AP Psychology Benchmark 2 Review Guide

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1 AP Psychlgy Benchmark 2 Review Guide Unit I: Psychlgy s Histry and Appraches Mdule 2: Psychlgy s Big Issues and Appraches (pgs. 9-19) 1. What is the nature vs. nurture debate? Be sure t fully explain each side. Which side d yu favr? Give examples. 2. What is the general cnclusin f which the nature vs. nurture debate? 3. What are the different levels f analysis f psychlgy? 4. Define the bipsychscial apprach. 5. Summarizing the table n page 12, as well as the infrmatin in the reading, fill in the chart belw n the different appraches in psychlgy. Psychlgy s Appraches Perspective Fcus Sample Questin (just pick ne) Behaviral Bilgical Cgnitive Evlutinary Humanistic Psychdynamic Scial-cultural Unit II: Research Methds: Thinking Critically with Psychlgical Science Mdule 4: The Need fr Psychlgical Science (pgs ) 1. What are the three reasns that we can t rely slely n intuitin and cmmn sense? 2. What is critical thinking? Mdule 5: The Scientific Methd and Descriptin (pgs ) 1. Define each f the fllwing parts f the scientific methd. After each definitin, give an example. Scientific methd Thery Hypthesis Operatinal definitins Replicate (n example needed fr this ne) 2. There are three different ways t tests a hypthesis. Describe each f these. a. Descriptive methds b. Crrelatinal methds c. Experimental methds

2 3. Read pg t fill in the chart belw. While advantages and disadvantages are implied in the read n each ne yu shuld have at least 2 per bx. There is a table n pg. 53 that can als help yu with this. Methd Definitin Advantages Disadvantages Case Studies Naturalistic Observatin 2. Surveys Using the three abve, what wuld be the best research methd t use t study each f these? Why? Peple wh have ne r mre hbbies reprt mre jb satisfactin than peple with n hbbies. Siamese twins are stared at by yunger children mre ften than by adults Unmarried cab drivers talk mre with their custmers than d married cab drivers Mre men than wmen reprt fantasies f making large sums f mney. 5. Describe an example f the wrding effect in surveys. 6. What is a sampling bias? What happens if yu have a sampling bias in a survey? Mdule 6: Crrelatin and Experimentatin (pgs ) 1. What is a crrelatin? Give an example f ne. 2. Define the fllwing: Crrelatin Cefficient Scatterplt Negative crrelatin (Give an example f a negative crrelatin in yur definitin.) Psitive crrelatin (Give an example f a psitive crrelatin in yur definitin.) 3. Crrelatin Cefficients range frm -1 t +1. What des it mean when a scre is very clse t -1 r +1? 4. Give an example in which crrelatin des nt prve causatin. 5. What is an illusry crrelatin? Give an example. 6. Define the experiment terminlgy belw: Experiment Experimental Grup Cntrl Grup Randmly Assign Duble-Blind Prcedure Placeb Effect Independent Variable Cnfunding Variable Dependent Variable

3 7. Each f the fllwing is a hypthesis f an experiment. Fr each ne list the Independent Variable (IV), Dependent Variable (DV), Experimental Grup (EG), and Cntrl Grup (CG). There will be a statistically significant difference in graduatin rates f at-risk high-schl senirs wh participate in an intensive study prgram as ppsed t at-risk high-schl senirs wh d nt participate in the intensive study prgram. IV: DV: EG: CG: After watching a videtaped re-enactment f a bank rbbery, peple will recall mre abut the rbbery while being questined under hypnsis by a plice fficer as ppsed t nt being under hypnsis. IV: DV: EG: CG: A new drug will increase the maze running perfrmance f lder rats. IV: DV: EG: CG: 8. What is validity? 9. What is randm assignment? Why is this s imprtant? Mdule 7: Statistical Reasning in Everyday Life (pgs ) 1. Why is it imprtant t understand basic statistics in psych? 2. Define the fllwing: Descriptive statistics Histgram Mde Mean Median Range Standard deviatin 3. What des it mean when data is has a skewed distributin? Hw des this happen? Why culd this be misleading? 4. What is standard deviatin? Why is this the mst useful way f measuring hw much scres deviate frm ne anther? 5. What is the nrmal curve r nrmal distributin? Draw it. Be sure t include everything in Figure 7.3, including the percentages under each sectin f the curve. 6. Define inferential statistics. 7. What three principles shuld yu keep in mind t make sure yur generalizatins are reliable? 8. Define statistical significance. What is the number that psychlgists stick t fr results t be statistically significant their dds f ccurring by chance are less than %?

Mdule 8: Frequently Asked Questins Abut Psychlgy (pgs. 64-70) 1. What is culture? Why des culture and gender matter in psychlgy? 2. Read the sectin n ethics in research with animals, pgs. 66-67.

