Index. Springer-Verlag Wien 2017 C. Falup-Pecurariu et al. (eds.), Movement Disorders Curricula, DOI /

Transcription

1 A Abetalipoproteinemia (ALP), 441 Acanthocytosis ALP, 441 HDL2, 441 Acquired dystonias, 261 Action tremor, 304 ADHD. See Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Aetiological epidemiology induction period, 24 observational studies, 25 p-values, 24 residual confounding, 26 reverse causation, 24, 26 risk factor, 26 Aggression, 267 Akathisia, 36, 68, 403, 404, 408 Alcohol abuse ataxia, 329 M-D syndrome, 85 myoclonus, 397 postprandial hypotension, 188 ALP. See Abetalipoproteinemia (ALP) Alzheimer s disease (AD), 109, Amantadine, 286 American Academy of Neurology (AAN), 309 Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, 352 Amphetamine, 228 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Animal models ALS, dystonia, HD, LID, 12 motor symptoms, 12 MSA, neuronal loss, 11 nonmotor symptoms, pathology, 12 PSP, Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), Apathy, 267 APS. See Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) Arteriosclerotic parkinsonism, 234 ASD. See Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Asterixis, 315 ATAs. See Atypical antipsychotics (ATAs) Ataxia age at onset, 328 continuous/episodic, exogenous substances, 329 family history, 328 genetic causes, 329, medical status, 328 non-genetic causes, onset and progression rate, 328 physical examination, 329 scales for, 68 treatment allied health care, 331 interventions, 331 types, 327 WD, 345 Atherosclerotic brain disease, 243 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 277, 293, 295, 297, 299 Atypical antipsychotics (ATAs), 284 Atypical parkinsonian syndrome (APS), 82, 108 Atypical PKAN, 385 Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Autoimmune chorea, 279 Autoimmune diseases childhood movement disorders APS, NMDA-R encephalitis syndrome, 420 OMAS, 420 PANDAS, 422 PERM, 421 SC, 419 SLE, SREAT, 424 SPS, 249, 250 Autoimmune inflammatory systemic diseases, 429 Springer-Verlag Wien 2017 C. Falup-Pecurariu et al. (eds.), Movement Disorders Curricula, DOI /

2 444 Autonomic dysfunction, PD gastrointestinal motility dysfunction, 147 orthostatic hypotension, sialorrhea and drooling, 147 urinary dysfunction, 147 B Bacterial infections, Ballism, 403, 404 Basal ganglia (BG) direct pathway, 3 dopamine depleted Parkinsonian animal, 4 dystonia, 16, 17 multi-objective optimization model anatomical description, 6, 7 DBS, 8 9 DRT, 7 MPTP primate model, 8 pseudo-temperature, 6, 7 role of, 6 postsynaptic dopamine agonists, 4 reinforcement learning model, 6 7 VP, 239 BD. See Binswanger s disease (BD) Benzodiazepines, Beta-adrenergic blockers, 309 Binswanger s disease (BD), Blepharospasm botulinum toxin, hyperkinetic movements, rating scale, 69, 70 Bone and joint disorders, 347 Botulinum toxin adverse effects, 376 beneficial effect, 375 blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, dystonia, 376 embouchure dystonia, facial palsy, 381 hemifacial spasm, 380 laryngeal dystonia, 380 limb dystonia, 379 oromandibular dystonia, 377 serotypes, 375 sialorrhea, 380 spasticity, 382 synkinesis, 381 tics, tremor, 311, 381 truncal dystonia, uses, 376 writer s cramp, 379 Bradykinesia diagnostic feature, PD, 105 hypokinetic movement disorder, 30, 390 Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 286 Brain imaging early-onset parkinsonism, 107 NPH, 110 VP, 240 WD, Brainstem reticular myoclonus, 322 Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), 286 C Candidate gene studies MSA, 184 TD, 284 TS, 295 Carbamazepine, 339 Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, 229 Cardiac abnormalities, 347 Cardiorespiratory arrest, 431 Catatonia, 32 CBD. See Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) CD. See Cervical dystonia (CD) Cerebellar ataxia. See Ataxia Cerebellar tremor, , 311 Ceruloplasmin, Cervical dystonia (CD), 260 botulinum toxin, ET, 304 ChAc. See Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTD), 308 Childhood movement disorders vs. adults, 415 autoimmune diseases APS, NMDA-R encephalitis syndrome, 420 OMAS, 420 PANDAS, 422 PERM, 421 SC, 419 SLE, SREAT, 424 clinical characteristics, NMD, 416 TBMDC, Chorea athetosis, definition, 275 DIMD, 403, 404 nongenetic causes, phenomenology, 275 polycythemia, 430 scales for, 68 Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc), 269, Chronic hepatocerebral degeneration, 432 Citalopram, 411 Clinical trials genetic testing, 56 minimal clinically important changes, 53 outcome tools, placebo effect, 52

