Report on the faunal remains recovered during the 2016 excavations in Histon and Impington

Transcription

1 Report on the faunal remains recovered during the 2016 excavations in Histon and Impington by Angelos Hadjikoumis INTRODUCTION Excavations conducted in from April until August 2016 in Histon and Impington have brought to light a significant number of faunal remains. Assigning faunal remains to chronological periods is a notoriously difficult task due to the absence of stylistic criteria or typologies characteristic of specific periods. Besides radiocarbon dating, the typologies of different categories of artefacts offer opportunities to assign a chronological interval to faunal remains found in association with them. Concerning the faunal assemblage at hand, the most reliable source of chronological information is provided by pottery typology. In the vast majority of test pits, pottery belonging to a range of periods has been recovered. As indicated by the pottery types recovered (see P. Blinkhorn s report), the bulk of the faunal material was deposited from the Roman to the period. Prehistoric material is scarce (e.g. test pits 4 and 12) and the same holds true for post-/modern material (e.g. test pits 10 and 13). Depending on the location of each test pit, periods of more intense activity appear to be the Roman (test pits 3, 6, 7, 9, 17, 12, 19, 21, 24, 26), the Saxon (test pits 1, 3, 4, 12, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 26, 27) and the (e.g. test pits 1, 4-9, 12, 17, 20-28) periods. As it is obvious from the test pits listed, most areas exhibit activity throughout these periods and faunal remains could derive from any of these periods. There are some contexts, however, which were attributed to a narrower chronological range such as test pit 1 attributed to the period, test pit 5 to the Late Saxon-High period, test pit 8 to the Early-High period, etc. The subdivision of the faunal assemblage into test pits or periods, however, would render it statistically unreliable. Therefore, the analyses presented and discussed in this study involved the data from the entire sample. This inevitably causes a severe loss of chronological resolution. As a partial remedy, the discussion of the results is interspersed with observations from test pits belonging to more specific chronological periods. The main aim of this study, therefore, is to provide a general picture of the types of interactions that took place between humans and animals at Histon and Impington over their long history of human occupation with a particular focus on the Roman, Saxon and periods. METHODS The faunal material was studied at the facilities of Oxford Archaeology East in Bar Hill. During data recording, obvious new breaks were refitted in an effort to improve identifiability. Identification of anatomical element and species (or more general taxonomic category) was attempted on every specimen with the aid of published osteological atlases for macromammals (e.g. Barone 1976; Pales and Garcia 1981; Schmid 1972). The most generic level of taxonomic identification employed was a threesize scheme for mammals ('large': e.g. cattle/equids, 'medium': e.g. sheep/fallow deer and 'small': e.g. rabbit/cat), and a four-size scheme for birds ('size 1': e.g. sparrow/songthrush, 'size 2': e.g. pigeon/crow, 'size 3': e.g. chicken/pheasant and 'size 4': e.g. goose/peafowl). The distinction between sheep and goat remains was attempted on postcranial elements following Boessneck et al. (1964) and on mandibular cheek teeth following Halstead et al. (2002) and Payne (1985). Besides anatomical and taxonomic identification, age-at-death was estimated based on dental eruption and wear, as well as the epiphyseal fusion state of selected postcranial anatomical elements. Eruption and wear of mandibular dental remains were recorded following Payne (1973; 1987) for sheep and goats, Grigson (1982) and Halstead s (1985) adaptation of Payne for cattle, and Grant (1982) and Bull & Payne (1982) for pig. Age-at-death based on epiphyseal fusion mainly follows Silver (1969) for sheep, goat, cattle and pig. Moreover, each fragment was recorded in terms of its potential to yield information related to sex, butchery and other modifications such as burning and gnawing marks. The extent of damage on bone surfaces was graded from 0 (unaffected) to 5 (heavy erosion across whole surface) using a simplified version of Brickley & McKinley s scheme for human remains (2004, 14-15).