4 Mdule 8: Frequently Asked Questins Abut Psychlgy (pgs ) 1. What is culture? Why des culture and gender matter in psychlgy? 2. Read the sectin n ethics in research with animals, pgs Wuld the IRB apprve the fllwing research? Why? Prfessr King is a psychbilgist wrking n the frntiers f a new and exciting research area f neurscience canned brain grafting. Research has shwn that neural tissue can be remved frm the brains f mnkey fetuses and implanted int the brains f mnkeys that have suffered brain damage. The neurns seem t make the prper cnnectins and smetimes are effective in imprving perfrmance in brain-damaged animals. These experiments ffer imprtant animal mdels fr human degenerative diseases such as Parkinsn s and Alxheimer s/ Prfessr King wants t transplant tissue frm fetal mnkey brains int the entrhinal crtex f adult mnkeys; this is the area f the human brain that is invlved with Alzheimer s disease. (cntinued) The experiment will use 20 adult rhesus mnkeys. First, the mnkeys will be subjected t ablatin surgery in the entrhinal crtex. This prcedure will invlve anesthetizing the animals, pening their skulls, and making lesins using a surgical instrument. After their recver, the mnkey s will be tested n a learning task t make sure their memry is impaired. Three mnths later, half f the animals will be given transplant surgery. Tissue taken frm the crtex f mnkey fetuses will be implanted int the area f the brain damage. Cntrl animals will be subjected t the sham surgery, and all animals will be allwed t recver fr tw mnths. They will then learn a task t test the hypthesis that the animals having brain grafts will shw better memry than the cntrl grup. Prfessr King argues that this research is in the explratry stages and can nly be dne using animals. She further states that by the year 2030 abut 72 millin Americans will have Alzheimer s disease and that her research culd lead t a treatment fr the devastating memry lss that Alzheimer s victims suffer. 3. What are the fur basic ethical principles develped by the American Psychlgical Assciatin (APA) that guide researchers with human participants? Unit III: Bilgical Bases f Behavir Mdule 9: Bilgical Psychlgy and Neurtransmissin (pgs ) 1. Define the fllwing: Phrenlgy Bilgical psychlgists 2. Read abut the different parts f a neurn. Label the parts and define the purpse/functin f each part. (dendrite, axn, myelin sheath, terminal branches, cell bdy, synapse, synaptic gap, receptr sites, neurtransmitter, axn terminal, sending neurn, receiving neurn) 3. Summarize the prcess f neural cmmunicatin in yur wn wrds. Include the fllwing terms in yur summary: actin ptential, ins, resting ptential, selectively permeable, deplarizes, refractry perid, excitatry, inhibitry, threshld, all-r-nne-respnse, synaptic gap, neurtransmitters, reuptake. 4. Neurtransmitters are the chemical mlecules that bind t the receptr sites. Fr each neurtransmitters listed belw, explain its functin. Als, list what diseases are assciated with each neurtransmitter. Acetylchline GABA Dpamine Sertnin Glutamate Endrphins Nrepinephrine 5. What is an agnist? What is an antagnist? (The pictures n pg. 83 are super helpful.)

5 Mdule 10: The Nervus and Endcrine Systems (pgs ) 1. What are nerves? What are the difference between sensry neurns, mtr neurns, and interneurns? 2. Draw the diagram f the rganizatin f the nervus system with definitins f each part f the nervus system. 3. Summarize the imprtance f neural netwrks. 4. Define reflex. What cntrls general reflexes and pain reflexes? Why d yu think yur brain des nt cntrl thse? 5. Define the fllwing terms: Endcrine system Hrmnes Adrenal glands Pituitary gland Mdule 11: Studying the Brain, and Older Brain Structures (pgs ) 1. Fr each f the research methds listed belw, summarize briefly hw it wrks and what it tells scientists abut the brain. Lesin Electrencephalgraph (EEG) Cmputerized Tmgraphy (CT) scan Psitrn Emissin Tmgraphy (PET) scan Magnetic Resnance Imaging (MRI) scan Functinal MRI (fmri) 2. Label each part f the brain using pgs as a reference. Underneath each label, prvide a cncise definitin f the functin f each part n mre than 3 wrds per part. Finally, clr each part a different clr. (Label the fllwing parts: brainstem, medulla, pns, thalamus, reticular frmatin, cerebellum, spinal crd, hypthalamus, pituitary gland, amygdala, hippcampus, crpus callsum)