3 Clonazepam, 286, 340 Clozapine, 287 Cocaine, Cognitive tics, 291 Cortical-subcortical myoclonus, 323 Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) clinical features, cognitive impairment, 206 cortical dysfunction, epidemiology, hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders, 45 motor symptoms, 205 neuropathology, 204 psychiatric symptoms, 206 treatment, Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loop, 296, 297 Cyanide poisoning, 229 D Deep brain stimulation (DBS), 304 advanced stage, 133 BG, 8 9 complications, 158 intracranial target, 158 motor outcomes, NMS bladder dysfunction, 161 DRT, 160 ICD, 160 sleep impairment, 160 subthalamic nucleus, patient selection, 158 procedure, 157 Dementia PD, 145 stereotypies, WD, 345 Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) biomarkers, 216 clinical criteria, 211 cognitive fluctuations, cognitive profile, 213 delusions, depression, 215 epidemiology, 212 hallucinations, molecular genetics, 217 neuroimaging and ancillary testing, Parkinsonism, 215 pathology, vs. PDD, 211, prodromal symptoms, 213 prognosis, 219 RBD, 215, 218, 363 treatment, visual disturbances, Dentato-rubro-pallido-luysian atrophy (DRPLA), Depression CBD patients, 207 HD, 267 MSA, 189 PD patients, 131, 146, 215 WD patients, 346 Descriptive epidemiology, 23, 24 Diabetes mellitus, 276, 280, 434 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) ASD, 409 TS, DIMD. See Drug-induced movement disorders (DIMD) DLB. See Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Dopamine receptor-blocking agents (DRBA), 401, 403 Dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) BG, 7 NMS, 160 Dopamine transporter imaging, 303 Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD), 82, 84, 107 D-penicillamine, 351 DRBA. See Dopamine receptor-blocking agents (DRBA) DRD. See Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) DRPLA. See Dentato-rubro-pallido-luysian atrophy (DRPLA) Drug-induced chorea, Drug-induced movement disorders (DIMD) adverse events, agents involved, forms, 403 mechanisms, risk factors, 403 scales for, 68 DT. See Dystonic tremor (DT) Dysarthria, 344 Dyskinesia diagnostic feature, PD, 105 DIMD, 403, 404 motor signs, rating scales, 67 Dystonia animal models, botulinum toxin, 376 classification, 253, 255 clinical characteristics, clinical hallmarks, 253, 254 definition, 253 diagnosis, DIMD, 403, 404 etiology, 256, genetic forms, synopsis of, genetics definition and classification, 82, 83 monogenic combined, monogenic isolated, risk factors, 85 neuropathology, 46 scales for, 68 WD, Dystonic tremor (DT), 108, 307, 311

4 446 E Early-onset parkinsonism brain imaging, 107 causes of, 106 differential diagnosis, 106 history and examination, 107 Hoehn and Yahr scale, 141 neuroprotective therapy, symptomatic therapy, EAs. See Episodic ataxias (EAs) Electroencephalography (EEG) FMD, 357 myoclonus, 319 Electrolyte disturbances, Electromyography (EMG) mapping dystonia, 261 tremor, 309 Embouchure dystonia, Endocrine disorders, 347, Enhanced physiological tremor (EPT), 304 Ephedrone encephalopathy, Epidemiological methods aetiological induction period, 24 observational studies, 25 p-values, 24 residual confounding, 26 reverse causation, 24, 26 risk factor, 26 definition, 23 descriptive, 24 Episodic ataxias (EAs), 328 Essential tremor (ET) clinical features, 108 genetics, 87 pathology, 305 PD, 108 prevalence, 304 European Huntington s Disease Network (EHDN), 270, 272 European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommendations, European Society for the Study of Tourette syndrome (ESSTS), 297 Exaggerated startle