BIOLOGY Schwaan cell - cells that help to make up the myelin sheath.

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "BIOLOGY Schwaan cell - cells that help to make up the myelin sheath."

Camilla Berry
5 years ago
Views:

1 BIOLOGY 3201 TERMINOLOGY NERVOUS/ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS 1. Dendrite - hairlike receptors on the ends of neurons. 2. Neuron - Basic unit of the nervous system. 3. Soma - Cell body. 4. Axon - long extension leading away from the soma. 5. Myelin Sheath - fatty layer of tissue that surrounds an axon. 6. Nodes of Ranvier - gaps between myelin on the axon. 7. Schwaan cell - cells that help to make up the myelin sheath. 8. Synapse - gap between neurons 9. Sensory neuron - neuron that receives incoming stimuli 10. Interneuron - neuron that passes impulses from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron. 11. Motor neuron - neuron connected to a muscle (effector) that carries out an impulse. 12. Action potential - firing of a neuron. Also known as depolarization 13. Threshold level - minimum stimulus required to cause a response. 14. All or none response - neuron will completely fire or not at all. 15. Acetylcholine excitatory neurotransmitter found in synapses of neurons. Stimulates skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle. 16. Adrenalin/Noradrenalin - see above 17. Cerebral cortex - outer region of the brain (cerebrum); involved in thought and reasoning.

2 18. Medulla Oblongata - part of brain stem. Regulates many involuntary activities including increasing heart rate. 19. Vagus nerve - found at base of brain. Decreases heart rate. 20. Cerebellum - region of the brain that controls motor coordination and balance. 21. Pons - relay centre between the medulla and the cerebellum. 22. Corpus Callosum - band of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. Relay center between left and right hemispheres. 23. Glial cells - support and nourish neurons in the brain. 24. White matter - nerve tissue that is myelinated. 25. Gray matter - nerve tissue that is unmyelinated. 26. Gyri - folds in the brain 27. Meninges - protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. 28. CNS - Central nervous system. Made up of brain and spinal cord. 29. PNS - Peripheral nervous System. Made up of nerves supplying the brain and spinal cord. 30. Dorsal Root - nerve root that is connected to a sensory neuron in the spinal cord. 31. Ventral root - nerve root that is connected to a motor neuron. 32. ANS - Autonomic nervous system. 33. Sympathetic Nervous System - part of the ANS. Prepares the body for emergencies. 34. Parasympathetic nervous system - part of the ANS. Brings the body back to normal after an emergency. 35. Cholinesterase - enzyme that destroys acetylcholine in a synapse. 36. Sodium/Potassium pump - pump in a neuron that actively removes ions after an action potential. Removes 3 Na + ions for every 2 K + ions it brings in.

3 37. Saltatory conduction - the process of action potentials jumping the gaps in neurons thereby speeding them up. 38. Parietal lobe - region of the brain responsible for motor functions and senses. 39. Frontal lobe - region of the brain that is involved in thought and reasoning. 40. Occipital lobe - region of the brain responsible for sight. 41. Temporal lobe - region of the brain responsible for hearing 42. Optic chiasma - junction where the two optic nerves cross. 43. Ganglia - a mass of nerve cells. 44. Paraplegic - paralysis of two limbs. 45 Quadriplegic - paralysis of 4 limbs. 46. Resting potential - normal state that an axon is at. Normally - 70 mvolts. Outside of neuron is + while inside is Depolarization - process of reversing the normal charge in an axon. Outside becomes while inside becomes Repolarization - process of restoring the original arrangement of ions in an axon. Done with the help of the sodium/potassium pump. 49. Summation - the process of needing more than one axon firing to meet the threshold level of a third axon. 50. Refractory period - period when no other action potentials can occur. The axon is restoring its original arrangement of ions. 51. Reflex arc - the path a reflex takes. 52. Reflex act - the action carried out as a result of a reflex. 53. Patella reflex - reflex of the knee. 54. Babinski reflex - reflex of the bottom of the foot. 55. Pupillary reflex - reflex of the pupil.

4 56. Endorphins - group of natural pain killers produced by the body to reduce pain. 57. Cornea - thin layer of transparent tissue on the front of the eye. Helps to focus light onto the lens. 58. Lens - hard clear structure in the eye that focuses light onto the retina. 59. Conjuctiva - layer of protective tissue on the inside of the eyelid. Serves to protect the front of the eye. 60. Aqueous humour - clear fluid in the front chamber of the eye. 61. Suspensory ligament - ligament that is attached to the lens. 62. Ciliary muscle - muscle attached to the suspensory ligament. Functions in changing the shape of the lens for focusing. 63. Vitreous humour - clear fluid in the posterior portion of the eye. 64. Retina - layer of tissue at the back of the eye. Where light is focused. Contains rods and cones. 65. Sclera - outer layer of the eye. Serves to protect the eye. 66. Choroid layer - middle layer of tissue in the eye. Serves to prevent scattering of light in the eye. 67. Fovea centralis - region at the back of the eye where there is a large concentration of rods and cones. 68. Blind Spot - region where the optic nerve enters the eye. No rods or cones here so no vision. 69. Optic nerve - sensory nerve that carries impulses to the brain. 70. Iris - the colouring tissue of the eye. Serves to control the amount of light entering the eye. 71. Pupil - the opening into the eye. Where light passes through to the lens. 72. Rods - photosensitive cells in the retina that detect low levels of light and are mainly used at night.