2 RESULTS As mentioned in the introduction of this study, the data recorded from the 2016 assemblage were pooled to increase sample size. This inevitably lowers the chronological resolution but still allows for a general approach in establishing the types of human-animal interactions that took place in the area in the Roman, Saxon and periods. Before presenting the animal remains, it should be mentioned that a fragment of a human skull was identified in the material from test pit 22, which yielded mainly Saxon but also some pottery (Figure 1). Although the exact age of the individual cannot be estimated precisely, a very young age can be excluded on the basis of the fused state of the sutures on the fragment. Figure 1: Fragment of a human skull recovered from pit 22 (spit 1) The animal remains of the sample have been divided into mammals (sizes from cattle to rabbit), micromammals (rodents) and birds. The most abundant group was that of the mammals (Table 1) with 183 specimens identified and further 117 attributed to a size category (i.e. large, medium and small mammal). The most abundant species in the assemblage is the sheep with 42.1% of the mammalian assemblage. Although the presence of goat amongst specimens generically identified as sheep/goat cannot be excluded, it can be reasonably assumed that the goat was either absent or very scarce in the area throughout its history. Pig is the second most abundant taxon in the assemblage with 23.5% and cattle the third with 13.7%. The percentages of large (24.8%) and medium (73.5%) mammal remains correspond well with this pattern. Despite the differences in abundance between taxa a more balanced picture emerges when body size is taken into account, with each contributing a similar quantity of food, at

3 least in terms of meat (e.g. cattle larger than pig and pig larger than sheep). As it has been mentioned in the introduction, little can be said concerning chronological patterns in the importance of each of the three major domestic animals. In general, their remains appear relatively evenly distributed chronologically, perhaps with a trend of sheep to be more abundant in contexts where pottery is dominant. The triad of sheep, pig and cattle clearly dominate the assemblage but they are not the only mammals present in the assemblage. In fact, dog remains are as abundant as cattle remains, although they are inflated by the presence of a partial skeleton that contributed more than half of the dog remains. The specific skeleton belonged to a dog younger than 6 months old and was recovered at test pit 25 (spit 3), which yielded almost exclusively pottery. Less common taxa in the assemblage include the lagomorphs (4.9%), deer (1.1%) and cat (1.1%). Among the lagomorphs (rabbit/hare), only rabbit remains were identified. Although the presence of hare remains amongst the generically identified lagomorph remains cannot be excluded, it can be relatively safely assumed that the majority, if not all, lagomorph remains belonged to rabbits. The separation between wild and domestic rabbit remains based on morphological criteria is impossible. The cat is represented by only two fragments, one from test pit 7 (Roman and pottery) and another from test pit 13, which yielded only materials of modern or very recent chronology. The two deer remains were both antler fragments and were recovered from test pits 16 and 27, both of which yielded Saxon and pottery. Unfortunately, none of these fragments allow identification as to whether they belonged to red or fallow deer. The fact that they are antler fragments raises the question whether deer populations existed in the area in the Saxon and periods or antlers were imported as raw material for the manufacture of different objects. In fact, one of the fragments (test pit 27, pottery) bears direct evidence of working in the form of sawing marks (Figure 2). Taxon Raw data Corrected data NISP NISP% NISP NISP% Cattle % % 3 Sheep/(goat) % % 8 Pig % % 3 Cat 2 1.1% 2 1.2% 1 Deer 2 1.1% 2 1.2% 1 Dog* % % 2 Lagomorph 9 4.9% 8 4.8% 2 Total % % 20 MNI Large mammal % % N/A Medium mammal % % N/A Small mammal 2 1.7% 2 1.7% N/A Total % % N/A *Includes 1 partial skeleton Table 1: Taxonomic composition of the mammalian remains recovered during the 2016 excavations in Histon and Impington.

4 1 cm Figure 2: Deer antler with sawing marks recovered from test pit 27 (spit 5). Besides taxonomic composition, the age-at-death for the main taxa provides further insights into the husbandry practices and desired products. Concerning cattle, the majority of animals were subadult/adult or older. The presence of few remains belonging to newborn and immature animals suggests that cattle were also reared locally and, in addition, leave open the possibility of dairying. Concerning sheep, the situation is quite similar to that of cattle with the majority of animals slaughtered around their optimal weight with some newborn and immature animals also slaughtered. As far as pigs are concerned, the trend in age-at-death is clearer, possibly due to the fact that pigs are reared without any secondary products in mind. It can be confirmed that pigs were reared locally, probably at the household level, as indicated by the presence of several newborn and foetal remains. Besides these very young remains, the majority of the rest of remains belonged to immature animals and very few to adult animals. This is compatible with household rearing of pigs, the majority of which were slaughtered within their first or, latest, second year of life. Interestingly, among the few adult pig remains was a permanent mandibular canine of a female pig. As expected, more female than male pigs were likely to reach adulthood as more of them are needed for reproductive purposes. In addition to the macromammal remains presented above, three micromammal remains were also recorded. Two of them belonged to rats and another one was identified only generically as rodent. Moreover, 48 avian remains were also identified in the assemblage (Table 2). The avian assemblage is clearly dominated by gallifrom species (mainly, if not exclusively, chicken and pheasant). The pheasant percentage is inflated by the presence of at least 20 fragments belonging to the skeleton of a single male pheasant recovered in test pit 21, which yielded a wide range of pottery (from Roman to post-). The pheasant remains belonged to an adult male bird, as indicated by the presence of a spur on its tarsometatarsus (Figure 3). Moreover, the presence of egg-laying hens is indicated by the presence of a femur (possibly chicken) filled with medullary bone, which acts as a calcium reservoir from which the female bird draws to form the eggshell (Figure 4). Although all bird remains unambiguously identified as galliform were fully fused, the presence of some immature (chicken-sized) bones in the indeterminate bird category further supports the interpretation involving the rearing of chicken locally.

