TABLE 1. Signs and Symptoms of Primary Hyperparathyroidism 1,2,4,5 Neurologic Inability to concentrate Confusion Depression Anxiety Fatigue Cardiovasc
|
|
- Charles Houston
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CONCISE REVIEW FOR CLINICIANS NONSURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Nonsurgical Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism BRYAN FARFORD, DO; R. JOHN PRESUTTI, DO; AND THOMAS J. MORAGHAN, MD Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in the outpatient setting and is typically caused by a single benign parathyroid adenoma. Most patients with hyperparathyroidism are postmenopausal women. Patients can be asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic. Parathyroidectomy is the definitive cure for primary hyperparathyroidism, and no medical therapies have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for this disorder. Guidelines for surgery have been established by a National Institutes of Health consensus panel, but many patients do not meet these guidelines or have comorbid conditions that prohibit surgery. This review describes alternative treatment options for patients who decide against or are unable to proceed with surgery. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82(3): Primary hyperparathyroidism is a leading cause of hypercalcemia in the outpatient setting. The typical patient is a postmenopausal woman older than 50 years (mean age, 55 years). In the United States, the incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism is 2 to 3 per 1000 women and approximately 1 per 1000 men. 1,2 The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism has increased during the past 30 years with the development and use of automated blood analyzers to monitor serum calcium levels, but the incidence of cases has been declining since the mid 1980s. 3 Because of advances in radiographic and surgical techniques, the classic presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism with complications of nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and osteitis fibrosa cystica is rare today. 1,2 Findings in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism include persistent hypercalcemia and elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Malignancy, the second most common cause of hypercalcemia, is distinguished from primary hyperparathyroidism by constantly low or suppressed PTH levels. In rare cases, patients may have higher PTH levels that are attributable to ectopic PTH secretion, coexisting primary hyperparathyroidism, or PTH resistance. Although surgery is the definitive treatment for patients with symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism, many patients do not meet established surgical criteria or have comorbid conditions that prohibit From the Department of Family Medicine (B.F., R.J.P.) and Division of Endocrinology (T.J.M.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Fla. Dr Farford is now at the Keesler Air Force Base, Miss. Dr Moraghan is now with the University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks. A question-and-answer section appears at the end of this article. Address reprint requests and correspondence to R. John Presutti, DO, Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL ( presutti.richard@mayo.edu) Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research surgery. This article reviews the management of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients who qualify as surgical candidates but decline or have contraindications to surgery. SYMPTOMS OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM A National Institutes of Health consensus panel recognized 2 forms of primary hyperparathyroidism: asymptomatic and symptomatic. 2,4 Patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism account for 75% to 80% of cases and usually have serum calcium levels that are no more than 1.0 mg/dl higher than the normal range of 8.9 to 10.1 mg/dl; however, these levels may be as high as 12.0 mg/dl in younger healthy patients. 1,2,5,6 Symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism has no specific clinical presentation, but several nonspecific symptoms may be found by eliciting a thorough medical history. Patients may have weakness, mild depression, fatigue, anorexia, and often increased absence from work. Patients with symptomatic hyperparathyroidism usually have a serum calcium level higher than 12 mg/dl, and nearly all patients with levels exceeding 14 mg/dl are symptomatic. 1 The signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism (Table 1) largely reflect the effects of hypercalcemia and may involve multiple organ systems. 1,2,4,5 TYPES OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM The pathogenesis of sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism involves abnormal tissue in the parathyroid gland. Approximately 80% to 85% of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism have benign parathyroid adenomas, and the remainder have hyperplasia (parathyroid carcinomas are rare, occurring in approximately 1% of cases). 1,2,7 Hereditary disorders, including familial hyperparathyroidism, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (type 1 and 2A), and hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, account for approximately 10% of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. 1 Primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with hypercalcemia and inappropriately high PTH levels (after adjusting for the level of serum calcium). However, measurement of calciotropic hormones during skeletal evaluation has led to identification of normocalcemic individuals with elevated PTH levels. This condition called incipient or eucalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism may represent the earliest manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism. 8 Mayo Clin Proc. March 2007;82(3):
2 TABLE 1. Signs and Symptoms of Primary Hyperparathyroidism 1,2,4,5 Neurologic Inability to concentrate Confusion Depression Anxiety Fatigue Cardiovascular Hypertension Left ventricular hypertrophy Prolonged QT interval Bradycardia Valvular calcification Arrhythmia Gastrointestinal Anorexia Nausea Constipation Vomiting Abdominal pain Pancreatitis Peptic ulcer disease Renal Nephrolithiasis Renal insufficiency Nephrocalcinosis Polydipsia Polyuria Musculoskeletal or rheumatologic Osteopenia Osteoporosis Gout Pseudogout Bone or joint pain Cystic bone lesions Chondrocalcinosis Benign familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia is characterized by hypercalcemia and relative hypocalciuria. This autosomal dominant disorder is distinguished from primary hyperparathyroidism by a calcium clearance creatinine clearance ratio [(24-hour urinary calcium serum creatinine level)/(24-hour urinary creatinine level serum calcium)] cutoff of Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia is present at birth; thus, a previously documented normal serum calcium level excludes this diagnosis. 1 SURGICAL TREATMENT GUIDELINES TABLE 2. National Institutes of Health Guidelines for Parathyroidectomy in Asymptomatic Patients With Primary Hyperparathyroidism 4 Serum calcium 1.0 mg/dl above the upper limit of normal 24-h urinary calcium >400 mg Creatinine clearance reduced by 30% Bone mineral density T score less than 2.5 SD at any site Age <50 y No medical therapies have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism, and parathyroid surgery is the only definitive cure. 1,2,4,5,9,10 A National Institutes of Health consensus panel on primary hyperparathyroidism recently revised parathyroid surgery guidelines for asymptomatic patients (Table 2). 