(a) Similarity between different species (b) Diversity within a species

Transcription

1 Fig. 24-1

2 Fig (a) Similarity between different species (b) Diversity within a species

3 Fig. 24-2a (a) Similarity between different species

4 Fig. 24-2b (b) Diversity within a species

5 Fig EXPERIMENT Example of a gene tree for population pair A-B Gene flow event Allele 1 B Population A A A Allele 1 is more closely related to alleles 2, 3, and 4 than to alleles 5, 6, and 7. Inference: Gene flow occurred B B B Alleles 5, 6, and 7 are more closely related to one another than to alleles in population A. Inference: No gene flow occurred. RESULTS Pair of populations with detected gene flow A-B K-L A-C B-C F-G G-I C-E Estimated minimum number of gene flow events to account for genetic patterns Distance between populations (km) ,390 1, ,110 1,310

6 Fig. 24-3a EXPERIMENT Example of a gene tree for population pair A-B Gene flow event Allele 1 B Population A A A Allele 1 is more closely related to alleles 2, 3, and 4 than to alleles 5, 6, and 7. Inference: Gene flow occurred B B B Alleles 5, 6, and 7 are more closely related to one another than to alleles in population A. Inference: No gene flow occurred.

7 Fig. 24-3b RESULTS Pair of populations with detected gene flow A-B K-L A-C B-C F-G G-I C-E Estimated minimum number of gene flow events to account for genetic patterns Distance between populations (km) ,390 1, ,110 1,310

8 Fig. 24-3c Grey-crowned babblers

9 Fig Prezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers Habitat Isolation Temporal Isolation Behavioral Isolation Mechanical Isolation Gametic Isolation Reduced Hybrid Viability Reduced Hybrid Fertility Hybrid Breakdown Individuals of different species Mating attempt Fertilization Viable, fertile offspring (a) (c) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (l) (d) (j) (b) (k)

10 Fig. 24-4a Prezygotic barriers Habitat Isolation Temporal Isolation Behavioral Isolation Mechanical Isolation Individuals of different species Mating attempt (a) (c) (e) (f) (d) (b)

11 Fig. 24-4b Prezygotic barriers Habitat Isolation Temporal Isolation Behavioral Isolation Mechanical Isolation Individuals of different species Mating attempt

12 Fig. 24-4c (a) Water-dwelling Thamnophis

13 Fig. 24-4d (b) Terrestrial Thamnophis

14 Fig. 24-4e (c) Eastern spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius)

15 Fig. 24-4f (d) Western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis)

16 Fig. 24-4g (e) Courtship ritual of bluefooted boobies

17 Fig. 24-4h (f) Bradybaena with shells spiraling in opposite directions

18 Fig. 24-4i Prezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers Gametic Isolation Reduced Hybrid Viability Reduced Hybrid Fertility Hybrid Breakdown Fertilization Viable, fertile offspring (g) (h) (i) (l) (j) (k)

19 Fig. 24-4j Prezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers Gametic Isolation Reduced Hybrid Viability Reduced Hybrid Fertility Hybrid Breakdown Fertilization Viable, fertile offspring

20 Fig. 24-4k (g) Sea urchins

21 Fig. 24-4l (h) Ensatina hybrid

22 Fig. 24-4m (i) Donkey

23 Fig. 24-4n (j) Horse

24 Fig. 24-4o (k) Mule (sterile hybrid)

25 Fig. 24-4p (l) Hybrid cultivated rice plants with stunted offspring (center)

26 Fig (a) Allopatric speciation (b) Sympatric speciation

27 Fig A. harrisi A. leucurus

28 Fig Mantellinae (Madagascar only): 100 species Rhacophorinae (India/Southeast Asia): 310 species Other Indian/ Southeast Asian frogs Millions of years ago (mya) India Madagascar 88 mya 65 mya 56 mya

29 Fig. 24-7a Mantellinae (Madagascar only): 100 species Rhacophorinae (India/Southeast Asia): 310 species Other Indian/ Southeast Asian frogs Millions of years ago (mya)

30 Fig. 24-7b India Madagascar 88 mya 65 mya 56 mya

31 Fig Degree of reproductive isolation Geographic distance (km)

32 Maltose Starch population 2 Male Male Starch Starch population 1 Fig EXPERIMENT Initial population Some flies raised on starch medium Mating experiments after 40 generations Some flies raised on maltose medium RESULTS Female Female Starch Starch Starch Maltose population 1 population Mating frequencies in experimental group Mating frequencies in control group

33 Fig. 24-9a EXPERIMENT Initial population Some flies raised on starch medium Mating experiments after 40 generations Some flies raised on maltose medium

34 Fig. 24-9b Male Maltose Starch Male Starch Starch population 1 population 2 RESULTS Female Female Starch Starch Starch Maltose population 1 population Mating frequencies in experimental group Mating frequencies in control group

35 Fig n = 6 4n = 12 Failure of cell division after chromosome duplication gives rise to tetraploid tissue.

36 Fig n = 6 4n = 12 Failure of cell division after chromosome duplication gives rise to tetraploid tissue. 2n Gametes produced are diploid..