syndrome, 322 Extrapyramidal disorders, 29 F Facial movement disorders complexity and variety, 389 eyelids, 398 hyperkinetic chorea, 395 drug-induced dyskinesias, dystonia, myoclonus, tics, tremors, 397 hypokinetic, motor control, mouth and jaw, psychogenic, Facial palsy, 381 Faciobrachial seizures, 398 FD. See Functional dystonia (FD) FM. See Functional myoclonus (FM) FMD. See Functional movement disorders (FMD) FP. See Functional parkinsonism (FP) Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), 308, 309, 328 Freezing of gait (FOG), 32, 196 Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 109, FSD. See Functional movement disorders (FMD) FT. See Functional tremor (FT) Functional dystonia (FD), 356 Functional movement disorders (FMD) clinical characteristics, 355 diagnosis, facial movements, phenomenology, treatment, Functional myoclonus (FM), 356 Functional parkinsonism (FP), 356 Functional tremor (FT), 356 FXTAS. See Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) G Gabapentin, 310 Gait disorders elderly people, 234 NPH, 110 PAGF, 110 VP, Genetic metabolic diseases, Genetic studies CAG repeats, 88 contribution and effect, 77, 78 diagnostic odyssey, 88 DLB, 217 dystonia, ET, 87 HD, 86 paroxysmal dyskinesia, PD, PKAN, 386 reduced penetrance, 77, 78 RLS, WD, 350 Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), 295 Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. See Tourette syndrome (TS) Glucose transport protein type 1 (GLUT1), 339, 416 H Habit reversal therapy (HRT), 298 HD. See Huntington s disease (HD) HDL2. See Huntington disease-like 2 (HDL2) Hematological disorders, 347, 430

5 447 Hemifacial spasm botulinum toxin, 380 scales for, 68 Hemochromatosis, 433 Hepatic parenchymal copper, 348 Hepatolenticular degeneration. See Wilson s disease (WD) Heroin overdose, 229 HIV infections, HLP. See Hypolipoproteinemia (HLP) Hoehn and Yahr scale (HY), 132 Holmes tremor, 307, 311 Hoover s sign, 357 HRT. See Habit reversal therapy (HRT) Huntington disease-like 2 (HDL2), 441 Huntington s disease (HD) animal models, clinical manifestations affective disorders, 267 apathy, 267 cognition, 266 irritability and aggression, 267 motor phenotype, neuropsychiatric aspects, OCD, 268 psychosis, 268 differential diagnosis, genetic mutation, 265 genetics, 86 hyperkinetic movement disorder, JHD, treatment and management, Hyperkinetic movement disorders akathisia, 36 ataxia, 37, 38 athetosis, ballism, 35 chorea, 35, 395 dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, 46 drug-induced dyskinesias, dystonia, 33 35, HD, Menkes' disease, 46 myoclonus, 37, 38, neuroacanthocytosis and HD-like syndromes, 46 progressive pallidal degeneration, 46 stereotypy, 37 tics, 36 37, tremors, 32 33, 397 Wilson's disease, 46 Hyperthyroidism, 434 Hypoglycemia, 434 Hypokinetic movement disorders catatonia, 32 corticobasal degeneration, 45 facial movements, 390, 391 MSA, 44 neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, 45 parkinsonism bradykinesia and sequence effect, 30 freezing of gait, 32 postural instability, 31 rigidity, 31 tremor, 31 PSP, 45 sporadic PD, Hypolipoproteinemia (HLP), 441 Hypomimia, 390, 391 Hypoparathyroidism, Hypoxic ischemic injury, I ICD. See Impulse control disorders (ICD) Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (IRBD), IEM. See Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) ILBD. See Incidental Lewy body disease (ILBD) Illicit drugs cocaine, MPTP, 228 opioids, 229 psychostimulants, 228 Impulse control disorders (ICD), 160 Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), 416 Incidental Lewy body disease (ILBD), 131 Infectious chorea, 280 Infectious diseases bacterial infections, HIV, parasitic diseases, 429 viral infections, 428 Inherited dystonias, 256, 260 Inherited hypermanganesaemia, 227 Intoxications, 435 IRBD. See Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (IRBD) Iron-deficiency anemia, 430 Irritability CBD patients, 206 HD patients, 267, 273 Isometric tremor, 304 J Jerking Stiff Person syndrome, 250 Juvenile HD (JHD), Juvenile parkinsonism brain imaging, 107 causes of, 106 differential diagnosis, 106 history and examination, 107 K Kayser Fleischer ring, 346 Kinetic tremor, 304