4 The panel confirmed the recommendation of parathyroidectomy for any patient with symptomatic hyperparathyroidism involving target organs, such as those with nephrolithiasis, severe bone disease, or neuromuscular dysfunction. 4 However, many patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism do not meet the criteria recommended for surgery. In addition, many patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) voluntarily defer surgery or have comorbid conditions that preclude surgery. 4,7 INITIAL EVALUATION The initial evaluation of a patient with symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism includes measuring the serum calcium and PTH levels. These values should be measured simultaneously because of variations that occur with respect to time, blood volume, and dietary intake. Elevated PTH production in the presence of persistent hypercalcemia confirms the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. 2 INPATIENT MANAGEMENT Symptomatic patients should be hospitalized if they present with severe hyperparathyroidism-induced hypercalcemia, dehydration, or cardiovascular or neurologic complications. Initial treatment with intravenous saline solution gradually replaces lost fluids and increases urinary calcium excretion. However, saline solution rarely amends serum calcium concentrations in patients with moderate to severe hypercalcemia. Once fluid repletion is accomplished, a loop diuretic may be administered to inhibit sodium reabsorption at the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, reduce the passive reabsorption of calcium, and increase urinary calcium excretion. 11 Patients must be closely monitored for complications caused by aggressive diuresis, including hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and acute renal insufficiency. Drugs such as intravenous bisphosphonates or subcutaneous calcitonin may be administered to decrease bone resorption during acute hypercalcemia. Although zolendronate has been recommended 11 for lowering serum calcium levels during malignancy-induced hypercalcemia and may be beneficial for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, it is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for such use. Etidronate, clodronate, and pamidronate are first-generation bisphosphonates that may be used, but they are relatively weaker 352 Mayo Clin Proc. March 2007;82(3):
3 inhibitors of bone resorption compared with zolendronate. Calcitonin is also a relatively weak agent. It increases renal calcium excretion and decreases bone resorption by interference with osteoclast maturation, but its efficacy is limited to the first 48 hours, even with repeated doses. 11 After acute complications of primary hyperparathyroidism have been addressed, the possibility of parathyroidectomy should be considered. OUTPATIENT MANAGEMENT All management strategies outlined in this section pertain to patients with symptomatic hyperparathyroidism who are not surgical candidates because of medical contraindications or who have elected not to undergo parathyroidectomy for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. These strategies may also be applied to patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism who decline surgery. MONITORING Close monitoring is critical during outpatient management. Although no method is available to predict the timing of disease progression in an individual patient, 27% of patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism who initially do not meet surgical criteria develop at least 1 surgical indication during 10 years of follow-up. 12 If surgery is not recommended or is declined, patients should be informed of the signs of worsening disease and the critical need for regular follow-up visits throughout their lifetime. Recommendations for monitoring include measuring serum creatinine levels and bone density (lumbar spine, hip, and forearm) once a year and measuring serum calcium levels twice a year. To establish the patient s baseline health profile, abdominal ultrasonography or radiography should be performed to identify renal stones. Urinary calcium and creatinine clearance should also be measured. If no renal involvement is detected, baseline studies do not need to be repeated. 7 DIET AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism should not overly restrict their dietary intake of calcium. In fact, a lowcalcium diet may increase PTH secretion, leading to further complications of bone disease. In contrast, a calcium-rich diet may exacerbate the hypercalemia. 10 Vitamin D deficiency may increase PTH secretion and bone resorption. 10 Therefore, patients should maintain a moderate daily elemental calcium intake of 800 to 1000 mg and a vitamin D intake appropriate for their age and sex (400 IU/d for women >50 years, 600 IU/d for women >75 years, and 400 IU/d for men >65 years). 7,9,10 PHARMACOTHERAPY Bisphosphonates. Bisphosphonates are analogues of inorganic pyrophosphate that inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. 13,14 Symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism leading to parathyroidectomy is frequently associated with a decrease in cortical bone density and relative preservation of trabecular bone density, 15 and bisphosphonates are a promising group of medications for the treatment of bone loss. This finding is interesting because administration of a bisphosphonate with teriparatide (recombinant human parathyroid hormone) blunts the improvement in bone mineral density attained with teriparatide alone. 16,17 Alendronate, the most widely studied bisphosphonate, markedly improved bone mineral density at the lumbar spine (6.9% increase) and hip (3.7% increase) in patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism after 2 years of therapy. 15 However, this study found no change from baseline measurements in serum calcium, PTH, or urine calcium levels. A separate 2-year study of 32 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism also showed clear improvement of bone mineral density at the lumbar spine (4.0% increase) after alendronate treatment but failed to show improvement at the hip or mid radius. 18 Serum calcium and PTH levels were unchanged from baseline measurements at the end of the study. Chow et al 13 reported similar results, with considerable improvement of bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. They also observed a reduction in serum calcium levels but no change in PTH levels after 1 year. The most commonly reported adverse effect was mild dyspepsia, but it was not severe enough to discontinue therapy. 13,15,18 Because alendronate improves bone mineral density and appears to have few adverse effects, it should be considered as an alternative nonsurgical treatment for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism-related osteoporosis. 15 Risedronate, a potent oral bisphosphonate, reduced fasting serum calcium levels and markers of bone turnover (ie, alkaline phosphatase, N-telopeptide, osteocalcin) in a study of 19 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. 14 However, serum calcium levels increased after the introduction of an oral calcium load. Additional studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of risedronate before such treatment can be recommended for patients with hyperparathyroidism. Calcimimetics. Calcimimetic agents increase the sensitivity of calcium-sensing receptors in parathyroid chief cells. Patients with hyperparathyroidism are not as responsive as healthy people to changes in serum calcium concentrations and often have increased secretion of PTH in response to elevated calcium levels. 7 Cinacalcet directly lowers PTH secretion by enhancing receptor sensitivity. 7,19 Shoback et al 7 reported reductions in serum calcium and PTH concentrations after oral administration of cinacalcet. Mayo Clin Proc. March 2007;82(3):