5 Besides galliforms, duck and geese are also present in the assemblage. Although the exact species and status (i.e. wild or domestic) are not morphologically identifiable, it is likely that at least some of these remains belonged to domestic birds. Interestingly, four out of the five such remains derived from test pit 20, which yielded pottery. The presence of some immature duck/goose remains from the same context provide further support for the domestic status of some of them. The remains of more than one species of columbiforms (pigeon family) were also identified in the assemblage. A single pigeon specimen, unknown whether wood pigeon or rock dove/domestic pigeon, was recovered from test pit 7 (Roman and pottery). Another columbiform specimen from test pit 21 (Roman-post- pottery) was identified as either turtle or collared dove. The collared dove arrived in the UK only in the 1950s and, although it cannot be excluded that this specimen belonged to a collared dove, it is more likely that it belonged to a turtle dove. Lastly, two corvid remains (possibly rook or carrion crow) were recovered from test pit 6, which yielded predominantly pottery. The immature appearance of both specimens suggests that corvids were nesting nearby, if not within the settlement. Taxon NISP NISP% MNI Chicken 3 6.3% 2 Pheasant* % 2 Galliform % N/A Duck/goose % 2 Pigeon 1 2.1% 1 Turtle/collared dove 1 2.1% 1 Corvid 2 4.2% 1 Indeterminate bird % N/A Total % 9 *Includes 1 partial skeleton Table 2: Taxonomic composition of the avian remains recovered during the 2016 excavations in Histon and Impington.

6 Figure 3: A selection of male (note arrow and text) pheasant remains recovered in test pit 21 (spits 4-5).

7 Figure 4: Galliform (possibly chicken) femur of a female egg-laying bird filled with medullary bone (note arrows), recovered from test pit 20 (spit 3). Beyond taxonomic composition and age-at-death, butchery marks were recorded on the postcranial remains of sheep, cattle and pig. The most common types of butchery marks were sawing and chopping marks. The large number of sawing marks (see examples in Figure 5) is more compatible with butchery. Moreover, besides the deer antler mentioned above (Figure 2), three more examples of, taxonomically unidentified, worked bone were recorded. The exact purpose of two of them (Figures 6 and 7) remains unknown, while the third one is a fragment of a bone knife handle (Figure 8).

8 Figure 5: A selection of animal with sawing marks. Figure 6: Worked bones from test pit 4 (spit 2).

9 Figure 7: Worked bones from test pit 20 (spit 5). Figure 8: Knife handle from test pit 22 (spit 2). DISCUSSION Despite the small size of the sample and its low chronological resolution, the analyses conducted on the recorded dataset reveal several insights into the human-animal interactions that took place in Histon and Impington, especially during the Roman, Late Saxon and periods. The predominance of sheep herding was likely characteristic of the area, at least through the Saxon and periods but possibly even during earlier and later periods. Beyond the abundance of sheep, cattle herding was locally just as important economically. Cattle and sheep herds were managed mainly for meat but there are also indications for the exploitation of secondary products such as milk, wool (for sheep) and traction (for cattle). Pig husbandry with somewhat lower, but still very high, importance constituted the third pylon of the area s pastoral economy. In the absence of strong indications that the importance of each pylon changed radically from period to period, the area s animal economy appears to have been balanced on sheep, cattle and pig husbandry, rather than specialised on one of them. Although not much can be said in terms of age-at-death and male:female ratios, the few available indications suggest that sheep, cattle and pig husbandry were conducted on different scales. Sheep and cattle herds for example, were probably kept in herds moved around the settlement and further afield to feed in available pastureland, fields in fallow and fields after harvest (e.g. stubble for sheep). Pigs on the other hand, were more likely kept on a household basis and reared mostly on household waste.