6 3. What are cerebral hemispheres? 4. What parts f the brain are included in the limbic system? In general, what kinds f functins are assciated with the limbic system? Mdule 12: The Cerebral Crtex (pgs ) 1. What is the cerebrum? What is the cerebral crtex? In general, what are its functins? 2. What are glial cells? Where specifically in the brain are glial cells lcated? 3. The cerebral crtex is divided int many parts assciated with their functins. Fr each part belw, explain what the functin is and describe its apprximate lcatin: Frntal lbe Tempral lbe Parietal lbe Occipital lbe Mtr crtex Smatsensry crtex 4. What are assciatin areas? Where are they fund? 5. What des Brca s area d? 6. What des Wernicke s area d? 7. Summarize what happened t Phineas Gage and what it helped tell us abut the brain. 8. What des brain plasticity mean? Why is it imprtant? What is neurgenesis? Mdule 13: Brain Hemisphere Organizatin and the Bilgy f Cnsciusness (pgs ) 1. What is the crpus callsum? What did Rger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga d? 2. What happens in split-brain surgery? Why is it perfrmed? What des it reveal abut brain functining? 3. What functins are mainly cntrlled by the left hemisphere? What functins are cntrlled by the right hemisphere? 4. Define dual prcessing. Explain hw the hllw face illusin can be explained by dual prcessing. Mdule 14: Behavir Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences (pgs ) 1. Define the fllwing terms abut genetics: Behavir genetics Envirnment Chrmsme DNA Genes Genme 2. What is the difference between identical and fraternal twins? 3. Why are twins, particularly twins separated at birth, the perfect peple t study t answer the nature vs. nurture questin? 4. When cmparing adpted twins, are twins mre like their bilgical parents r their adptive parents? 5. Define mlecular genetics. What is yur pinin, if we have the technlgy, shuld we allw parents t screen their embrys befre birth fr disrders, smartness, beauty? 6. Define heritability. What des it mean that the heritability f intelligence is 50%?

7 Mdule 15: Evlutinary Psychlgy: Understanding Human Nature (pgs ) 1. Define the fllwing: Evlutinary psychlgists Natural selectin Mutatins 2. Explain hw behavirs can be selected fr their adaptive value. Be sure t explain a few examples. 3. What d men find attractive in a mate? What d wmen find attractive in a mate? Hw was natural selectin invlved? Unit VII: Cgnitin (Memry, Thinking, Language) Mdule 31: Studying and Building Memries (pg ) Memry: There are 3 steps f memry (accrding t infrmatin-prcessing mdels): 1. Encding: 2. Strage: 3. Retrieval: Parallel prcessing: What happens t the neurns in yur brain every time yu learn smething new? Frming memries is anther 3 step prcess: 1. Sensry memry: 2. Shrt-term memry: 3. Lng-term memry: Wrking Memry (shrt-term memry): A. Building Memries: Encding Explicit memry (declarative memry): Encded thrugh effrtful prcessing: Implicit memry (nndeclarative memry): Encded thrugh autmatic prcessing: Examples f things yu autmatically prcess: Types f sensry memries Icnic memry: Echic memry: Hw many things can shrt-term memry hld?

8 Ways t help effrtful prcessing Chunking: Mnemnics: Hierarchies: Spacing effect: Testing effect: aka. Dn t cram! Levels f Prcessing Shallw prcessing: Deep prcessing: Which is better fr yur memry ver time shallw r deep? Mdule 32: Memry Strage and Retrieval (pg ) What is the capacity fr lng term memry? What part f the brain lays dwn new explicit memries (names r events)? What happens t memries while yu are sleeping? What kinds f memries des the cerebellum frm? What kinds f memries des the basal ganglia frm? Flashbulb memries: What part f the brain is invlved in emtinal memries, like flashbulb memries? Describe an especially strng (prbably emtinal memry) that yu can remember abut yurself. Lng-Term Ptentiatin (LTP): A. Retrieval 3 measures f retentin: Recall: Recgnitin: Relearning: What is the pint t remember abut Ebbinghaus learning experiments? Retrieval cues are things that can make it easier t remember smething. Give 2 examples f retrieval cues.

9 Priming: State-dependent memry: Md cngruent: Serial psitin effect: Mdule 33: Frgetting, Memry Cnstructin, and Memry Imprvement (pg ) What is the difference between antergrade and retrgrade amnesia? What are the pssible reasns we culd frget smething because f an encding failure? What did Ebbinghaus frgetting curve prve abut hw much time it takes t frget smething? When yu have a retrieval failures, what is ne way yu culd help yurself remember the infrmatin? Practive Interference: Retractive interference: Repressin: Famus psychlgist assciated with repressin: A. Memry Cnstructin Errrs What is recnslidatin? Misinfrmatin effect: Psychlgist assciated with this: Surce Amnesia: Déjà vu: Is it easy t tell real memries frm false ne? B. Imprving Memry Suggestins t help yu imprve yur memry while studying (just list, dn t describe):