4 Serum calcium levels decreased after 1 day of treatment and remained within the reference range for the rest of the study, and PTH levels decreased by 20%. Patients tolerated the cinacalcet well and reported few adverse events. The most common adverse effect, paresthesia, was noted in 9 of the 22 patients. Peacock et al 8 found similar results in a 52-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study that investigated the long-term efficacy and safety of cinacalcet for reducing serum calcium and PTH in patients with mild or moderate primary hyperparathyroidism. They reported that 73% of cinacalcet-treated patients and 5% of placebo-treated patients achieved normocalcemia (serum calcium <10.3 mg/dl) with at least a 0.5 mg/dl reduction from baseline. Plasma PTH levels decreased by 7.6% in the cinacalcet group and increased by 7.7% in the placebo group. The most commonly reported adverse effects were nausea (28% in cinacalcet-treated patients and 16% in the placebo group) and headache (cinacalcet, 23%; placebo, 41%). Cinacalcet is a promising nonsurgical alternative therapy, but additional studies are required to assess its ability to improve bone mineral density. Cinacalcet was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hypercalcemia in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and chronic kidney disease who are undergoing dialysis. Raloxifene. Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that reduces bone resorption and overall bone turnover. It is a partial agonist of estrogen receptors α and β in bone and lipid metabolism, and it is a partial antagonist of estrogen receptors α and β in the breast and uterus. 20,21 Zanchetta and Bogado 21 reported that raloxifene lowered total serum calcium levels by 1 mg/dl after 12 months in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism. Specific markers of bone turnover and urinary calcium excretion decreased below baseline values after 12 months. Although PTH concentrations decreased after 6 months, they returned to baseline values after 12 months. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of 18 postmenopausal women with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism yielded similar results after 8 weeks of treatment with raloxifene. 22 Four weeks after treatment was discontinued, serum calcium levels and markers of bone turnover returned to baseline values. Percutaneous Alcohol Ablation. Ethanol has been used as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of benign and malignant lesions, possibly through a role in direct coagulative necrosis and local partial or complete small-vessel thrombosis. 23 Percutaneous alcohol ablation of the parathyroid gland has been suggested as an alternative treatment for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who meet surgical criteria but decline or have contraindications to surgery. 24 Harman et al 24 conducted an 11-year study of 36 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent percutaneous alcohol ablation. During a 16-month postoperative period, 33% of the patients remained eucalcemic, and the rest had adequately controlled serum calcium levels. Two patients experienced recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and 4 had temporary hypocalcemia, but no long-term complications were reported. A separate study of 32 patients undergoing ultrasonographically guided ethanol ablation showed similar results during a 6-month period after surgery. 25 In patients who undergo this procedure, serum calcium levels should be closely monitored because multiple treatments may be necessary if hypercalcemia recurs. 24 Estrogen Therapy. Postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism may benefit from estrogen replacement therapy. Although serum PTH levels are not affected, decreased bone resorption, a minor reduction (~0.5 mg/dl) in serum calcium levels, a decline in markers of bone turnover, and improvement in bone mineral density have been reported after estrogen therapy. 10,18,22 However, estrogen therapy should not be the first choice for postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism because of the associated risks. 10 Cessation of estrogen or hormone therapy after menopause may unmask underlying mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Such patients should be evaluated as indicated clinically. Medications to Avoid. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism should avoid several medications such as thiazide diuretics, which enhance resorption of calcium in the distal convoluted tubule. 2,26 Lithium carbonate may induce hypercalcemia by altering the PTH secretion curve, and patients taking lithium require higher calcium levels to lower PTH secretion. 27 To avoid the risk of volume depletion or nephrolithiasis, patients should be encouraged to drink at least six 8-oz glasses of water per day. 9,10 Patients with hypercalcemia can easily become volume depleted because of hypercalcemia-induced urinary salt wasting. 11 Participation in regular physical activity minimizes bone resorption and fracture risk. 10 SUMMARY Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism have hypercalcemia and elevated serum PTH levels. Although surgery is the definitive cure, not all patients undergo parathyroidectomy. Some patients have comorbid conditions that preclude surgical treatment or do not meet surgical criteria for other reasons, and many patients seek alternative therapies. If surgery is not performed, the physician and patient must adhere to the guidelines established for monitoring primary hyperparathyroidism. Patients should understand the importance of diet and exercise and be familiar with symptoms of disease progression. Patients with hyperparathyroidism-induced osteoporosis may be considered for treatment with 354 Mayo Clin Proc. March 2007;82(3):
5 alendronate or raloxifene. If the benefit outweighs the risk, estrogen replacement is another treatment option. Although no medical treatment has been approved for primary hyperparathyroidism, calcimimetics may reduce serum calcium and PTH levels. Finally, percutaneous alcohol ablation of the parathyroid gland may be a suitable treatment for patients who are unwilling or unable to undergo parathyroidectomy. REFERENCES 1. Kearns AE, Thompson GB. Medical and surgical management of hyperparathyroidism [published correction appears in Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77:298]. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77: Taniegra ED. Hyperparathyroidism. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69: Wermers RA, Khosla S, Atkinson EJ, Hodgson SF, O Fallon WM, Melton LJ III. The rise and fall of primary hyperparathyroidism: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, Ann Intern Med. 1997;126: Bilezikian JP, Potts JT Jr, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, et al. Summary statement from a workshop on asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a perspective for the 21st century. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(suppl 2):N2-N Fuleihan Gel-H. Clinical manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism. In: Rose BD, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, Ma; Bilezikian JP, Silverberg SJ. Clinical practice: asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2004;350: Shoback DM, Bilezikian JP, Turner SA, McCary LC, Guo MD, Peacock M. The calcimimetic cinacalcet normalizes serum calcium in subjects with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88: Peacock M, Bilezikian JP, Klassen PS, Guo MD, Turner SA, Shoback D. Cinacalcet hydrochloride maintains long-term normocalcemia in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90: Utiger RD. Treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. N Engl J Med. 1999;341: Agus ZS. Management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. In: Rose BD, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, Ma; Agus ZS, Savarese DMF, Berenson, JR. Treatment of hypercalcemia. In: Rose BD, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, Ma; Silverberg SJ, Shane E, Jacobs TP, Siris E, Bilezikian JP. A 10-year prospective study of primary hyperparathyroidism with or without parathyroid surgery [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2000;342:144]. N Engl J Med. 1999;341: Chow CC, Chan WB, Li JK, et al. Oral alendronate increases bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88: Reasner CA, Stone MD, Hosking DJ, Ballah A, Mundy GR. Acute changes in calcium homeostasis during treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism with risedronate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77: Khan AA, Bilezikian JP, Kung AW, et al. Alendronate in primary hyperparathyroidism: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89: Black DM, Greenspan SL, Ensrud KE, et al, PaTH Study Investigators. The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349: Finkelstein JS, Hayes A, Hunzelman JL, Wyland JJ, Lee H, Neer RM. The effects of parathyroid hormone, alendronate, or both in men with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349: Parker CR, Blackwell PJ, Fairbairn KJ, Hosking DJ. Alendronate in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroid-related osteoporosis: a 2-year study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87: Cinacalcet. EFacts Available at: /servlet/monoviewer?sys=1&id=503&sec=3&set=g5n73. Accessed September 22, Raloxifene. EFacts Available at: /servlet/monoviewer?sys=1&id=309&sec=3&set=7ci0b. Accessed September 22, Zanchetta JR, Bogado CE. Raloxifene reverses bone loss in postmenopausal women with mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16: Rubin MR, Lee KH, McMahon DJ, Silverberg SJ. Raloxifene lowers serum calcium and markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88: Bennedbaek FN, Karstrup S, Hegedus L. Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in the treatment of thyroid and parathyroid diseases. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997;136: Harman CR, Grant CS, Hay ID, et al. Indications, technique, and efficacy of alcohol injection of enlarged parathyroid glands in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery. 1998;124: Karstrup S, Hegedus L, Holm HH. Ultrasonically guided chemical parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: a follow-up study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1993;38: Ives HE. Diuretic agents. In: Katzung BG, ed. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 7th ed. Stamford, Conn: Appleton and Lange; 1998: Potts JT Jr. Diseases of the parathyroid gland and other hyper- and hypocalcemic disorders. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, eds. Harrison s Principles of Internal Medicine. Vol 2. 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division; 2005:2256. Questions About Nonsurgical Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism 1. Which one of the following is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in the outpatient setting? a. Malignancy b. Primary hyperparathyroidism c. Sarcoidosis d. Thiazide diuretics e. Iatrogenic 2. Which one of the following is not a National Institutes of Health guideline for parathyroid surgery in asymptomatic patients with primary hyperparathyroidism? a. Serum calcium levels 1.0 mg/dl above the upper limit of normal b. 24-hour urinary calcium greater than 400 mg c. Creatinine clearance reduction of 30% d. Bone mineral density T score less than 2.5 SD at any site e. Age older than 50 years 3. Which one of the following is part of the initial evaluation of a patient with clinical signs and symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism? a. Chest radiography b. Electrocardiography c. Parathyroid hormone level d. Complete blood cell count e. Bone mineral density determination 4. Which one of the following agents increases the sensitivity of calcium-sensing receptors in parathyroid chief cells? a. Cinacalcet b. Estrogen c. Risedronate d. Raloxifene e. Alendronate 5. Which one of the following medications may induce hypercalcemia? a. Risedronate b. Penicillin c. Lithium carbonate d. Diltiazem e. Furosemide Correct answers: 1. b, 2. e, 3. c, 4. a, 5. c Mayo Clin Proc. March 2007;82(3):
Approach to a patient with hypercalcemia
Approach to a patient with hypercalcemia Ana-Maria Chindris, MD Division of Endocrinology Mayo Clinic Florida 2013 MFMER slide-1 Background Hypercalcemia is a problem frequently encountered in clinical
More informationSouthern Derbyshire Shared Care Pathology Guidelines. Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Southern Derbyshire Shared Care Pathology Guidelines Primary Hyperparathyroidism Please use this Guideline in Conjunction with the Hypercalcaemia Guideline Definition Driven by hyperfunction of one or
More informationHYPERCALCEMIA. Babak Tamizi Far MD. Assistant professor of internal medicine Al-zahra hospital, Isfahan university of medical sciences
HYPERCALCEMIA Babak Tamizi Far MD. Assistant professor of internal medicine Al-zahra hospital, Isfahan university of medical sciences ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS Serum calcium level > 10.5 mg/dl Serum ionized
More informationHyperparathyroidism: Operative Considerations. Financial Disclosures: None. Hyperparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism 11/10/2012
Hyperparathyroidism: Operative Considerations Financial Disclosures: None Steven J Wang, MD FACS Associate Professor Dept of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of California, San Francisco
More information"Asymptomatic" Hyperparathyroidism: Reasons for Parathyroidectomy
"Asymptomatic" Hyperparathyroidism: Reasons for Parathyroidectomy Rebecca S. Sippel, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Surgery Section of Endocrine Surgery University of Wisconsin Primary Hyperparathyroidism
More informationWhen the level of calcium in the blood falls too low, the parathyroid glands secrete just enough PTH to restore the blood calcium level.
Hyperparathyroidism Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disorder of the parathyroid glands, also called parathyroids. Primary means this disorder originates in the parathyroids: One or more enlarged, overactive
More informationCases in Endocrinology
Bones, Moans and Groans Diagnosing and Treating Primary Hyperparathyroidism By M. Usman Chaudhry, MD Table 1 Laboratory parameters Her bone density had osteopenic T-Scores of -2.3 at lumbar spine, and
More informationHypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia: When to Worry, When to Treat! Mineral Metabolism : A Short Course
Hypercalcemia: When to Worry, When to Treat! Michael A. Levine has no financial relationships to disclose or Conflicts of Interest to resolve. Michael A. Levine, M.D. This presentation will not involve
More informationHypercalcemia may be detected incidentally. Practice CMAJ. Primary hyperparathyroidism. Primer. Key points. The case. What causes hypercalcemia?