10 This strategy may have been adopted primarily to ensure flexibility and safety in food production, rather than specialisation on specific products that would involve higher risk. It also appears to be the dominant pattern in the area in general as recent studies (personal unpublished data) as suggested by faunal compositions in Late Saxon Huntingdon and Huntingdon and Cambridge. Besides sheep, cattle and pig, few other mammals were involved in the area s economic system. Only dogs were probably employed in herding but also as settlement and livestock guards, while interactions with wild animals were only an occasional occurrence. Occasionally deer may have been hunted but this cannot be confirmed as identified remains only include antler, which could have been collected after being shed or imported from elsewhere as raw material. The absence of equid remains is also intriguing as it is difficult to envisage a scenario according to which human communities at Histon and Impington chose not to use horses, donkeys or mules for transport, trade, agricultural and pastoral tasks. The most likely explanation is that the remains of equids were disposed of following different trajectories than food waste (e.g. outside the settlement). Another component of the area s economy is the domestic rearing of avian taxa and mainly chicken and anatids (geese and ducks). The presence of pigeon remains raise the possibility that dovecotes were maintained in the area. Moreover, the presence of pheasant remains suggest that pheasants were occasionally hunted and consumed in the area. The same can be suggested for the pigeon (if not domestic) and turtle dove remains. The presence of immature remains of chicken- or duck-sized birds, as well as evidence of egg-laying females, suggest the local production of poultry and eggs, perhaps on a household basis as it was the case with pigs. Beyond the mammals and birds of economic importance, the presence of remains of rodents and corvids (crow family) is compatible with domestic contexts and the feeding and nesting opportunities they provide for commensal fauna. Besides food production, the faunal assemblage yielded evidence of additional activities. The predominance of sawing and chopping marks on most of the remains, as well as their location at specific locations (e.g. mostly near ends of bones and through vertebrae and ribs) are more indicative of uniformity in butchery thus suggesting the presence of specialised butchers or at least a small number of people who butchered animals with specialised tools and in specific ways. The types and locations of butchery marks on the animal remains, combined with the scarcity of burning marks, suggest that the majority of cooking involved pots rather than cooking on open fire. Cooking on open fire or in ovens cannot be excluded and probably occurred less frequently as indicated by the very few specimens bearing burning marks. Most of these were sheep remains (or medium mammal) and a lagomorph (rabbit/hare), which may have been preferred over cattle for this type of cooking. Moreover, although the presence of few bone artefacts does not constitute proof of their manufacture locally it does shed light into other activities related to animal remains. The presence of a deer antler specimen abandoned in the process of being shaped into some sort of tool (Figure 2) suggests that some bone working was taking place locally. Bone working usually constitutes a specialised activity carried out, full-time or part-time, by a member of the community. Alternatively, such objects could have also been imported to the community by trading members or visiting traders. In conclusion, the composition of the assemblage appears to be in accordance with animal husbandry in rural settlements, mainly of Saxon and chronology, in the wider Cambridgeshire area. Sheep and cattle husbandry, accompanied with household rearing of pigs and poultry formed part of the economic basis of human settlement at Histon and Impington and defined the day-to-day activities of many of the inhabitants. Not only herders were involved in animal-related activities as every household kept some animals for production of meat and secondary products (e.g. eggs and milk) on the household level. Moreover, expert butchers and craftsmen were also among the inhabitants of Histon and Impington that worked with animals in one way or another.

11 Raw data TP Spit Location Pottery Element Taxon Prox fusion Dist fusion Side Age Sex Butchery Other modifications Erosion School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill Flat bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Rib Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Mandibular canine Pig Indeterminate Absent Left Adult Female Tibia Sheep Absent Fused Left >1.5 years Dismembering, chopping, filleting Metacarpus IV Pig Indeterminate Absent Right 2 Metatarsus Sheep Indeterminate Absent Unsided Chop mark 2 Permanent Incisor Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Unsided Permanent Incisor Pig Indeterminate Absent Unsided Metacarpus Sheep Indeterminate Indeterminate Unsided Skinning mark Gnawed 1 Calcaneus Sheep Indeterminate Absent Right Gnawed 2 Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Metatarsus Sheep Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Skull Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Mandible Dog Indeterminate Absent Left Adult 1 Maxilla Dog Indeterminate Absent Left Adult 1 Vertebra Dog Fused Absent Unsided Adult 1 Vertebra Medium mammal Unfused shaft Absent Unsided 3 Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Gnawed 2 First phalanx Cattle Fused Absent Unsided >1.5 years Gnawed 2 Permanent Incisor Pig Indeterminate Absent Unsided Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Gnawed 2 Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Sheep Indeterminate Absent Left >1 year Vertebra Dog Fused Absent Unsided Adult 1 Femur Dog Absent Indeterminate Unsided 1 2