5 73. Cones - photosensitive cells in the retina that are used for detecting colour and bright light. 74. Afterimages - images left on the retina after the light is removed. 75. Positive afterimage - an afterimage that appears to be the same colour as the original object. 76. Negative after image - afterimage that appears in black and white. 77. Accommodation - the process of the lens changing shape to account for viewing near and far objects. 78. Myopia - near sightedness. Caused when the eye is too long. 79. Hyperopia - far sightedness. Caused when the eye is too long. 80. Rhodopsin - pigment needed in order for the cones and rods to detect light. 81. Glaucoma - vision problem where there is too much pressure in the eye. Caused by irregular draining of vitreous and aqueous humours. 82. Astigmatism - vision defect because of irregular curvature of the lens or cornea. 83. Stereoscopic vision -vision as a result of two separate images being made into one by the brain. 85. Pinna - outer fleshy part of the ear. Directs sound waves to the auditory canal. 86. Auditory canal - long canal that leads from the pinna to the tympanic membrane. Serves to amplify sound waves. 87. Tympanic membrane - thin membrane found at the end of the auditory canal. Changes sound energy into mechanical energy. 88. Ossicles - group of three small bones in the ear that conduct mechanical waves in the ears. Called the Hammer - Malleus, Anvil - Incus, and Stirrup - Stapes. 89. Eustachian tube - tube that leads from the middle ear to the back of the throat. Serves to equalize pressure in the ear. 90. Oval window - small layer of tissue that covers the opening of the cochlea. Receives sound waves from the stapes.

6 91. Cochlea - snail-shaped structure in the ear that is filled with fluid and conducts sound. 92. Round window - flap of tissue at the end of the cochlea that serves to dampen vibrations within the cochlea. 93. Organ of Corti - thin layer of tissue that has hair cells that are responsible for detecting sound in the cochlea. The basilar membrane moves when the cochlear fluid moves. 94. Perilymph - fluid found in the cochlea and the semicircular canals. 95. Scali vestibuli - one of the regions in the cochlea. 96. Scali tympani - one region in the cochlea. 97. Auditory nerve - sensory nerve that transmits electrical impulses to the brain. 98. Semicircular canals - set of three fluid filled canals that control dynamic balance. 99. Otoliths - small bones in the inner ear that detect the position of the head. Static balance Saccule/Utricle - small fluid filled sacs that contain otoliths in the inner ear Endocrine system - system where hormones are dumped into the blood to help maintain homeostasis Paracrine hormone - hormone that affects the cell next to where it was made Endocrine hormone - hormone that affects a cell away from the cell where it was made Autocrine hormone - hormone that affects the cell where it was made Exocrine gland - a gland that has duct. Ex : salivary gland 106. Endocrine gland - a ductless gland that dumps hormones directly into the blood The endocrine glands - Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Pineal

7 Thymus Adrenal Testicles Ovaries Pancreas 108. Hormone - chemical that is released into the blood to cause cells to carry out an action Steroid hormone - Hormone that is made up of fats such as cholesterol Non-Steorid hormone - hormone made from a protein Pituitary gland - the master gland. Found at the base of the brain. Has two parts. Posterior and Anterior Anterior Pituitary - Stores hormones created in the hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary - stores hormones created there Hypothalamus - found in the brain. Controls the autonomic nervous system and the internal organs. Monitors the blood for hormone levels and causes the pituitary to react FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone. Found in the anterior pituitary. Causes immature follicles to mature in females. Causes the testicles to create sperm LH - Luteinizing Hormone - found in the anterior pituitary. Causes the testicles to release testosterone. Causes ovulation in females GH - Growth Hormone - Found in Anterior pituitary. Causes growth of cells ICSH - Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone - Causes sperm to mature in the testicles of males Prolactin - stimulates milk production in the female TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone - causes the thyroid to release thyroxin ACTH - Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone - causes the adrenal gland to release hormones Oxytocin - found in posterior pituitary. Causes the uterus to contract and helps with the release of milk in females.

8 123. ADH - Antidiuretic Hormone(Vasopressin) - Found in the Posterior pituitary. Causes the kidneys to reabsorb water from the collecting tubules Thyroxin - found in thyroid. Increases the body s metabolism. Needs iodine to work properly Calcitonin - found in thyroid - lowers calcium levels in the blood by inhibiting calcium release from the bones Parathyroid Hormone - increase the calcium level in the blood by causing the bones to release calcium Melatonin Hormone released by pineal gland. Associated with sleeping Insulin - found in the pancreas. Lowers blood sugar levels Glucagon - increases sugar level by causing the liver to convert glycogen into glucose Adrenaline Fight or Flight hormone. Increases blood sugar. Constricts blood vessels Noradrenaline - increases heart rate and causes muscles to contract Aldosterone - hormone that regulates water level by controlling salt levels in the blood. Helps regulate blood pressure Estrogen - causes the initial buildup of the uterus. Causes secondary sex characteristics to develop in females Progesterone - released by the corpus luteum. Maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy Testosterone - causes sperm to mature in males. responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males Gonadotropins - hormones that are produced or affect the gonads of males and females Homeostasis - the maintaining of a constant internal environment by reacting to stimuli. Reactions can be carried out by any system in the body.

Biology 3201 The Nervous System Test

Biology 3201 The Nervous System Test 1. The central nervous system consists of: a. Nerves and neurons c. spinal chord and nerves b. brain and neurons d. brain and spinal chord 2. This part of the brain