CMAJ Practice Primer Primary hyperparathyroidism Hafsah Al-Azem HBSc, Aliya Khan MD The case A 17-year-old man presented at the clinic with thirst, lethargy and fatigue that had been ongoing for several
More informationHyperparathyroidism. When to Suspect, How to Diagnose, When and How to Intervene. Johanna A. Pallotta, MD, FACP, FACE
Hyperparathyroidism When to Suspect, How to Diagnose, When and How to Intervene Johanna A. Pallotta, MD, FACP, FACE Potential conflicts of interest: None Johanna A. Pallotta, MD Outline Definition of hyperparathyroidism
More informationPrimary Hyperparathyroidism
Primary Hyperparathyroidism Copyright Copyright 2019 2019 American American Associa7on Associa7on of Clinical of Clinical Endocrinologists Endocrinologists 1 Primary Hyperparathyroidism In primary hyperparathyroidism
More informationhypercalcemia of malignancy hyperparathyroidism PHPT the most common cause of hypercalcemia in the outpatient setting the second most common cause
hyperparathyroidism A 68-year-old woman with documented osteoporosis has blood tests showing elevated serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels: 11.2 mg/dl (8.8 10.1 mg/dl) and 88 pg/ml (10-60),
More informationAsymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism
The new england journal of medicine clinical practice Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism John P. Bilezikian, M.D., and Shonni J. Silverberg, M.D. This Journal feature begins with a case vignette
More informationPRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM. Hyperparathyroidism Etiology. Common Complex Insidious Chronic Global Only cure is surgery
ENDOCRINE DISORDER PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Roseann P. Velez, DNP, FNP Francis J. Velez, MD, FACS Common Complex Insidious Chronic Global Only cure is surgery HYPERPARATHYROIDISM PARATHRYOID GLANDS
More informationResearch Article Primary Hyperparathyroidism: 11-Year Experience in a Single Institute in Thailand
International Endocrinology Volume 2012, Article ID 952426, 4 pages doi:10.1155/2012/952426 Research Article Primary Hyperparathyroidism: 11-Year Experience in a Single Institute in Thailand Poramaporn
More informationCalcium Nephrolithiasis and Bone Health. Noah S. Schenkman, MD
Calcium Nephrolithiasis and Bone Health Noah S. Schenkman, MD Associate Professor of Urology and Residency Program Director, University of Virginia Health System; Charlottesville, Virginia Objectives:
More informationDefinition Elevated Adjusted Calcium > 2.6 mmol/l (adjusted for albumin), taken without using a cuff.
Hypercalcaemia Definition Elevated Adjusted Calcium > 2.6 mmol/l (adjusted for albumin), taken without using a cuff. Mild (usually no symptoms) 2.6 3.0 mmol/l Moderate (start to develop symptoms) 3.0 3.4
More informationCurrent Concepts in the Evaluation and Management of Abnormal Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Levels Shireen Fatemi, M.D. April, 2012.
Current Concepts in the Evaluation and Management of Abnormal Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Levels Shireen Fatemi, M.D. April, 2012 Disclosures I have no financial relationships with commercial interests,
More informationDefinition Elevated Adjusted Calcium > 2.6 mmol/l (adjusted for albumin), taken without using a cuff.
Authoriser: Fiona Davidson Page 1 of 5 Hypercalcaemia Definition Elevated Adjusted Calcium > 2.6 mmol/l (adjusted for albumin), taken without using a cuff. Mild (usually no symptoms) 2.6 3.0 mmol/l Moderate
More informationHYPERPARATHYROIDIS M FAISAL GHANI SIDDIQUI MBBS; FCPS; PGDIP-BIOMEDICAL ETHICS; MCPS-HPE
HYPERPARATHYROIDIS M FAISAL GHANI SIDDIQUI MBBS; FCPS; PGDIP-BIOMEDICAL ETHICS; MCPS-HPE PROFESSOR OF SURGERY J I N N A H S I N D H M E D I C A L U N I V E R S I T Y PREAMBLE Anatomy & physiology of the
More informationPRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Inappropriate excess secretion of Parathyroid Hormone in Primary Hyperparathyroidism Appropriate Hypersecretion in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism PTH and
More informationThe parathyroid glands participate in the regulation
41 HERNAN I. VARGAS STANLEY R. KLEIN The parathyroid glands participate in the regulation of calcium metabolism. Disorders of the parathyroid gland are most commonly a result of hyperfunction and rarely
More informationPotential conflicts of interest: None
Hyperparathyroidism When to Suspect, How to Diagnose, When and How to Intervene November 6, 2013 Johanna A. Pallotta, MD, FACP, FACE Potential conflicts of interest: None Johanna A. Pallotta, MD Outline
More informationSince the advent of multichannel serum chemistry
ONLINE EXCLUSIVE Padmaja Sanapureddy, MD; Vishnu Vardhan Garla, MD; Mallikarjuna Reddy Pabbidi, DVM, PhD Department of Primary Care and Medicine, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Miss
More informationClinician s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis
Clinician s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis Published: 15 August 2014 committee of the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) Tipawan khiemsontia,md outline Basic pathophysiology screening
More informationOsteoporosis/Fracture Prevention
Osteoporosis/Fracture Prevention NATIONAL GUIDELINE SUMMARY This guideline was developed using an evidence-based methodology by the KP National Osteoporosis/Fracture Prevention Guideline Development Team
More informationForteo (teriparatide) Prior Authorization Program Summary
Forteo (teriparatide) Prior Authorization Program Summary FDA APPROVED INDICATIONS DOSAGE 1 FDA Indication 1 : Forteo (teriparatide) is indicated for: the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis
More informationBisphosphonates. Making intelligent drug choices
Making intelligent drug choices Bisphosphonates are a first choice for treating osteoporosis, according to Kedrin E. Van Steenwyk, DO, an obstetrician/gynecologist at Sycamore Women s Center, Miamisburg,
More informationAwaisheh. Mousa Al-Abbadi. Abdullah Alaraj. 1 Page
f #3 Awaisheh Abdullah Alaraj Mousa Al-Abbadi 1 Page *This sheet was written from Section 1 s lecture, in the first 10 mins the Dr. repeated all the previous material relating to osteoporosis from the
More informationWhat is Osteoporosis?
What is Osteoporosis? 2000 NIH Definition A skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture. Bone strength reflects the integration of
More informationDownload slides:
Download slides: https://www.tinyurl.com/m67zcnn https://tinyurl.com/kazchbn OSTEOPOROSIS REVIEW AND UPDATE Boca Raton Regional Hospital Internal Medicine Conference 2017 Benjamin Wang, M.D., FRCPC Division
More informationBreast Cancer and Bone Loss. One in seven women will develop breast cancer during a lifetime
Breast Cancer and Bone Loss One in seven women will develop breast cancer during a lifetime Causes of Bone Loss in Breast Cancer Patients Aromatase inhibitors Bil Oophorectomy Hypogonadism Steroids Chemotherapy
More informationSecondary Hyperparathyroidism: Where are we now?