12 School Hill School Hill School Hill School Hill Ulna Cattle Indeterminate Absent Right Gnawed 2 Loose maxillary Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Right >3-4 years Priors Roman & Late Saxon Pelvis Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Right Sawn/chopped Priors Roman & Late Saxon Tibia Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Unsided Burnt Priors Roman & Late Saxon Vertebra Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Priors Roman & Late Saxon Mandible Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Left&Right <2 years Priors Roman & Late Saxon Maxilla Pig Indeterminate Absent Left Priors Roman & Late Saxon Loose maxillary Cattle Indeterminate Absent Right Priors Roman & Late Saxon Priors Roman & Late Saxon Priors Roman & Late Saxon Priors Roman & Late Saxon Priors Roman & Late Saxon Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Priors Roman & Late Saxon Tibia Cattle Absent Indeterminate Left Cottenham Road Bronze Age-14th century Femur Cattle Fusing Absent Unsided <3.5 years Gnawed Cottenham Road Bronze Age-14th century Valve Bivalve mollusc (oyster?) Indeterminate Absent Unsided Cottenham Road Bronze Age-14th century Metatarsus IV Dog Indeterminate Fused Right >8 months Cottenham Road Bronze Age-14th century Cottenham Road Bronze Age-14th century Permanent Incisor Pig Indeterminate Absent Unsided Cottenham Road Bronze Age-14th century Long bone Bird (chicken size) Indeterminate Absent Unsided Butchered/worked? Cottenham Road Bronze Age-14th century Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Cottenham Road Bronze Age-14th century Femur Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Right Sawn Gnawed Cottenham Road Bronze Age-14th century Tibia Sheep/goat Absent Newborn Right Chopped near distal end Cottenham Road Bronze Age-14th century Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Cottenham Road Bronze Age-14th century Sheep Indeterminate Absent Left 1-4 years 10-14th century Vertebra Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided th century Tibia Rodent Indeterminate Fusing Unsided immature th century Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided th century Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided th century Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided th century Calcaneus Sheep Unfused shaft Absent Right <2.5 years 2

13 th century Astragalus Sheep Indeterminate Absent Left th century Axis Sheep/goat Fusing Absent Unsided Chopped on mid-line th century Vertebra Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided th century Femur Size 3 Galliform (chicken?) Fused Fused Left th century Vertebra Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn/chopped th century Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided th century Humerus Sheep/goat Indeterminate Indeterminate Right th century Loose maxillary Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Right 2-3 years 10-14th century Pelvis Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Right Cut and chopped (both dismembering) Gnawed Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Rib Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Rib Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Chopped near head Gnawed Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Humerus Pig Unfused shaft Absent Left <3.5 years Sawn/chopped near prox end Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Tibia Pig Absent Unfused shaft Left <2 years Chopped Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Humerus Sheep/goat Unfused shaft Absent Left <3 years Sawn/chopped near prox end Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Vertebra Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Metacarpal Pig Indeterminate Unfused shaft Left <2 years Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Permanent Incisor Pig Indeterminate Absent Unsided Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Humerus Chicken Fused Fused Left Adult Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Loose maxillary Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Right >2 years Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Pelvis Pig Indeterminate Absent Left Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Tibia Cattle Fused Absent Left >3.5 years Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Radius Pig Absent Unfused epiphysis Left <3.5 years Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Femur Pig Newborn Newborn Right Newborn Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Permanent Incisor Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Unsided Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Radius Pig Fused Indeterminate Left >1 year Gnawed Water Lane Roman & 10-14th century Mandible Cattle Indeterminate Absent Left Roman & 10-14th century Pelvis Cat Indeterminate Absent Right 0 Roman & 10-14th century Loose maxillary Cattle Indeterminate Absent Right >1.5 years Roman & 10-14th century Radius Pig Newborn Newborn Left Foetal 2 Roman & 10-14th century Roman & 10-14th century Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2