37 Fig n = 6 4n = 12 Failure of cell division after chromosome duplication gives rise to tetraploid tissue. 2n Gametes produced are diploid.. 4n Offspring with tetraploid karyotypes may be viable and fertile.

38 Fig Species B 2n = 4 Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes Meiotic error Species A 2n = 6 Normal gamete n = 3

39 Fig Species B 2n = 4 Meiotic error Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes Hybrid with 7 chromosomes Species A 2n = 6 Normal gamete n = 3

40 Fig Species B 2n = 4 Meiotic error Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes Hybrid with 7 chromosomes Unreduced gamete with 7 chromosomes Species A 2n = 6 Normal gamete n = 3 Normal gamete n = 3

41 Fig Species B 2n = 4 Meiotic error Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes Hybrid with 7 chromosomes Unreduced gamete with 7 chromosomes Species A 2n = 6 Normal gamete n = 3 Normal gamete n = 3 Viable fertile hybrid (allopolyploid) 2n = 10

42 Fig EXPERIMENT Normal light Monochromatic orange light P. pundamilia P. nyererei

43 Fig Allele frequency (log scale) EUROPE Yellow-bellied toad, Bombina variegata Hybrid zone Yellow-bellied toad range Fire-bellied toad range 0.99 Fire-bellied toad, Bombina bombina Distance from hybrid zone center (km)

44 Fig a Yellow-bellied toad, Bombina variegata

45 Fig b Fire-bellied toad, Bombina bombina

46 Fig c Allele frequency (log scale) Hybrid zone Fire-bellied toad range Yellow-bellied toad range Distance from hybrid zone center (km)

47 Fig Gene flow Population (five individuals are shown) Barrier to gene flow

48 Fig Isolated population diverges Gene flow Population (five individuals are shown) Barrier to gene flow

49 Fig Isolated population diverges Hybrid zone Gene flow Population (five individuals are shown) Barrier to gene flow Hybrid

50 Fig Isolated population diverges Hybrid zone Possible outcomes: Reinforcement OR Gene flow Population (five individuals are shown) Barrier to gene flow Hybrid Fusion OR Stability

51 Fig Number of females Sympatric male pied flycatcher Allopatric male pied flycatcher Pied flycatchers Collared flycatchers Females mating with males from: Own species (none) Other species Own species Other species Sympatric males Allopatric males

52 Fig a Sympatric male pied flycatcher Allopatric male pied flycatcher

53 Fig b Number of females 28 Pied flycatchers Collared flycatchers (none) 0 Females mating Own with males from: species Other species Own species Other species Sympatric males Allopatric males

54 Fig Pundamilia nyererei Pundamilia pundamilia Pundamilia turbid water, hybrid offspring from a location with turbid water

55 Fig (a) Punctuated pattern Time (b) Gradual pattern

56 Fig (a) The wild sunflower Helianthus anomalus H. anomalus Chromosome 1 Experimental hybrid H. anomalus Chromosome 2 Experimental hybrid H. anomalus Chromosome 3 Experimental hybrid Key Region diagnostic for parent species H. petiolaris Region diagnostic for parent species H. annuus Region lacking information on parental origin (b) The genetic composition of three chromosomes in H. anomalus and in experimental hybrids

57 Fig a (a) The wild sunflower Helianthus anomalus

58 Fig b H. anomalus Chromosome 1 Experimental hybrid H. anomalus Chromosome 2 Experimental hybrid H. anomalus Chromosome 3 Experimental hybrid Key Region diagnostic for parent species H. petiolaris Region lacking information on parental origin Region diagnostic for parent species H. annuus (b) The genetic composition of three chromosomes in H. anomalus and in experimental hybrids

59 Fig

60 Fig (a) Typical Mimulus lewisii (b) M. lewisii with an M. cardinalis flower-color allele (c) Typical Mimulus cardinalis (d) M. cardinalis with an M. lewisii flower-color allele

61 Fig. 24-UN1 Original population Allopatric speciation Sympatric speciation

62 Fig. 24-UN2 Ancestral species: AA Triticum monococcum (2n = 14) BB Wild Triticum (2n = 14) DD Wild T. tauschii (2n = 14) Product: AA BB DD T. aestivum (bread wheat) (2n = 42)

63 Fig. 24-UN3