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: Where are we now? Dylan M. Barth, Pharm.D. PGY-1 Pharmacy Resident Mayo Clinic 2017 MFMER slide-1 Objectives Identify risk factors for the development of complications caused
More informationClinical Approach to Hypercalcemia For the Primary Care Provider
Clinical Approach to Hypercalcemia For the Primary Care Provider Christina Maser, MD FACS UCSF Fresno Department of Surgery, Endocrine Surgery 2/2/19 Objectives Recognition of pitfalls of diagnosis of
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE. Persistent Parathyroid Hormone Elevation Following Curative Parathyroidectomy for Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Persistent Parathyroid Hormone Elevation Following Curative Parathyroidectomy for Primary Hyperparathyroidism Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, MD; Christopher R. McHenry, MD ORIGINAL ARTICLE Background: Persistent
More informationCalcium and Parathyroid Disorders
Calcium and Parathyroid Disorders Hussain Mahmud, MD Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism University of Pittsburgh Butler Memorial Hospital November
More informationSummary Statement from a Workshop on Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Perspective for the 21st Century
Summary Statement from a Workshop on Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Perspective for the 21st Century John P. Bilezikian, John T. Potts, Jr., Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan, Michael Kleerekoper, Robert
More information4/20/2015. The Neck xt Exploration: Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone (IOPTH) Testing During Surgical Parathyroidectomy. Learning Objectives
The Neck xt Exploration: Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone (IOPTH) Testing During Surgical Parathyroidectomy Nichole Korpi-Steiner, PhD, DABCC, FACB University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC Learning
More informationAlendronate in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Double- Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
0021-972X/04/$15.00/0 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89(7):3319 3325 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2004 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-030908 Alendronate in Primary Hyperparathyroidism:
More informationOsteoporosis Treatment Overview. Colton Larson RFUMS October 26, 2018
Osteoporosis Treatment Overview Colton Larson RFUMS October 26, 2018 Burden of Disease Most common bone disease 9.9 million Americans + 43.1 million Americans have low bone mineral density (BMD) Stealthy
More informationRadiographic Appearance Of Primary Hyperparathyroidism With Atypical Parathyroid Adenoma
ISPUB.COM The Internet Journal of Internal Medicine Volume 6 Number 2 Radiographic Appearance Of Primary Hyperparathyroidism With Atypical Parathyroid Adenoma P George, N Philip, B Pawar Citation P George,
More informationCase study Group 2 presentation
Case study Group 2 presentation Patient profile HN 3095-57 Female 60 years old Hometown : Sa Kaeo province Occupation : farmer No drug and food allergy Chief complain Left neck mass 10 years PTA that gradually
More informationClodronate BE/H/PSUR/001/001 October 2011 Agreed CSP
Clodronate BE/H/PSUR/001/001 October 2011 Agreed CSP 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 Therapeutic indications Intravenous use Treatment of hypercalcemia due to malignancy. Oral use Treatment of hypercalcemia
More informationCalcium metabolism and the Parathyroid Glands. Calcium, osteoclasts and osteoblasts-essential to understand the function of parathyroid glands
Calcium metabolism and the Parathyroid Glands Calcium, osteoclasts and osteoblasts-essential to understand the function of parathyroid glands Calcium is an essential element for contraction of voluntary/smooth
More informationPrimary hyperparathyroidism is mild disease worth treating?
CONFERENCE SUMMARIES Clinical Medicine 2010, Vol 10, No 1: 45 9 Primary hyperparathyroidism is mild disease worth treating? NJL Gittoes and MS Cooper ABSTRACT Most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
More informationParathyroid Hormone Analog for Osteoporosis Prior Authorization with Quantity Limit Criteria Program Summary
Parathyroid Hormone Analog for Osteoporosis Prior Authorization with Quantity Limit Criteria Program Summary This prior authorization program applies to Commercial, NetResults A series, NetResults F series
More informationZainab Al-dabi - Shahd Alqudah - Dr. Malik
- 4 - Zainab Al-dabi - Shahd Alqudah - Dr. Malik 1 In the USA there are 10 million cases of osteoporosis, most of which belong to women, this represents 3-4% of the population which is a relatively high
More informationPituitary, Parathyroid Pheochromocytomas & Paragangliomas: The 4 Ps of NETs
Pituitary, Parathyroid Pheochromocytomas & Paragangliomas: The 4 Ps of NETs Shereen Ezzat, MD, FRCP(C), FACP Professor Of Medicine & Oncology Head, Endocrine Oncology Princess Margaret Hospital/University
More informationParathyroid Imaging. A Guide to Parathyroid Surgery
Parathyroid Imaging A Guide to Parathyroid Surgery Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) 3 rd most common endocrine disorder after diabetes and hyperthyroidism Prevalence in women 2% Often discovered in asymptomatic
More informationWhat is the right calcium balance?
For patients with hypoparathyroidism What is the right calcium balance? Indications and Usage1 NATPARA is a parathyroid hormone indicated as an adjunct to calcium and vitamin D to control hypocalcemia
More informationNatpara (parathyroid hormone) Prior Authorization with Quantity Limit Program Summary
Natpara (parathyroid hormone) Prior Authorization with Quantity Limit Program Summary FDA APPROVED INDICATIONS DOSAGE 1 Agent Indication Dosing and Administration Natpara (parathyroid hormone) subcutaneous
More informationOral Alendronate Vs. Three-Monthly Iv Ibandronate In The Treatment Of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Oral Alendronate Vs. Three-Monthly Iv Ibandronate In The Treatment Of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Miriam Silverberg A. Study Purpose and Rationale More than 70% of fractures in people after the age of
More informationCurrent Management of Metastatic Bone Disease
Current Management of Metastatic Bone Disease Evaluation and Medical Management Dr. Sara Rask Head, Medical Oncology Simcoe Muskoka Regional Cancer Centre www.rvh.on.ca Objectives 1. Outline an initial
More informationHypercalcemia & Parathyroid Disorders. W. Reid Litchfield, MD, FACE, ECNU Desert Endocrinology
Hypercalcemia & Parathyroid Disorders W. Reid Litchfield, MD, FACE, ECNU Desert Endocrinology Objectives Review diagnostic workup for hypercalcemia Review management of primary hyperparathyroidism Review
More informationAgents that Affect Bone & Mineral Homeostasis
Agents that Affect Bone & Mineral Homeostasis 1 Agents that Affect Bone & Mineral Homeostasis Calcium and phosphate are the major mineral constituents of bone. They are also two of the most important minerals
More informationOsteoporosis. When we talk about osteoporosis, we have to be familiar with the constituents of bone and what it is formed of.