6 448 L Laryngeal dystonia, 69, 260, 380 Late-life parkinsonism causes of, 112 differential diagnosis, 109 multiple imaging modalities, 110 LBP. See Lower body parkinsonism (LBP) Leg stereotypy disorder (LSD), 411 Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), 12 Limb dystonia, 34, 205, 379 Liver transplantation, 352 Lower body parkinsonism (LBP) vs. BD, 233, 243 clinical improvement, 234 clinical manifestation, 235 hallmarks, 242 vs. PD, 233, 236 LSD. See Leg stereotypy disorder (LSD) M Malaria, 429 Manganese overload, Manganism, McLeod syndrome, M-D. See Myoclonus-dystonia (M-D) Medication-induced myoclonus, 319, 320 Metabolic chorea, 280 Metabolic disorders, Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 225, 228 Metoclopramide, 284 Midlife onset parkinsonism causes of, differential diagnosis, 108 multiple imaging modalities, 110 Molecular genetics. See Genetic studies Monogenic combined dystonias DRD, 84 M-D, 85 PRKRA-linked dystonia-parkinsonism, 84 rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism, 84 XDP, Monogenic isolated dystonia adolescent-onset dystonia with mixed phenotype, 83 adult-onset segmental dystonia, 83 Oppenheim dystonia, 83 underlie hypomyelination and atrophy, 84 Motor stereotypies, 407 Moyamoya disease, 276 MPTP. See 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) MSA. See Multiple system atrophy (MSA) Multiple sclerosis tremor, 311 Multiple system atrophy (MSA), 44, , 321, 328 animal models, clinical characteristics autonomic function testing, 186 autonomic symptoms, 185 cerebellar type, 185 CSF, 186 diagnostic criteria, 186 disease course, MRI, 185 PET, 186 with predominant Parkinsonism, 185 red flags, 185 differential diagnoses, 187 disease modification, 189 epidemiology, 183 etiology/pathogenesis, 184 limitations, 189 neuropathology, 184 rating scales, 70 RBD, symptomatic therapy cerebellar ataxia, 188 depression, 189 dystonia, 188 erectile dysfunction, 189 incomplete bladder emptying, 189 inspiratory stridor, 189 orthostatic hypotension, 188 Parkinsonism, urge incontinence, Multiple system atrophy-predominating Parkinsonismlike symptoms (MSA-P), Myoclonus ancillary and advanced testing, 319, 321 brainstem reticular formation, 322 characteristics, classifications, diagnostic approach, 319 DIMD, 403, 404 M-D, in PD, 321 scales for, 69 treatment, types, 315 Myoclonus-dystonia (M-D), 85, Myotonia, 398 N NA syndromes. See Neuroacanthocytosis (NA) syndromes Natural toxins, 229 Negative myoclonus, 315 Neuroacanthocytosis (NA) syndromes ALP, 441 ChAc, classification, 439 differential diagnosis, 440 HDL2, 441 McLeod syndrome, PKAN, 441 Neuroimaging PKAN, VP, Neuro-metabolic diseases (NMDs), 416

7 Neuromyotonia, 398 Neuropathology classification, 43 dystonias, 46 hyperkinetic movement disorders dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, 46 HD, Menkes' disease, 46 neuroacanthocytosis and HD-like syndromes, 46 progressive pallidal degeneration, 46 Wilson's disease, 46 hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders corticobasal degeneration, 45 MSA, 44 neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, 45 PSP, 45 sporadic PD, tremor syndromes, Neurophysiological studies chorea, 275 WD, 350 Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) scale, 217 Neuropsychiatric symptoms CBD, 206 DLB, 217 HD, 267, 268 PD cognitive decline and dementia, 145 depression, 146 psychosis and hallucinations, PDD, 218 NMDs. See Neuro-metabolic diseases (NMDs) N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) encephalitis syndrome, 420, 423 Non-motor symptoms (NMS) advanced stage, 133 animal models, 119 complications, 122 DBS bladder dysfunction, 161 DRT, 160 ICD, 160 sleep impairment, 160 subthalamic nucleus, DeNoPA study, DIMD, 403, 405 dopaminergic therapy, 124 ethnicity, 120 fluctuations, importance of, 117, 118 NMS Questionnaire (NMSQuest), 123 NMS scale (NMSS)/NMSQuest, 118 pathophysiology, 119 preclinical problems, predictors, 129 QoL, stages of, 117 