuship is the pocess of innovation and the ceation of a new business unde isky conditions though identifying isks and managing esouces allocation.it equies a isk-taking ability as well as the ability to function unde ambiguous conditions (Davai, 2003). Coesponding Autho: Hamze Ali Sabi, Depatment of Public Administation, Dehaghan Banch, Islamic Azad Univesity, Esfahan, Ian. fabeh25@gmail.com PO BOX

2 172 Hamze Ali Sabi et al, 2014 Jounal of Applied Science and Agicultue, 9(1) Januay 2014, Pages: McClelland and Winte (1971) associated achievement motivation with establishing new businesses and decided that teaching achievement motivation geatly affects the pefomance of entepeneus (Poo Daiani, 2001). Taits such as independence and self-eliance can be developed in childen by poviding families and paents with specialized taining couses. A numbe of studies have demonstated that independence and the sense of esponsibility people have towad thei actions elies on the libeal o stict attitudes of thei paents (Bachman, 1970; Bachman, Omalley & Johnston, 1978; Rozenbeg, 1965). Dweck and Legget (1998) developed a eseach-based model and identified 2 kinds of intelligence beliefs: entity intelligence beliefs and incemental intelligence beliefs. People with entity intelligence beliefs tend to conside thei pesonality taits including intelligence as a fixed entity which is innate and congenital, wheeas people with incemental oientations towad thei intelligences conside intelligence as an incemental entity which is capable of being developed though expeience and had wok (Dweck and Legget, 1998; Gealinski et al, 1999; Heyman and Dweck, 1988; Hung and Cho, 1997; Rodale and Scaw, 1995). Alan Jacobwitz (Cited in Cohen, 1980) stated that the entepeneuial ability in innate. Shine (1994) and Solomon(1988) demonstated that entepeneus and non-entepeneus ae diffeent in tems of pesonality taits. In the pesent study, we attempt to exploe the elationship between a numbe of psychological featues and a special ability (entepeneuial ability). Specifically, the issue tageted in the study include: investigating the multiple and simple elationships between intelligence beliefs, self-esteem, and achievement motivation and entepeneuial ability in the students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College. A close consideation of the global development tend eveals that as advanced technology develops, the ole of the entepeneus gains additional impotance. Individual and oganizational is consideed as a key component of economic gowth. In most developed and developing counties, has gained inceasing impotance as the main souce of development (The Education Evaluation Oganization, 2001). As Luke (1981) states, entepeneuial eseach has expanded thoughout Ameica, Euope, and Southeast Asia. In Ian, it has been the subject of inteest due to its potentials in ceating jobs, its ole in economic development, as well as fo pivatization concens and optimal management of esouces. People ae inceasingly ealizing that nations elying on ideas athe than natual esouces have been consideably successful. The pesent age is the age of wisdom, ceativity, and blending of ideas and ceativity and is the key component of development in most counties (Akbai, 2001). College students, including those pesent in this study, ae the potential foces of the society who ae supposed to become pofessionals in the nea futue. Moeove, the employment of gaduates whee they can employ othes in addition to themselves and use esouces to develop the society is consideed as an essential pioity fo state authoities. The impotance of this study elies on the fact that it pesents instuments and tests to identify the entepeneus taits and adapt them with the students social and cultual conditions. Since this study has not been conducted fom a psychological point of view, its impotance is doubled and it can seve as a basis fo futue eseach. Besides, conducting investigations on entepeneus as people who ae affected by a set of is impotant in tems of a dependent o citeia. In othe wods, what affect o ae coelated with entepeneuial behavio? Exploing the pesonality taits of entepeneus have been an inteesting topic in the psychology of. Futhemoe, given the fact that ove half of the 70-million population of the county consists of young people who, along with thei families and even policy-makes, ae pimaily concened with finding a job, being awae of the entepeneuial pesonality taits can help authoities identify potential entepeneus and guide them though ealizing thei potentials. The study puts foth 5 pimay and 10 seconday questions: 1- Ae intelligence beliefs and entepeneuial abilities of the students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College coelated? a. Ae intelligence beliefs and entepeneuial abilities of the female students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College coelated? b. Ae intelligence beliefs and entepeneuial abilities of the male students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College coelated? 2- Ae self-esteem and entepeneuial abilities of the students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College coelated? a. Ae self-esteem and entepeneuial abilities of the female students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College coelated? b. Ae self-esteem and entepeneuial abilities of the male students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College coelated? 3- Ae achievement motivations and entepeneuial abilities of the students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College coelated?