Osteoporosis When we talk about osteoporosis, we have to be familiar with the constituents of bone and what it is formed of. Osteoblasts by definition are those cells present in the bone and are involved
More informationEndocrine Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism
Endocrine Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism Huiping Wang ( 王会平 ), PhD Department of Physiology Rm C516, Block C, Research Building, School of Medicine Tel: 88208252 Email: wanghuiping@zju.edu.cn
More informationHypocalcemia 6/8/12. Normal value. Physiologic functions. Nephron a functional unit of kidney. Influencing factors in Calcium and Phosphate Balance
Normal value Hypocalcemia Serum calcium Total mg/dl Ionized mg/dl Cord blood 9.0 ~ 11.5 5.0 ~ 6.o New born (1 st 24 hrs) 9.0 ~ 10.6 4.3 ~ 5.1 24~ 48 hrs 7.0 ~12.0 4.0 ~4.7 Child 8.8 ~10.8 4.8 ~4.92 There
More informationPharmacy Management Drug Policy
SUBJECT: - Forteo (teriparatide), Prolia (denosumab), Tymlos (abaloparatide), Boniva injection (Ibandronate) POLICY NUMBER: Pharmacy-35 EFFECTIVE DATE: 9/07 LAST REVIEW DATE: 10/15/2018 If the member s
More informationDiagnosis and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism Clinical Practice Today CME
Diagnosis and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism Clinical Practice Today CME Co-provided by Learning Objectives Upon completion, participants should be able to: Identify patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
More informationParathyroid Disease Scenarios for the Practicing Clinician. Vijaya Chockalingam MD Faculty Endocrinologist Banner University Medical Center- Phoenix
Parathyroid Disease Scenarios for the Practicing Clinician Vijaya Chockalingam MD Faculty Endocrinologist Banner University Medical Center- Phoenix Clinical Scenario-1 73 year man (BK) with hypercalcemia
More informationPharmacy Management Drug Policy
SUBJECT: - Forteo (teriparatide), Prolia (denosumab), Tymlos (abaloparatide) POLICY NUMBER: Pharmacy-35 EFFECTIVE DATE: 9/07 LAST REVIEW DATE: 9/29/2017 If the member s subscriber contract excludes coverage
More informationOsteoporosis. Overview
v2 Osteoporosis Overview Osteoporosis is defined as compromised bone strength that increases risk of fracture (NIH Consensus Conference, 2000). Bone strength is characterized by bone mineral density (BMD)
More informationNEW DEVELOPMENTS IN OSTEOPOROSIS: SCREENING, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN OSTEOPOROSIS: SCREENING, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT Judith Walsh, MD, MPH Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics UCSF OSTEOPOROSIS: OVERVIEW Definitions Risk factors
More informationNEOPLASMS OF THE THYROID PATHOLOGY OF PARATHYROID GLANDS. BY: Shifaa Qa qa
NEOPLASMS OF THE THYROID PATHOLOGY OF PARATHYROID GLANDS BY: Shifaa Qa qa Neoplasmas of the thyroid thyroid nodules Neoplastic ---- benign, malignant Non neoplastic Solitary nodules ----- neoplastic Nodules
More informationPrimary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) CE/CME. Barbara Austin, MSN, ARNP, FNP-BC
Primary Hyperparathyroidism A Case-based Review Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is most often detected as hypercalcemia in an asymptomatic patient during routine blood work. Knowing the appropriate
More informationPharmacy Management Drug Policy
Clinical criteria used to make utilization review decisions are based on credible scientific evidence published in peer reviewed medical literature generally recognized by the medical community. Guidelines
More informationBONEFOS 800 mg. Bonefos adalah obat baru yang terdaftar tahun Informasi di bawah ini merupakan informasi update tahun 2008.
Bonefos adalah obat baru yang terdaftar tahun 2007. Informasi di bawah ini merupakan informasi update tahun 2008. BONEFOS 800 mg Important information, please read carefully! Composition 1 tablet contains
More informationCASE 1 WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO TREAT? FACTS CONCERNS
4:30-5:15pm Ask the Expert: Osteoporosis SPEAKERS Silvina Levis, MD OSTEOPOROSIS - FACTS 1:3 older women and 1:5 older men will have a fragility fracture after age 50 After 3 years of treatment, depending
More informationCKD: Bone Mineral Metabolism. Peter Birks, Nephrology Fellow
CKD: Bone Mineral Metabolism Peter Birks, Nephrology Fellow CKD - KDIGO Definition and Classification of CKD CKD: abnormalities of kidney structure/function for > 3 months with health implications 1 marker
More informationMOST PATIENTS WITH primary hyperparathyroidism
0013-7227/03/$15.00/0 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88(3):1174 1178 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2003 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-020667 Raloxifene Lowers Serum Calcium
More informationOsteoporosis Agents Drug Class Prior Authorization Protocol
Osteoporosis Agents Drug Class Prior Authorization Protocol Line of Business: Medicaid P&T Approval Date: February 21, 2018 Effective Date: April 1, 2018 This policy has been developed through review of
More informationCurrent and Emerging Strategies for Osteoporosis
Current and Emerging Strategies for Osteoporosis I have nothing to disclose. Anne Schafer, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism December 12, 2014 Outline Osteoporosis
More informationNatpara (parathyroid hormone) Prior Authorization with Quantity Limit Program Summary
Natpara (parathyroid hormone) Prior Authorization with Quantity Limit Program Summary FDA APPROVED INDICATIONS DOSAGE 2 Available Product Indication Dosing and Administration Natpara (parathyroid hormone)
More informationUpdates in Osteoporosis. I have no conflicts of interest. What Would You Do? Mrs. C. What s New in Osteoporosis. Page 1
Updates in Osteoporosis Jeffrey A. Tice, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco I have no conflicts of interest What s New in
More informationHYPERCALCAEMIA 101 FOR THE INTERNIST
HYPERCALCAEMIA 101 FOR THE INTERNIST Dr Chionh Siok Bee Dept of Medicine, National University Hospital siok_bee_chionh@nuhs.edu.sg Medicine Review Course 18/09/2011 Outline of Talk Definition of hypercalcaemia
More informationHorizon Scanning Technology Briefing. Zoledronic Acid (Aclasta) once yearly treatment for postmenopausal. National Horizon Scanning Centre
Horizon Scanning Technology Briefing National Horizon Scanning Centre Zoledronic Acid (Aclasta) once yearly treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis December 2006 This technology summary is based on information
More informationThe Parathyroid Glands
The Parathyroid Glands Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The parathyroid glands are tiny, round structures usually found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland ([link]). A thick connective tissue capsule
More informationOSTEOPOROSIS: PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT
OSTEOPOROSIS: OVERVIEW OSTEOPOROSIS: PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT Judith Walsh, MD, MPH Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics UCSF Definitions Key Risk factors Screening and Monitoring
More informationThe Bare Bones of Osteoporosis. Wendy Rosenthal, PharmD
The Bare Bones of Osteoporosis Wendy Rosenthal, PharmD Definition A systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase
More informationPersistent post transplant hyperparathyroidism. Shiva Seyrafian IUMS-97/10/18-8/1/2019
Persistent post transplant hyperparathyroidism Shiva Seyrafian IUMS-97/10/18-8/1/2019 normal weight =18-160 mg In HPT= 500-1000 mg 2 Epidemiology Mild 2 nd hyperparathyroidism (HPT) resolve after renal
More informationB. Environmental Factors. a. The major risk factor to papillary thyroid cancer is exposure to ionizing radiation, during the first 2 decades of life.