14 Roman & 10-14th century Sheep Indeterminate Absent Right 6-12 months Roman & 10-14th century Vertebra Medium mammal Unfused shaft Absent Unsided 3 Roman & 10-14th century Tibia Sheep/goat Absent Indeterminate Left 2 Roman & 10-14th century Radius Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Left 1 Roman & 10-14th century Radius Pig Fusing Absent Left <1 year 2 Roman & 10-14th century Humerus Pig Indeterminate Indeterminate Left Dismembering 2 Roman & 10-14th century Scapula Pigeon Fused Absent Left Adult 1 Roman & 10-14th century Deciduous incisor Pig Indeterminate Absent Unsided Roman & 10-14th century Permanent Incisor Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Unsided Roman & 10-14th century Roman & 10-14th century Roman & 10-14th century Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Roman & 10-14th century Maxillary canine Pig Indeterminate Absent Left Female Roman & 10-14th century New School Road 11-14th century Metatarsus Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Unsided New School Road 11-14th century Pelvis Brown rat Fused Absent Right Adult New School Road 11-14th century Rib Cattle Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn New School Road 11-14th century Rib Cattle Indeterminate Absent Unsided New School Road 11-14th century Ulna Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Right Sawn New School Road 11-14th century Tibia Rabbit Fused Indeterminate Left Adult New School Road 11-14th century Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided New School Road 11-14th century Mandible Sheep Indeterminate Absent Right 3-4 years New School Road 11-14th century Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided New School Road 11-14th century Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided New School Road 11-14th century Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn New School Road 11-14th century Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided New School Road 11-14th century Sheep Indeterminate Absent Left 1-6 years Park Lane Roman & Humerus Sheep/goat Indeterminate Indeterminate Right Gnawed Park Lane Roman & First phalanx Sheep/goat Fused Absent Unsided >1 year Park Lane Roman & Maxilla Pig Indeterminate Absent Right Park Lane Roman & Skull Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Park Lane Roman & Femur Sheep/goat Absent Indeterminate Unsided Cambridge Road Post- Femur Rat Unfused shaft Unfused shaft Left Juvenile 1

15 Cambridge Road Post- Vertebra Sheep/goat Unfused Absent Unsided Immature Chopped Cambridge Road Post- Tibia Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Left Cambridge Road Post- Femur Pig Unfused epiphysis Absent Unsided <3.5 years Cambridge Road Post- Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Chopped Cambridge Road Post- Femur Rabbit Absent Fused Right Gnawed by cat or other small carnivore Pages Prehistoric- Femur Medium mammal Indeterminate Indeterminate Unsided Sawn at 2 points Pages Prehistoric- Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Pages Prehistoric- Third phalanx Pig Fused Absent Unsided Pages Prehistoric- First phalanx Pig Fusing Absent Unsided <1-1.5 years Pages Prehistoric- Mandible Sheep Indeterminate Absent Left 3-4 years Pages Prehistoric- First phalanx Cattle Unfused shaft Absent Unsided <1.5 years Pages Prehistoric- Humerus Sheep/goat Indeterminate Indeterminate Right Pages Prehistoric- Sheep Indeterminate Absent Left 1-4 years Pages Prehistoric- Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Burnt (partly calcined) Pages Prehistoric- Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Burnt (calcined) Pages Prehistoric- Radius Pig Indeterminate Absent Unsided Pages Prehistoric- Calcaneus Sheep Fused Absent Right >2.5 years Pages Prehistoric- Carpal Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Pages Prehistoric- Pelvis Cattle Indeterminate Absent Left Female Pages Prehistoric- Mandible Pig Indeterminate Absent Unsided Pages Prehistoric- Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Pages Prehistoric- Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Pages Prehistoric- Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Pages Prehistoric- Permanent Incisor Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Unsided Pages Prehistoric- Radius Size 4 bird (Goose?) Indeterminate Indeterminate Unsided Pages Prehistoric- Calcaneus Cattle Indeterminate Absent Left Mill Lane Modern Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Filleting Mill Lane Modern Metacarpus II Cat Indeterminate Fused Right Adult Mill Lane Modern Vertebra Lagomorph (rabbit/hare) Unfused Absent Unsided Immature Mill Lane Modern Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Cambridge Road Late -Modern Pelvis Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Left Sawn at 2 points Cambridge Road Late -Modern Vertebra Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn at 2 points Cambridge Road Late -Modern Vertebra Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Cambridge Road Late -Modern Calcaneus Sheep Unfused shaft Absent Left <2.5 years 3 0

