The Effect of Puff Duration on Smoke Chemistry

Transcription

1 The Effect of Puff Duration on Smoke Chemistry Eun-Jung Han* John Lee, Hae-Geun Shin, Ga-Hee Lim, Hyo-Keun Kim Oct 15, 2014

2 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results & Discussion 4 Conclusion 2

3 Introduction Cigarette combustion processes Schematic diagram of major processes occurring in cigarette combustion 3

4 Introduction Formation temperatures of each cigarette smoke components Smoke components Temp. ( ) Processes in burning zone Particulate phase (Nicotine) 180 ~ 250 (<250) Distillation, Degradation Phenolic compounds 25 ~ 600 Distillation, Pyrolysis Carbonyl compounds 200 ~ 600 Distillation, Pyrolysis TSNAs, HCN 600 ~ 900 Pyrolysis Gas phase 700 ~ 950 Combustion 4

5 Introduction Smoking regimes Puff Puff Puff Vent Regimes volume frequency duration blocking (ml) (s) (s) (%) ISO MDPH HC

6 Introduction Human smoking behaviors Puffs/ Puff Puff Puff References No. of subjects cigarette interval (s) duration (s) volume (ml) Nil et al., 1986a Schulz and Seehofer, Schulz and Seehofer, Battig et al., Epstein et al., Moody, Nil et al., 1986b Hughes et al., Puustinen et al., Russell et al., Gritz et al., Mean Range 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ 66 - U.S Department of Health and Human Services,

7 Introduction Objective The variations of puff parameters observed with individual human smokers were shown in the previous slide. The range of puff durations in human smokers was from 1.2 to 2.4 seconds. However, the puff duration of all representative smoking regimes was the same, 2 seconds. This study aims to investigate the effect of puff duration on the cigarette smoke chemistry. 1) Burning temperature of sample cigarettes 2) Filter removal efficiency based on nicotine 3) Analysis of smoke constituents 7

8 Experimental Sample cigarettes ISO tar yield (mg/cig) A, B, C : Commercial cigarette products Filter type Ventilation (%) Blend style 3R4F 9.5 Cellulose acetate 29 American A 5.5 Activated carbon 58 American B 3 Activated carbon 63 American 1R5F 1.7 Cellulose acetate 70 American C 1 Activated carbon 80 American Product type Regular (84 mm) Regular (84 mm) Regular (84 mm) Regular (84 mm) Regular (84 mm) 8

9 Experimental Measurement of the burning temperature Instrument : FLIR, S65 Smoking machine : Borgwaldt, PM1/PLUS Smoke generation and collection Smoking machine : CERULEAN, SM 450 (Linear type) Smoking regimes Smoking regimes Puff volume (ml) Puff frequency (s) Puff duration (s) Vent blocking (%) /2.0/3.0/ /2.0/3.0/

10 Experimental Analytical method for cigarette smoke constituents Method Extraction solvent Nicotine CO Phenol TSNA HCN Ammonia Carbonyl ISO 10315: 2000 ISO 8454 : propanol - Health Canada T;114:1999 1% acetic acid in 1) D.W CORESTA No.75 (2012) Ammonium acetate in D.W Health Canada T: 107; N NaOH In D.W Health Canada T: 101; N H 2 SO 4 in D.W Health Canada T;104:1999 2) 2,4 DNPH Instrument GC CO analyzer HPLC LC/MS/MS CFA IC HPLC 1) D.W : Distilled water 2) 2,4 DNPH : 2,4-Ditrophenyl hydrazine 10

11 Temperature( ) Temperature ( ) Results & Discussion Change of maximum burning temperatures of reference cigarettes R5F (VR* 70 %) * VR : ventilation 950 ( ) 900( ) 720( ) Time (s) 830( ) 1R5F : The maximum burning temperature decreased as the puff duration increased. 3R4F : The maximum burning temperature was similar regardless of puff durations R4F (VR* 29 %) 980 ( ) Time (s) 900 ( ) 1.5 s 2.0 s (Standard) 3.0 s 4.0 s 11

12 Relative ratio (%) Relative ratio (%) Results & Discussion Change of CO yield according to puff duration ISO HC R4F A B 1R5F C Sample name 69 ISO : The yield of CO decreased as the puff duration increased. CO decrease was more significant in 1R5F than in 3R4F. the low maximum burning temp HC : The change of CO yield according to puff duration was not significant R4F A B 1R5F C Sample name 1.5 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s (Standard) 12