3 173 Hamze Ali Sabi et al, 2014 Jounal of Applied Science and Agicultue, 9(1) Januay 2014, Pages: a. Ae achievement motivations and entepeneuial abilities of the female students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College coelated? b. Ae achievement motivations and entepeneuial abilities of the male students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College coelated? 4- Accoding to self-esteem, intelligence beliefs, and achievement motivations, what pecentage of the vaiance of entepeneuial abilities can be pedicted? a. Accoding to self-esteem, intelligence beliefs, and achievement motivations, what pecentage of the vaiance of entepeneuial abilities in female students can be pedicted? b. Accoding to self-esteem, intelligence beliefs, and achievement motivations, what pecentage of the vaiance of entepeneuial abilities in male students can be pedicted? 5- How is the fequency of the entepeneuial abilities of the students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College distibuted? a. How is the fequency of the entepeneuial abilities of the female students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College distibuted? b. How is the fequency of the entepeneuial abilities of the male students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College distibuted? Methodology: The sample size was 148. Following sampling, data wee gatheed using a numbe of vaious methods. Conducting a test on a small sample of espondents evealed that the competition of each questionnaie takes minutes due to the lage numbe of questions. Theefoe, 4 students woking in the student unions wee chosen to help the eseaches in distibuting the questionnaies among the espondents. They wee told about the goals of the study and the sampling method in a meeting. Also, they wee tained on how to communicate with the subjects and what the questions imply. Instuments: all the data wee gatheed using witten tests done by the subjects. Tests fo entepeneuial ability, intelligence beliefs, the Coope-Smith self-esteem questionnaie, and the questionnaie wee used, which ae pesented in table 2. Table 2: Reliability scoes of tests Conbach s alpha test Entepeneuship Data analysis: Data analysis was conducted though desciptive and infeential statistics. The adopted desciptive methods included the pesentation of SD, mean, fequency, and gaphs. The hypotheses wee tested using the Peason s coelation coefficient, multiple coelation coefficient, and multivaiate egession. Data wee analyzed using the SPSS softwae. Results: Hypothesis 1: thee is a positive coelation between intelligence beliefs and in the students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College. Table 3: coelation coefficients of and intelligence beliefs Accoding to table 3, the calculated coelation coefficient fo and intelligence beliefs is 0.598, which is significant at. Theefoe, it could be concluded that these two ae coelated at. Hypothesis 1a: thee is a positive coelation between intelligence beliefs and in the female students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College. Table 4: coelation coefficients of and intelligence beliefs fo females 0.654

4 174 Hamze Ali Sabi et al, 2014 Jounal of Applied Science and Agicultue, 9(1) Januay 2014, Pages: Accoding to table 4, the calculated coelation coefficient fo and intelligence beliefs fo female students is 0.654, which is significant at. Theefoe, it could be concluded that these two ae coelated at. Hypothesis 1b: thee is a positive coelation between intelligence beliefs and in the male students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College. Table 4: coelation coefficients of and intelligence beliefs fo males Accoding to table 5, the calculated coelation coefficient fo and intelligence beliefs fo male students is 0.645, which is significant at. Theefoe, it could be concluded that these two ae coelated at. Hypothesis 2: thee is a positive coelation between self-esteem and in the students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College Table 6: coelation coefficients fo and self-esteem Accoding to table 6, the calculated coelation coefficient fo and self-esteem fo all students is 0.573, which is significant at. Theefoe, it could be concluded that these two ae coelated at. Hypothesis 2a: thee is a positive coelation between self-esteem and in the female students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College Table 7: coelation coefficients fo and self-esteem fo female students Accoding to table 7, the calculated coelation coefficient fo and self-esteem fo female students is 0.412, which is significant at. Theefoe, it could be concluded that these two ae coelated at. Hypothesis 2b: thee is a positive coelation between self-esteem and in the male students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College. Table 8: coelation coefficients fo and self-esteem fo male students Accoding to table 8, the calculated coelation coefficient fo and self-esteem fo male students is 0.512, which is significant at. Theefoe, it could be concluded that these two ae coelated at. Hypothesis 3: thee is a positive coelation between achievement motivation and in the students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College. Table 9: coelation coefficients fo and achievement motivation fo all students Accoding to table 9, the calculated coelation coefficient fo and achievement motivation fo all students is 0.480, which is significant at. Theefoe, it could be concluded that these two ae coelated at.