10 Mdule 34: Thinking, Cncepts, and Creativity (pg ) Cgnitin: Cncepts: Prttypes: Creativity: Cnvergent thinking: Divergent thinking: D yu cnsider yurself a creative persn? Why/why nt? 5 cmpnents f creativity: 1. Expertise: 2. Imaginative thinking skills: 3. A venturesme persnality: 4. Intrinsic mtivatin: 5. A creative envirnment: Mdule 35: Slving Prblems and Making Decisins (pg ) A. Prblem Slving: Strategies and Obstacles Algrithms: Heuristics: Insight: Obstacles t Prblem Slving Cnfirmatin Bias: Mental Set: B. Frming Gd and Bad Decisins and Judgments Intuitin: Representative heuristic: Availability heuristic: Overcnfidence: Hw is vercnfidence related t happiness?

11 Belief Perseverance: Framing: Mdule 36: Thinking and Language (pg ) Language: A. Language Structure Phnemes: Mrphemes: Grammar: B. Language Develpment What is receptive language? Hw ld are babies when they understand that? What is prductive language? Babbling Stage: One-Wrd Stage: Tw-Wrd Stage: Telegraphic Speech: What des Nam Chmsky believe abut language develpment? What happens t children wh have nt been expsed t any speaking language befre their critical perid ends? Aphasia: Brca s Area: Wernicke s Area: Linguistic determinism: Unit 14: Scial Psychlgy Mdule 74: Attributin, Attitudes, and Actins (pg ) Scial Psychlgists: Attributin Thery: Fundamental Attributin Errr: Self-serving bias (rewrite definitin here because it belngs here t!): Attitudes: Give an example f hw yur attitude effects yur actins.

12 Peripheral rute persuasin: Central rute persuasin: Ft-in-the-dr phenmenn: Rle: Summarize Zimbard s Stanfrd Prisn Experiment. Festinger s Cgnitive Dissnance Thery: Mdule 75: Cnfrmity and Obedience (pg ) What is the chamelen effect? Cnfrmity: Summarize Asch s Cnfrmity Experiments. List 4 reasns that make peple mre likely t cnfrm. Nrmative Scial Influence: Infrmative Scial Influence: Summarize Milgrim s Obedience Experiments. Explain hw the ft-in-the-dr effect explains Milgrim s experiment results. Mdule 76: Grup Behavir (pg ) Scial Facilitatin: Why d we perfrm better when ther peple are there? Scial Lafing: What 3 things cause scial lafing? Deindividuatin: Grup Plarizatin: Grupthink: What is the difference between scial cntrl and persnal cntrl? What is minrity influence?

13 Culture: Nrms: Mdule 77: Prejudice and Discriminatin (p ) Prejudice: Prejudice is a 3 part mixture f: Steretypes: Ethncentrism: Discriminatin: Give an example f hw subtle prejudice lingers even thugh vert prejudice might be gne. Just-wrld phenmenn: Ingrup: Outgrup: Ingrup Bias: Scapegat Thery: Other-race effect: Hindsight bias (lk up definitin if have t): Mdule 78: Aggressin (pg ) Aggressin: What are the 3 levels f bilgy invlved in aggressin? What parts f the brain are invlved in human aggressin? What chemical influences aggressin? Frustratin-aggressin principle: Scial scripts: Explain the scial script example f the rape myth. After reading abut vilent vide games, what d yu believe d vilent vide games cause teenagers t becme mre vilent?

14 Mdule 79: Attractin (pg ) Mere Expsure Effect: List 4 different aspects t attractiveness in all f the studies the bk describes. What des the reward thery f attractin say? Passinate Lve: Cmpaninate Lve: Equity: Self-disclsure: Mdule 80: Altruism, Cnflict, and Peacemaking (pg ) Altruism: Explain what happened t Kitty Genvese. Bystander Effect: Scial Exchange Thery: Reciprcity Nrm: Scial-Respnsibility Nrm: Cnflict: Scial Traps: *als called game thery r prisner s dilemma Mirrr-image perceptins: Self-fulfilling prphecy: When des it help t put cnflict parties int clse cntact? Way t prmte cperatin: Superrdinate gals: GRIT strategy:

EASTERN ARIZONA COLLEGE Social Psychology

EASTERN ARIZONA COLLEGE Social Psychology EASTERN ARIZONA COLLEGE Scial Psychlgy Curse Design 2018-2019 Curse Infrmatin Divisin Scial Sciences Curse Number PSY 230 Title Scial Psychlgy Credits 3 Develped by Nan Penningtn Lecture/Lab Rati 3 Lecture/0