UNIT 4. REPRODUCTION

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1 UNIT 4. REPRODUCTION ACTIVITIES: 1. What is the life cycle? Explain the main stages in a living being s life cycle 2. What is reproduction? 3. What is the main difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? 4. Write the disadvantages of: a) Sexual reproduction b) Asexual reproduction 5. Fill-the gaps: a) reproduction requires only which produces new, genetically living. b) is the biological by which new individual are. c) ensures the perpetuation of the. d) Living beings ( ) are able to and generate new living being ( ). 6. Match the columns with arrows: Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Two parents One parent Genetically identical Combination of genetic material Male and female 7. Which of the following statements correspond to sexual or asexual reproduction? a) The descendant is identical to the progenitor b) Organisms which grow in soil c) Requires two organisms d) Formation of gametes e) Fertilisation must occur f) The descendant s characteristic are a mix of both progenitors g) Diversity among individuals of a species h) An individual organism can generate many descendants. 8. Define: gemmation, fragmentation 9. Complete with gemmation or fragmentation : a) The two main types of asexual reproduction are and. b) Buds is common in c) An outgrowth from the body of the parent, develop into a new individual occurs in. d) A new organism grow from each fragment occurs in. 1

10. Write gemmation or fragmentation below each picture 11. Write T for true or F for false: Correct the mistakes a) Sexual reproduction is common in unicellular organisms.

2 10. Write gemmation or fragmentation below each picture 11. Write T for true or F for false: Correct the mistakes a) Sexual reproduction is common in unicellular organisms. b) The two main types of sexual reproduction are gemmation and fragmentation. c) In gemmation a bud develop into one new individual. d) In fragmentation a new individual grows from a fragment of the parent 12. Complete the draw : 13. Complete: a) The reproductive male organ is: b) The reproductive female organ is: c) The reproductive organs, male and female, are: d) The individual that has only one type of gonad is e) The individual that has both, male and female gonads is: 14. Define: gonad, gametes 15. What is the difference between ovary and ovum? 16. What is the difference between testicle and spermatozoon? 17. What is an unisexual individual? 18. What is a hermaphrodite individual? 19. What does sexual dimorphism mean? 2

3 20. Think two examples of sexual dimorphism, for each example describe the differences between the male and the female 21. What is fertilisation? 22. What happens when male and female gametes join? 23. Is external fertilization more advantageous than internal fertilization? 24. Fertilisation in the humans being is internal. What does it mean? 25. In some species, both fameless and males produce large quantities of gametes. In other species, males produce many gametes and females only a few. Why do you think this is? 26. What is copulation? 27. Complete: a) If the union of the gametes occur inside the body of the female s body, is called:. b) If the union of the gametes occur outside the body of the female s body, is called:. c) The union of an ovum and a spermatozoon is called:. d) A ovum and a spermatozoon unite form a. e) The is when the transmission of spermatozoon is inside the body of a female. 28. Match the columns with arrows: Inside the female s body External fertilisation Outside the female s body Copulation Internal fertilisation Zygote Egg cell 29. Write T for true or F for false: Correct the mistakes a) The union of an ovum and a spermatozoon form a zygote. b) Fertilisation is the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon. c) External fertilisation involves copulation. d) The transmission of spermatozoon of the male into female is copulation. 30. What represents this picture? 31. What is embryonic development? 32. Define: viviparous, oviparous, ovoviviparous 33. Embryonic development in mammals is long, and embryos require many nutrients. However the zygote contains few reserve nutrients. Why? 3

34. Complete the chart of differences between viviparous, oviparous and ovoviviparous

In viviparous animals, a) development continues outside the mother after she lays the egg 2.

In ovoviviparous and oviparous animals, c)development takes place inside the mother until

In ovoviviparous animals, d) it gets nutrients from the placenta 5.

it hatches 36. Write down below each picture: viviparous, oviparous or ovoviviparous. 37.

4 34. Complete the chart of differences between viviparous, oviparous and ovoviviparous Viviparous Oviparous Ovoviviparous 35. Match up the two halves of the sentences 1. In viviparous animals, a) development continues outside the mother after she lays the egg 2. In oviparous animals, b) the eggs hatch inside the mother 3. In ovoviviparous and oviparous animals, c)development takes place inside the mother until finally the live offspring is born 4. In ovoviviparous animals, d) it gets nutrients from the placenta 5. While the embryo is in the uterus, e) the embryo gets nutrients from the inside the egg until it hatches 36. Write down below each picture: viviparous, oviparous or ovoviviparous. 37. Look at the embryonic development of some animals. a) In the middle of the embryonic development. What do you think are the most similar to the humans? b) In the middle of the embryonic development. What do you think are the less similar to the humans? 4

38. Answer these questions: a) What is the post-embryonic development? b) What types of post-embryonic development are there?