13 Results & Discussion Photographs of CFPs used to collect the particulate phase (1R5F) ISO HC TPM Puff duration 1.5 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s ISO : TPM decreased as puff duration increased. HC : No significant change of TPM with puff duration. Why? : The velocity of air through a cigarette decreased as the puff duration increased. ex) ISO 35 ml/2 s (puff volume/duration )= 17.5 ml/s (air velocity) Increased puff duration Decreased air velocity 35 ml/4 s (puff volume/duration )= 8.75 ml/s (air velocity) 1.5 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 13

14 Relative ratio (%) Relative ratio (%) Results & Discussion Yield of nicotine according to puff duration ISO R4F A B 1R5F C Sample name HC ISO : The yield of nicotine decreased as the puff duration increased. Filter removal efficiency HC : No significant change of nicotine yield with puff duration R4F A B 1R5F C Sample name 1.5 s 2.0 s (standard) 3.0 s 4.0 s 14

15 Conc. (mg/cig) Results & Discussion Distribution of nicotine in a filter and smoke collecting pad 3R4F (VR 29 %) Cig. A (VR 58 %) Puff duration (s) Puff duration (s) The yield of nicotine decreased as the puff duration increased. The filter efficiency for nicotine removal increased as the puff duration increased. Pad Filter Total 15

16 Conc. (mg/cig) Results & Discussion Distribution of nicotine in a filter and smoke collecting pad 1R5F (VR 70 %) Cig. C (VR 80 %) Puff duration (s) The yield of nicotine decreased as the puff duration increased. The filter efficiency for nicotine removal was less affected by the puff duration. The high ventilation in low tar cigarette Puff duration (s) Pad Filter Total 16

17 Relative ratio(%) Relative ratio(%) Results & Discussion Yield of HCN according to puff duration 1R5F (VR 70 %) 3R4F (VR 29 %) Vapor phase 20 particular phase puff duration (s) puff duration (s) The yield of HCN decreased as the puff duration increased. The both vapor and particular phases of HCN were affected by the puff duration

18 Results & Discussion ISO Relative ratio (%) Sample name Puff duration Phenoic compounds Carbonyl compounds TSNA compounds Ammonia HCN 3R4F A B 1R5F C increasing decreasing ISO : The yield of smoke components decreased as the puff duration increased. 18

19 HC Results & Discussion Relative ratio (%) Sample name Puff duration Phenol compounds Carbonyl compounds TSNA compounds Ammonia HCN 3R4F A B 1R5F C HC : Under HC smoking regime, the yield and chemistry of a cigarette smoke did not change according to puff duration. 19

20 Relative ratio(%) Relative ratio(%) Results & Discussion Comparison of 3R4F and 1R5F 3R4F (VR 29 %) 1R5F (VR 70 %) Puff duration (s) The yield of main smoke components decreased as the puff duration increased. This trend was more significant in a low tar cigarette (1R5F) than in a medium or high tar cigarette. Why? This is due to the high ventilation in the low tar cigarette. (The low of the maximum burning temp., the similar filter removal efficiency) Puff duration (s) nicotine CO Water Phenol Carbonyl TSNA Ammonia 20

21 Conclusion Summary ISO smoking regime Puff duration Air velocity Max. burning temp. Constituents Nicotine Phenol TSNAs Carbonyl CO Ammonia HCN Filter removal efficiency Max. burning temp. HC smoking regime - The yield and chemistry of a cigarette smoke did not change significantly according to puff duration. Filter removal efficiency (VR<70%) 21

22 Conclusion This study showed the effect of puff duration on the yield and chemistry of a cigarette smoke. It was shown that as the puff duration increased, the smoke yield decreased under ISO smoking regime. The yield of particulate phase decreased as the puff duration increased, because the filter removal efficiency increased with puff duration. The yield of vapor phase decreased as the puff duration increased, because of the low maximum burning temperature. 22

23 Conclusion This kind of decrease of smoke components was more significant in low tar cigarettes because of their high ventilation. The yield and chemistry of a cigarette smoke were more affected by puff duration under ISO smoking regime than in HC. Above results will be helpful in understanding the relationship between smoking parameters and smoke chemistry. Further studies are needed to fully understand the complex interaction between smoking parameters and smoke chemistry. 23

24 Thanks for your attention!