16 Church Street Late Saxon Church Street Late Saxon- Femur Sheep/goat Fused Absent Left >3-4 years Gnawed Church Street Late Saxon- Antler Deer Indeterminate Absent Unsided Church Street Late Saxon- Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Glebe Way Roman-post- Mandibular canine Pig Indeterminate Absent Right Female Glebe Way Roman-post- Pig Indeterminate Absent Unsided Adult Glebe Way Roman-post- Loose maxillary Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Right Glebe Way Roman-post- Humerus Cattle Newborn Newborn Right <0.5 year Filleting Glebe Way Roman-post- Loose maxillary Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Right Nun's Orchard Early/Middle Saxon Radius Sheep/goat Indeterminate Indeterminate Left Nun's Orchard Early/Middle Saxon Vertebra Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Nun's Orchard Early/Middle Saxon Vertebra Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Nun's Orchard Early/Middle Saxon Sacrum Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Nun's Orchard Early/Middle Saxon Scapula Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Unsided Gnawed Nun's Orchard Early/Middle Saxon Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Gnawed Nun's Orchard Early/Middle Saxon Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Nun's Orchard Early/Middle Saxon Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Nun's Orchard Early/Middle Saxon Humerus Chicken Fused Absent Left Adult Cambridge Road Roman Humerus Sheep/goat Absent Indeterminate Left Sawn Cambridge Road Roman Femur Sheep/goat Unfused shaft Absent Right Cambridge Road Roman Vertebra Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn/chopped middle Cambridge Road Roman Femur Pig Unfused shaft Absent Right <3-3.5 years Sawn twice Femur Size 3 bird (Galliform) Indeterminate Fused Left Adult Female Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn/chopped Rib Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn/chopped Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn/chopped Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn/chopped Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Vertebra Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn/chopped Humerus Sheep Unfused shaft Absent Left < years < years Sawn Radius Sheep Fused Absent Right >0.5 years Ulna Sheep Fusing Absent Right < years 3 2

17 20 5 Sheep Indeterminate Absent Right 3-4 years 20 5 Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Absent Unsided Worked 20 5 Tibia Rabbit Absent Fused Left Adult Metapodial Rabbit Indeterminate Absent Left Metapodial Rabbit Indeterminate Absent Left Humerus Lagomorph? Unfused shaft Absent Left Immature Ulna 20 5 Ulna 20 5 Humerus 20 5 Ulna Anserinae (duck/goose) Anserinae (duck/goose) Anserinae (duck/goose) Anserinae (duck/goose) Fused Fusing Right Subadult 2 Fused Absent Right Subadult? 2 Fused Fused Right Adult? 2 Unfused shaft Unfused shaft Left Immature Scapula Sheep Fused Absent Left >0.5 years Dismembering marks Scapula Sheep Fused Absent Left >0.5 years Sawn Rib Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn twice Rib Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn Rib Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn Rib Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn Rib Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn/chopped Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn/chopped Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn/chopped Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn/chopped Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Vertebra Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Radius Medium mammal Absent Indeterminate Unsided Filleting Humerus Sheep Absent Fused Left >0.5 years Dismembering marks Vertebra Size 3 bird Indeterminate Absent Unsided Vertebra Size 3 bird Indeterminate Absent Unsided Vertebra Size 3 bird Indeterminate Absent Unsided Vertebra Size 3 bird Indeterminate Absent Unsided Pelvis Size 3 bird Indeterminate Absent Unsided Tibiotarsus Size 3 bird (Galliform) Indeterminate Absent Left Humerus Corvid (rook or carrion crow) Fusing Fusing Left Subadult Tibiotarsus Corvid? Fusing Fusing Left Subadult Loose maxillary Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Left

18 20 8 Scapula Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Left Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Roman-post- Vertebra Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Roman-post- Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 1 Roman-post- Humerus Sheep/goat Absent Indeterminate Left Gnawed 2 Roman-post- Radius Sheep/goat Absent Indeterminate Unsided 2 Roman-post- Radius Pig Absent Unfused shaft Right <3-3.5 years 2 Roman-post- Sheep Indeterminate Absent Right 4-8 years Roman-post- Femur Sheep/goat Absent Unfused shaft Unsided < years Copper stained 2 Roman-post- Humerus Turtle/collared dove Fused Fused Right Adult 0 Roman-post- Synsacrum Size 2 bird Indeterminate Absent Unsided Newborn 1 Roman-post- Skull Pig Newborn Absent Unsided Newborn 1 Roman-post- Femur Pig Newborn Newborn Right Newborn 1 Roman-post- Femur Pig Newborn Newborn Left Newborn 1 Roman-post- Tibia Pig Newborn Newborn Right Newborn 1 Roman-post- Tibia Pig Newborn Newborn Left Newborn 1 Roman-post- Cattle Indeterminate Absent Left years Roman-post- Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Gnawed 2 Roman-post- Lateral metapodial Pig Newborn Newborn Unsided 1 Roman-post- Radius Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Unsided 3 Roman-post- Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Cut near head of rib 2 Roman-post- Loose maxillary Cattle Indeterminate Absent Left Roman-post- Mandible Pig Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Roman-post- Roman-post- Femur Size 3 galliform Indeterminate Indeterminate Unsided 0 Roman-post- Tibiotarsus Pheasant Fused Fused Left Adult 1 Roman-post- Tibiotarsus Pheasant Absent Fused Right Adult 1 Roman-post- Tarsometatarsus Pheasant Indeterminate Indeterminate Right Adult Male 1 Roman-post- Carpometacarpus Pheasant Fused Fused Left Adult 1 Roman-post- Ulna Pheasant Indeterminate Fused Left Adult 1 Roman-post- Skull Size 3 galliform Indeterminate Absent Unsided Adult 1 Roman-post- Sternum Pheasant Indeterminate Absent Unsided 1