Answer these questions: a) What are the stem tubers? b) What are the stolons? c) What are bulbs? 41.

Dandelions are hermaphroditic flowers. In an experiment, the roots of one were cut into four pieces.

b) This plant is considered a weed. Why? 43. What type of vegetative reproduction is shown in each picture? 44.

Explain how each method works. Draw a diagram to help you explain the method. 45. Define: calyx, corolla, pistil or carpel and stamen 46.

5 38. Answer these questions: a) What is the post-embryonic development? b) What types of post-embryonic development are there? c) What is metamorphosis? d) Explain the difference between incomplete and complete metamorphosis 39. How do ferns and mosses reproduce? 40. Answer these questions: a) What are the stem tubers? b) What are the stolons? c) What are bulbs? 41. Do you think new plants created from the cuttings of a parent plant will look very like the parent plant? 42. Dandelions are hermaphroditic flowers. In an experiment, the roots of one were cut into four pieces. They were each buried in a flower pot and after two week, each piece of root grew into a new plant. a) What type of reproduction is this? b) This plant is considered a weed. Why? 43. What type of vegetative reproduction is shown in each picture? 44. Gardeners use lots of methods to grow new plant. Use internet to find out about two of them: cutting and grafting. Explain how each method works. Draw a diagram to help you explain the method. 45. Define: calyx, corolla, pistil or carpel and stamen 46. Are these parts of the flower male or female? Stigma, anther, filament, ovary, style 47. Write at least three differences between flowers that use insects for pollination and flowers that use the wind 48. What is the difference between self pollination and cross-pollination. Which do you think is better. Why? 5

49. Complete: 50. Observe these flowers: a) Which is pollinated by wind?

What structures favour this type of pollination?

Explain the process of fertilization and formation of seed 52.

b) The pollen grains develop until they reach the ovary.

d) The ripened ovary becomes a seed and the ripened ovule becomes the fruit. 53.

6 49. Complete: 50. Observe these flowers: a) Which is pollinated by wind? What characteristics favour this type of pollination? b) Which is pollinated by insects? What structures favour this type of pollination? c) What is one advantage of insect pollination over wind pollination? 51. Explain the process of fertilization and formation of seed 52. Correct the mistakes: a) The pollen tubes land on the pistil. b) The pollen grains develop until they reach the ovary. c) The male (ovum) and female (pollen) gametes fuse to form the embryo. d) The ripened ovary becomes a seed and the ripened ovule becomes the fruit. 53. Fill in the banks using the words in the box Animals germinates pollination anther fruit root nucleus stigma seed shoot Sexual reproduction in plants starts with. The pollen is transferred from the to the. Next, the pollen nucleus join with the ovule. This is called fertilization. After this, the ovule grows into a. Then the seed are dispersed by or by the wind. Finally, if the conditions are right, the seed. This means that it grows into a new plant. The develops first, and then the start to grow. 6

54. Look at the pictures from the life cycle of a duck and answer the questions below: a) How do

c) Are ducks oviparous, viviparous or ovoviviparous?

7 54. Look at the pictures from the life cycle of a duck and answer the questions below: a) How do ducks reproduce: sexually or asexually? b) Do duck fertilise their eggs internally or externally? c) Are ducks oviparous, viviparous or ovoviviparous? d) After the offspring are born, do they develop directly or indirectly? 55. Put the words into the right boxes. Some words go in more than one box Bud, seed, gamete, embryo, fertilization, fruit, flower, stamen, carpel, birth, tuber, germination, spore, runner, hatch, stigma, egg, anther, zygote, viviparous SEXUAL ASEXUAL PLANT ANIMALS 7

b. What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

b. What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? Unit 4: Reproduction 1. Reproduction function 2. Reproduction in animals 2.1. Asexual reproduction 2.2. Sexual reproduction 3. Reproduction in plants 3.1. Asexual reproduction 3.2. Sexual reproduction