5 175 Hamze Ali Sabi et al, 2014 Jounal of Applied Science and Agicultue, 9(1) Januay 2014, Pages: Hypothesis 3a: thee is a positive coelation between achievement motivation and in the female students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College. Table 10: coelation coefficients fo and achievement motivation fo female students Accoding to table 10, the calculated coelation coefficient fo and achievement motivation fo female students is 0.433, which is significant at. Theefoe, it could be concluded that these two ae coelated at. Hypothesis 3b: thee is a positive coelation between achievement motivation and in the male students of Shiaz Univesity Agicultual College. Table 11: coelation coefficients fo and achievement motivation fo male students 0.6 Accoding to table 11, the calculated coelation coefficient fo and achievement motivation fo male students is 0.600, which is significant at. Theefoe, it could be concluded that these two ae coelated at. Reseach question 1: accoding to self-esteem, achievement motivations, and intelligence beliefs, what pecentage of the vaiance fo entepeneuial ability can be pedicted? In ode to measue the possibility to pedict though self-esteem, achievement motivation, and intelligence beliefs, we conducted a multiple egession analysis based on the pedicting. The esults ae as follows: Table 12: esults of multiple egession analysis of self-esteem, achievement motivation, and intelligence beliefs with using the epeated measue Pedictos, egession coefficients Statistical indexes Achievement Intelligence Citeia vaiable model P F R 2 R motivation beliefs β = 0/ 383 T = 5 /56 P < 0/000 β = 0/198 T = 3 /219 β = 0/151 T = 3 /46 β = 2/028 T = 21/ 708 β = 1/992 T = 17 / 37 β = 1/965 T = 17 /43 < 01 < 01 < Regession analysis of based on the pedictos: The egession analysis showed that intelligence beliefs along with achievement motivation and self-esteem explained 30% of the changes in, with a multiple coelation of 0.555, which was significant at. Given that, the beta coefficients fo intelligence beliefs, achievement motivation, and self-esteem wee 1.695, 0.151, and 0.383, espectively, which wee all significant at. The egession analysis fo the female students evealed that the explained 30 pecent of the changes in of the female students, with a multiple coelation of 0.555, which was significant at. Given that, the beta coefficients fo intelligence beliefs, achievement motivation, and self-esteem wee 1.886, 0.196, and 0.444, espectively, which wee all significant at. The egession analysis fo the male students evealed that the explained 30 pecent of the changes in of the female students, with a multiple coelation of 0.555, which was significant at. Given that, the beta coefficients fo intelligence beliefs, achievement motivation, and self-esteem wee 2.063, 0.181, and 0.322, espectively, which wee all significant at

6 176 Hamze Ali Sabi et al, 2014 Jounal of Applied Science and Agicultue, 9(1) Januay 2014, Pages: Discussion and conclusion: In ode to validate the test, it is equied that entepeneus be selected based on thei pefomances. Then, the test should be conducted on them so that the test is validated unde bette cicumstances. The psychological antecedents of acoss entepeneu and non-entepeneu goups should be investigated though compaative studies. Afte teaching psychological antecedents of such as ceativity, achievement motivation, self-esteem and the like, the effects of these factos alone and togethe with othe factos should be studied in an expeimental study. It is poposed that the elationship between othe psychological such as type A, esponsibility, and be investigated. Non-psychological factos such as social suppots and management styles should be investigated in tems of thei elationships with. Family featues, numbe of childen, child-aising methods of entepeneus and non-entepeneus should be investigated. It is suggested that subcultues and minoities be investigated in tems of entepeneuial abilities. In ode to genealize the findings, it is suggested that this study be epeated in othe univesities, o non-student goups in industial, poduction, and sevice centes. Social, cultual, and psychological obstacles of should be investigated. REFERENCES Ahmadpoo Daiani, Mahmood, Entepeneuship: Definitions, Theoies, and Pattens. Padis Copoation. Babaee, Bijan, The Relationship between Intelligence Beliefs and Goal Oientations in Gifted and Nomal Junio High and High School Second-Gades in Shahe Rey. M.A. Thesis. Depatment of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tehan Univesity. Davai, Dodaneh, Is it Possible to Be an Entepeneu in Ian Today? Jounal of Entepeneu, issue 21. Oganization of Educational Assessment, The Geneals of Entepeneuship Plan, Available at Shahni Yeilagh, Manijeh, Impotant Events in Entepeneuship. Shahid Chaman Univesity of Ahvaz. Homozi Nejad, Masoomeh, Shahni Yeilagh, Manijeh, and Najaian, -Bahman, The Simple and Multiple Relationships between, Social Anxiety, and Pefectionism and Assetion in the Students of Shahid Chaman Univesity of Ahvaz, Jounal of Psychology and Educational Sciences of Shahid Chaman Univesity of Ahvaz. Thid Peiod, 7 th yea, issue 3: Bachman, J.G., Youth in Tansition (vo12):the impact of family backgound and intelligence on tenth gade boys. Ann Abo, Mich. Institute fo Social Reseach, Univesity of Michigan. Dai, D.Y., S.M. Moon & J.F. Feldhusen, and Gifted Students. A social cognitive pospective. Educational psychologist., 33: Dweck, C.S & E.L. Legget, Asocial cognitive appoach motivation and pesonality. Psychological evive, 95: Hebet, R. and A. Link, 1989.In seach of the meaning of. Small Business Economics, 1: Hisich, R.D., Entepeneuship/Intapeneuship. Ameican Psychologist, 45(2): Heyman, G.D. & C.S. Dweck, Childen s thinking about taits: Implication fo Judgments of the self and othes. Child development., 52: Kilby, p., Entepeneuship and Economic Development. New Yok: Fee Pess. McClelland, D.C. & R. Koestne, The achievement motive. In Chales P. Smith (Ed). Motivation and Pesonality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis: New Yok, NY: Cambidge Univesity pess. McClelland, D.C., The Achieving Society. Pinceton,N.J:d. Van Nostand.