Behavior Shaping. Shaping. Shaping is defined as. Differential Reinforcement. Jesús Rosales-Ruiz UNT. TxABA 2018
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1 1 Behavior Shaping Jesús Rosales-Ruiz UNT TxABA 2018 Shaping 2... An operant is not something which appears full grown in the behavior of the organism. It is the result of a continuous shaping process. By reinforcing a series of successive approximations, we bring a rare response to a very high probability in a short time. This is an effective procedure because it recognizes and utilizes the continuous nature of a complex act. Skinner (1953) Shaping is defined as 3 The differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a response Or simply: The differential reinforcement of behavior Differential Reinforcement 4 Reinforcement: If the occurrence of an operant is followed by the presentation of a reinforcing stimulus, the strength is increased. Extinction: If the occurrence of an operant already strengthened through reinforcement is not followed by the reinforcing stimulus, the strength is decreased. Skinner (1938)
2 For example... To teach a pigeon how to peck a spot: 5 We first give the bird food when it turns slightly in the direction of the spot from any part of the cage. This increases the frequency of such behavior. We then withhold reinforcement until a slight movement is made toward the spot. This again alters the general distribution of behavior without producing a new unit. Skinner (1953) Successive Approximations 6 We continue by reinforcing positions successively closer to the spot, then by reinforcing only when the head is moved slightly forward, and finally only when the beak actually makes contact with the spot. Skinner (1953) From Undifferentiated to Differentiated 7 The total act of turning toward the spot from any point in the box, walking toward it, raising the head, and striking the spot may seem to be a functionally coherent unit of behavior; But it is constructed by a continual process of differential reinforcement from undifferentiated behavior, just as the sculptor shapes his figure from a lump of clay. Operant conditioning shapes behavior as a sculptor shapes a lump of clay... Skinner (1953) From Old to New 8 Shaping always begins with the existent repertoire From an initial behavior to a final one From old control to new control Shaping progresses through a program of changing contingencies You either Change the response and hold the environment constant, or Change the environment and hold the response constant
3 From Old to New 9 the development of complex behavior is most easily accomplished by carefully designing the environment so that it favors the occurrence of early stages of the behavior, and so that it can be gradually converted into the environment where the final behavior must occur (Michael, 1963, in reference to Terrace, 1961) it is often more convenient to remove or to alter strong controlling stimuli than to weaken their control by extinction 10 Example Chase Owens Barking 11 CA Program - Step 1 12
4 CA Program - Step 2 13 CA Program - Step 3 14 CA Program - Step 4 15 The 4 Questions of Shaping 16 Where do you want to go? Where are you now? What steps are going to take you to your destination? What is going to keep you going? Goldiamond (1974) and Skinner (1968)
5 The Reinforcement System 17 Consist of An Unconditioned Reinforcer (SR) Something worthwhile for the organism (eg. food, social contact,...) A Conditioned Reinforcer (Sr) Something the organism is able to detect (e.g., sound, visual,...) that precedes the SR The Fluent delivery of Sr and SR JRR Mechanics 18 Another Non-example 19 The delivery of the SR 20 Should be taught first Teach the organism where to find the reinforcer Should be efficient With minimal or no searching for SR on the part of the organism and easy to get Should enhance shaping Generates movement in the right direction and leaves the organism in a position to respond again With no room for undesirable behavior between the Sr and the SR
6 Alexandra Kurland 21 Kay - PORTL 22 PORTL - Reinforcer Delivery 23 Bob Bailey 24
7 Kay Laurence 25 Time between Sr & SR 26 Immediate 5 Sec Delay Time between Sr & SR 27 Immediate 5 Sec Delay Time between Sr & SR 28 Immediate 5 Sec Delay
8 Time between Sr & SR 29 Immediate 5 Sec Delay 30 Optimal Shaping Selection 31 Donahoe & Vegas Emitted vs Permitted
9 Emitted 33 Skinner (1938), p 20. I do not mean that there are no originating forces in spontaneous behavior but simply that they are not located in the environment. We are not in a position to see them, and we have no need to. This kind of behavior might be said to be emitted by the organism. Permitted 34 Donahoe (2012, personal communication) Behavior is permitted by the environment The current stimulus situation determines what behavior is possible Implications for Shaping 35 The passive shaper thinks behavior is emitted waits for approximations The active shaper thinks behavior is permitted by the environment arranges the environment that favors the occurrence of the approximation JOURNAL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR PHYSICAL RESTRAINT PRODUCES RAPID ACQUISITION OF THE PIGEON'S KEY PECK C. M. LOCURTO, TANIA TRAVERS, H. S. TERRACE, AND JOHN GIBBON COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, AND NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE 1980,34, NUMBER I (JULY) 36 RESTRAINER FITTED AGAINST TEST PANEL RESTRAINER Fig. 1. Diagram of the restrainer free-standing (right) and fitted against the test panel of a standard-sized test chamber containing a response key (circle) and food aperture (square).
10 - Locurto et al. (1980) 37 0 H-- O Ll CL a H- C!) -J LL * 0 0 a 0-12 A 24 A O RESTRAINER 120 NO RESTRAINER SUBJECT NO. * o A a Y=60.25X * A A Y= X MEAN INTERTRIAL INTERVAL (SEC) Heel position 38 Isolating Movement 39 Tail wag 40
11 Right Paw Movement 41 Luring 42 Overlay Training 43 Results 44
12 45 Movement Cycle 46 Ogden Lindsley (1969) Behavior Cycles 47 Each response has a beginning and an end The behavior is not done until the organism is in a position to do another one e.g. Sitting Cycle Descending phase - young male Rising phase - young male L ix CL 0: d 0 IO set Movement Cycles 48 1/4 1/2 3/4
13 Outcome 49 Movement 50 What are we reinforcing? 51 What are we reinforcing? 52
14 What are we reinforcing? 53 Microshaping Ginger Loops Clicking at 1/2 Cycle - S9 56
15 Clicking at 3/4 Cycle - S Raising Criteria Extinction & Criteria 59 Extinction & Criteria 60
16 Errorless Learning Other ways to shape behavior Adduction 63 Merging Behaviors 64
17 65 Use resurgence to create complex behavior Insight in the Pigeon Staying on Pods 68
18 Exemplars 2 & Generalization The Pose 71 Passage Training 72
19 Thank you 73
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