subtyping, treatment, 122 validated tools, 122 Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), 110, 238 Nuclear imaging FMD, 357 VP, O Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 268, 277, 293, 295, 297 OCD. See Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) OMAS. See Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome (OMAS) Opioids, 229 Oppenheim dystonia, 83 Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome (OMAS), 420 Organic solvents, 229 Oromandibular dystonia, 377, 394 Orthostatic tremor (OT), 307, 311 OT. See Orthostatic tremor (OT) P Painful legs and moving toes syndrome (PLMTS), PANDAS. See Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) Panhypopituitarism, 435 Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) clinical presentation, 385 molecular genetics, 386 NA syndromes, 441 neuroimaging, pathology, 386 pathophysiology, 386 therapy, Paraneoplastic disorders, Paraneoplastic SPS, 251 Parasitic diseases, 429 Parkinsonism DIMD, 403, 405 WD, 344 Parkinson s disease (PD), 306, 311 AD, 109 advanced stage DBS, 133 L-dopa, mortality ratio, 134 motor fluctuations, 132 NMS, 133 non-motor fluctuations, 133 age of onset, 104 anti-pd medications, 139 APS, 108 bradykinesia, 105 clinical course and response, 113 clinical diagnosis, 105 definition of, DT, 108 dyskinesia, 105

8 450 Parkinson s disease (PD) (cont.) dystonia, 262 early and intermediate, early-onset parkinsonism brain imaging, 107 causes of, 106 differential diagnosis, 106 history and examination, 107 ET, 108 etiology and pathogenesis Braak staging model, 96 enteric nervous system, environmental toxins and pathogens, 97 familial forms, inflammation and iron, Lewy bodies, 96 olfactory bulb, oxidative stress, α-synuclein propagation, examination, 105 FTD, 109 gait disorders, genetics atypical parkinsonism, 82 definition and classification, 79 dominantly inherited, 80 PARK-DJ-1, 81 PARK-GBA, 81 PARK-LRRK2, 80 PARK-PARKIN, PARK-PINK1, 81 PARK-SNCA, PARK-VPS35 (PARK17), 80 juvenile parkinsonism brain imaging, 107 causes of, 106 differential diagnosis, 106 history and examination, 107 late-life parkinsonism causes of, 112 differential diagnosis, 109 multiple imaging modalities, 110 vs. LBP, , 237 levodopa (L-dopa), 130 midlife onset parkinsonism causes of, differential diagnosis, 108 multiple imaging modalities, 110 monogenic form, 130 motor signs autonomic dysfunction, characteristics, pharmacological groups, 140 dyskinesia, Hoehn and Yahr scale, 141 motor fluctuations, neuroprotective therapy, neuropsychiatric symptoms, pharmacological agents, 139 sleep disorders, symptomatic therapy, myoclonus, 321 near-infrared light therapy, 161 NMS, 129 optogenetics, 161 pathology and aetiology, 104 prodromal ILBD, 131 PD-specific changes, 131 preclinical phase, 130 pre-diagnostic phase, 130 premotor phase, 130 pre-physiological phase, 130 RBD, 130 Queen Square Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria, 103 RBD, red flags, 108 scales for, 69 secondary parkinsonism drugs, 109 infectious and postinfectious, 109 toxins, 109 substantia nigra pars compacta, 129 surgical treatment complications, 158 implantable pulse generator, 158 intracranial target, 158 motor outcomes, NMS, patient selection, 158 thalamotomy, 157 symptoms, 104 transplantations and restorative therapy, 161 Parkinson s disease with dementia (PDD) cognitive fluctuations, 215 vs. DLB, 211 treatment, Paroxysmal dyskinesias classification, 335 definition, 335 monogenic causes, 85, 86 primary forms, 335, 337, 338 secondary forms, 335, 336 Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesias (PEDs), 86, Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesias (PKDs), 85 86, 339 Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesias (PNKDs), 86, 336 PD. See Parkinson s disease (PD) Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS), 276, 422 PEDs. See Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesias (PEDs) Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS), Periodic limb movements in wakefulness (PLMW), 368 PERM. See Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) Pesticides, 229 Phonic stereotypies, 407