B. Environmental Factors. a. The major risk factor to papillary thyroid cancer is exposure to ionizing radiation, during the first 2 decades of life. b. Deficiency of dietary iodine: - Is linked with a
More informationUPDATES ON PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM. Natalie E. Cusano, MD, MS Director, Bone Metabolism Program Lenox Hill Hospital New York, NY
UPDATES ON PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Natalie E. Cusano, MD, MS Director, Bone Metabolism Program Lenox Hill Hospital New York, NY Disclosures Speaker (Honorarium): Shire Off-label use of estrogen, raloxifene
More informationHead and Neck Endocrine Surgery
Objectives Endocrine Physiology Risk factors for hypocalcemia Management strategies Passive vs. active Treatment of hypocalcemia Department of Head and Neck Management of Calcium in Thyroid and Parathyroid
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Colecalciferol Meda 800 IU tablet 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each tablet contains colecalciferol (vitamin D 3 ) 800 IU
More informationGuideline for the investigation and management of osteoporosis. for hospitals and General Practice
Guideline for the investigation and management of osteoporosis for hospitals and General Practice Background Low bone density is an important risk factor for fracture. The aim of assessing bone density
More informationGOUT disease spectrum including
GOUT disease spectrum including *hyperuricemia, *recurrent attacks of acute arthritis associated with monosodium urate crystals in leukocytes found in synovial fluid, *deposits of monosodium urate crystals
More informationCALCIUM BALANCE. James T. McCarthy & Rajiv Kumar
CALCIUM BALANCE James T. McCarthy & Rajiv Kumar CALCIUM BALANCE TOTAL BODY CALCIUM (~ 1000g in a normal 60 kg adult) - > 99% in bones - ~ 0.6% in the intracellular space - ~ 0.1% in the extracellular space
More informationChallenges in the Management of Primary HPTH. Zaher Ajam, MD Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan, MD, MPH
Challenges in the Management of Primary HPTH Zaher Ajam, MD Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan, MD, MPH Case Presentation 1 This a case of a 41-year-old gentleman who is referred to Endocrinology clinic for low BMD,
More informationEndocrine. Endocrine as it relates to the kidney. Sarah Elfering, MD University of Minnesota
Endocrine Sarah Elfering, MD University of Minnesota Endocrine as it relates to the kidney Parathyroid gland Vitamin D Endocrine causes of HTN Adrenal adenoma PTH Bone Kidney Intestine 1, 25 OH Vitamin
More informationInternational Journal of Biological & Medical Research. An Uncommon Case of Persistent Hypercalcaemia following Parathyroid Surgery
Int J Biol Med Res.2015;6(4):5336-5340 Int J Biol Med Res www.biomedscidirect.com Volume 6, Issue 2, April 2015 Contents lists available at BioMedSciDirect Publications International Journal of Biological
More informationOSTEITIS FIBROSA CYSTICA IN A YOUNG MALE
OSTEITIS FIBROSA CYSTICA IN A YOUNG MALE Sankaran Sriram, Post Graduate [1] Rajeswari Sankaralingam Director, Professor and Head of the Department [2] Institute of Rheumatology, Madras Medical College
More informationSERMS, Hormone Therapy and Calcitonin
SERMS, Hormone Therapy and Calcitonin Tiffany Kim, MD Clinical Fellow VA Advanced Women s Health UCSF Endocrinology and Metabolism I have nothing to disclose Thanks to Clifford Rosen and Steven Cummings
More informationSubmission to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence on
Submission to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence on Strontium ranelate for the prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis by The Society for Endocrinology
More informationPrimary Hyperparathyroidism
Primary Hyperparathyroidism Claudio Marcocci, M.D., and Filomena Cetani, M.D., Ph.D. This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem. Evidence supporting various
More informationDiagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism
Follow the link from the online version of this article to obtain certified continuing medical education credits Diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism Shelley Pallan, 1 Mohammed Omair
More informationDo We Do Too Many Parathyroidectomies in Dialysis? Sagar Nigwekar MD, MMSc Massachusetts General Hospital
Do We Do Too Many Parathyroidectomies in Dialysis? Sagar Nigwekar MD, MMSc Massachusetts General Hospital E-mail: snigwekar@mgh.harvard.edu March 13, 2017 Disclosures statement: Consultant: Allena, Becker
More informationVol. 19, Bulletin No. 108 August-September 2012 Also in the Bulletin: Denosumab 120mg for Bone Metastases
ה מ ר א פ הביטאון לענייני תרופות ISRAEL DRUG BULLETIN 19 years of unbiased and independent drug information P H A R x M A Vol. 19, Bulletin No. 108 August-September 2012 Also in the Bulletin: Denosumab
More informationName of Policy: Zoledronic Acid (Reclast ) Injection
Name of Policy: Zoledronic Acid (Reclast ) Injection Policy #: 355 Latest Review Date: May 2011 Category: Pharmacy Policy Grade: Active Policy but no longer scheduled for regular literature reviews and
More information