9 451 Phonic/vocal tics, 291 Physiological tremor (PT), 304 Physiologic stereotypies, 409 Pill-rolling rest tremor, 306 PKAN. See Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) PKDs. See Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesias (PKDs) PLMS. See Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) PLMTS. See Painful legs and moving toes syndrome (PLMTS) PLMW. See Periodic limb movements in wakefulness (PLMW) PNKDs. See Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesias (PNKDs) Portal systemic encephalopathy, Positive myoclonus, 315 Postanoxic myoclonus, 320 Post pump chorea, 276, 431 Posttraumatic tremor, 308 Postural tremor, 304 Presymptomatic WD, 344 Primary paroxysmal dyskinesias clinical characteristics and treatment, 337 genes involved, 338 Primary tic disorders, 292 Primidone, 310 Prodromal PD incidental Lewy body disease, 131 PD-specific changes, 131 preclinical phase, 130 pre-diagnostic phase, 130 premotor phase, 130 pre-physiological phase, 130 RBD, 130 Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM), 250, 421 Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 45, 238 animal models, clinical characteristics clinical features, diagnostic criteria, 196, 197 phenotypic spectrum, 196 disease modification, 198 epidemiology, etiology environmental factors and mitochondrial dysfunction, 195 genetics, facial movement disorders, 390 investigations, limitations, neuropathology, 194 PSP-P, 108 symptomatic treatment, Propranolol, 309 Propriospinal myoclonus, 322 PSP. See Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) Psychogenic movement disorders. See Functional movement disorders (FMD) Psychogenic myoclonus, 322 Psychogenic tremor, 308 Psychological therapy, 358 Psychosis, 268 Psychostimulants, 228 PT. See Physiological tremor (PT) Punding, 408 Pure akinesia with gait freezing (PAGF), 110 Q Quality of clinical trials domains, 50 limitations, 50 Movement Disorder Society, 51, 52 randomised controlled trials, 49 risk of bias, 50 SPIRIT, 50 Quality of life (QoL), PD apomorphine, 171, 173, 174 deterioration factors, 168 dopamine agonists, duodopa, instruments applied generic measures, 166 specific measures, Levodopa, 169 measurement, NMS, nonsurgical and non-pharmacological therapies, 173, 175 rasagiline, 170 rivastigmine, safinamide, 170 selegiline, 170 surgical procedures, 171 R Rating scales applications, 65 ataxia, 67 choreas, 67 drug-induced, 67 dyskinesia, 67 dystonia, MSA, 70 patient-reported outcomes, 65 PD, PSP, 70 psychogenic movement disorders, 71 psychometric attributes and standard values, 66, 67 RLS, 71 tics, Tourette syndrome, tremor, 72 RBD. See REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) Red flags, 108, 185

10 452 REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) classification, 361 clinical and subclinical abnormalities, 361, 362 conditions associated with, 364 diagnosis, 361 DLB, 215, 363 in MSA, in PD, prodromal PD, 130 sleep disorders, 148 treatment, 218 Renal disorders, 347 Response interruption and redirection (RIRD), 411 Restless legs syndrome (RLS) clinical spectrum, 368 diagnostic criteria, genetics, pathology, pathophysiology, pharmacological treatment, prevalence, 368 rating scales, 69, 71 symptoms, 367 Rest tremor, 303 Rett syndrome, 37, 410 Richardson s syndrome, 108, 196 RIRD. See Response interruption and redirection (RIRD) RLS. See Restless legs syndrome (RLS) S SC. See Sydenham s chorea (SC) Secondary parkinsonism drugs, 109 infectious and postinfectious, 109 toxins, 109 Secondary paroxysmal dyskinesias, 335, 336 Sensory ataxia, 327 Serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), , 402 Serum copper, 348 Sialorrhea botulinum toxin, 380 PD, 147 Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 228, 309 Skin hyperpigmentation, 347 SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Sleep disorders, SLS. See Stiff limb syndrome (SLS) SNARE proteins, 375 Spasticity, 376, 382 SPS. See Stiff person syndrome (SPS) SREAT. See Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT) SSRI. See Serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Steele-Richardson-Olszewksi syndrome. See Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) Stereotypies ASD, causes, 406, 407 definition, 407 dementia, genetic causes, LSD, 411 pathophysiology, phenomenology, physiologic, 409 Rett syndrome, 410 TD, 410 therapy, 411 Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT), 424 Steroids, 279 Stiff limb syndrome (SLS), 250 Stiff person syndrome (SPS) clinical and electromyographic features, 250 diagnosis, 251 paraneoplastic phenomenon, 251 PERM, 250 plus signs, 249 therapeutic considerations, Stroke-induced parkinsonism, 235 Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), 129 Suggested Immobilization Test (SIT), 367 Sydenham s chorea (SC), , 419, 423 bacterial infections, 428 Synkinesis, 381 α-synuclein, 227 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), T Tardive dyskinesia (TD) definition, 283 epidemiology, 284 genetic predispositions, 284, 285 pathophysiology, 284, 286 phenotypes, risk factors, 284 stereotypies, 410 treatment, Task-specific tremor, 304, 307 TBMDC. See Transient benign movement disorders in children (TBMDC) TD. See Tardive dyskinesia (TD) Tetrabenazine (TBZ), 286 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 298 Thanatos-associated domain-containing apoptosisassociated protein 1 (THAP1) gene testing, 46, 83, Tics botulinum toxin, vs. chorea, 275 diagnosis, 292 differential diagnosis, DIMD, 403, 405 divison, 291 scales for, 69 treatment, 298 Topiramate, 310 TorsinA (TOR1A) gene testing, 46, 83, 261 Tourette syndrome (TS)

11 453 DSM-V criteria, genetic and environmental factors, pathophysiology, premonitory urges, 294 prevalence and course, scales for, 69 therapy, Toxic-induced parkinsonism carbon monoxide, 229 cyanide, 229 illicit drugs, metals, natural toxins, 229 organic solvents, 229 pesticides, 229 Transcranial ultrasonography (TCS), 241 Transient benign movement disorders in children (TBMDC), Tremor. See also Dystonic tremor (DT); Essential tremor (ET) botulinum toxin, 381 diagnosis, 305, DIMD, 403, 405 etiology, 304 hyperkinetic movement disorder, neuropathology, pharmacological treatment, phenomenology, scales for, 69 surgical treatment, WD, 345 Trientine, Truncal dystonia, TS. See Tourette syndrome (TS) Typical antipsychotics (TAs), 284 Typical PKAN, 385 U UFMG Sydenham Chorea Rating Scale (USCRS), 277 Unilateral parkinsonism, 235 United Kingdom Parkinson s Disease Society Brain Bank criteria, 306 Uremic encephalopathy, 432 Urinary copper excretion, 348 V Vascular chorea, 276 Vascular parkinsonism (VP) basal ganglia lesions, 239 brain stem lesions, clinical features, differential diagnosis, epidemiology, gait disorders, mechanisms, neuroimaging, nuclear imaging, 241 pathogenesis, pathology, PD, prevalence, 235, 236 risk factors, 235 subtypes, 234 transcranial ultrasonography, 241 treatment, 243 WMLs, Ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM), 304 Video recordings, of movement disorders consent form, documentation, 59 hardware considerations, 62 internal consistency, 60 limitations, 60, 61 long-term storage, 62 protocols, software considerations, 62 video room equipments, 60 Viral infections, 428 Vitamin deficiencies, 433 Vitamin E, 287 Voluntary facial movements, 389 VP. See Vascular parkinsonism (VP) W WD. See Wilson s disease (WD) Whipple disease, 433 White matter lesions (WMLs), 233, Willis Ekbom disease (WED). See Restless legs syndrome (RLS) Wilson s disease (WD) clinical manifestations, 344 cognitive impairment global clinical evaluation, 347 hepatic manifestations, 346 ophthalmological manifestations, psychiatric manifestations, 346 Cummings' report, 343 diagnostic testing, epidemiology, 343 metabolic encephalopathies, 432 treatment, tremor, 308 Withdrawal dyskinesia, 283 WMLs. See White matter lesions (WMLs) World Health Organization drug-induced adverse events, 401 QoL, 165 Writer s cramp botulinum toxin injections, 379 dystonia, 34, 85, 376 PED, 340 X X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP), Z Zinc therapy, 352