19 Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Roman-post- Synsacrum+Pelvis Size 3 galliform Indeterminate Absent Unsided 1 Roman-post- Furcula Size 3 galliform Indeterminate Absent Unsided 0 Roman-post- Mandible Pheasant Indeterminate Absent Unsided 0 Roman-post- Femur Pheasant Fused Fused Right Adult 1 Roman-post- Femur Pheasant Indeterminate Fused Left Adult 1 Roman-post- Tibiotarsus Pheasant Fused Absent Right Adult 1 Roman-post- Carpometacarpus Pheasant Fused Fused Right Adult 1 Roman-post- Humerus Pheasant Fused Fused Right Adult 1 Roman-post- Humerus Pheasant Fused Fused Left Adult 1 Roman-post- Ulna Pheasant Indeterminate Fused Right Adult 1 Roman-post- Radius Size 3 galliform Fused Fused Right Adult 1 Roman-post- Coracoid Pheasant Indeterminate Fused Right Adult 1 Roman-post- Coracoid Pheasant Indeterminate Fused Left Adult 1 Roman-post- Scapula Size 3 galliform Indeterminate Absent Left 1 Roman-post- Radius Cattle Fused Absent Left >1.5 years Chopped 3 Roman-post- Roman-post- Metacarpus Sheep/goat Absent Indeterminate Unsided Gnawed 2 Roman-post- Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Gnawed 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Calcaneus Lagomorph (rabbit/hare) Fused Absent Right Adult Burnt 2 Long bone Small mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 1 Long bone Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn 3 Skull Human Indeterminate Absent Unsided Adult 1 Sheep Indeterminate Absent Left 1-4 years Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Burnt tip 2 Humerus Cattle Absent Fused Left >1.5 years Sawn/Chopped longitudinally 3 Femur Sheep/goat Absent Newborn Left Newborn 3

20 Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street Church Street ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Park Lane Late Pelvis Ulna Pig Unfused shaft Absent Right <3 years 2 Second phalanx Cattle Fused Absent Unsided >1.5 years 1 Metatarsus Cattle Indeterminate Unfused shaft Right >2-3 years 2 Mandible Cattle Indeterminate Absent Left years 2 row Sheep Indeterminate Absent Left 3-6 years Metatarsus Sheep Absent Fused Left >1.5-2 years 3 Long bone Indeterminate Indeterminate Absent Unsided Worked into knife handle Loose maxillary Cattle Indeterminate Absent Right Lagomorph (rabbit/hare) Unfused shaft Absent Left Juvenile Park Lane Late Rib Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Park Lane Late Barrowcrofts (North) Roman & Early Femur Cattle Indeterminate Absent Unsided Barrowcrofts (North) Roman & Early Loose maxillary Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Left West Road Vertebra Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided West Road Humerus Size 3 bird Young Unfused shaft Right West Road Radius Size 3 Galliform Fused Absent Left West Road Humerus Size 3 bird Young Young Left West Road Skeleton Dog <6 months West Road Humerus Dog Unfused shaft Unfused shaft Right <6 months West Road Ulna Dog Unfused shaft Absent Left <6 months West Road Pelvis Dog Unfused shaft Absent Right <6 months West Road Pelvis Dog Unfused shaft Absent Left <6 months West Road Radius Dog Unfused shaft Unfused shaft Left <6 months West Road Radius Dog Unfused shaft Unfused shaft Right <6 months West Road Femur Dog Absent Unfused shaft Right <6 months West Road Metapodial Dog Indeterminate Unfused shaft Unsided <6 months West Road Metapodial Dog Indeterminate Unfused shaft Unsided <6 months West Road Metapodial Dog Indeterminate Unfused shaft Unsided <6 months West Road Metapodial Dog Indeterminate Unfused shaft Unsided <6 months West Road Metapodial Dog Indeterminate Unfused shaft Unsided <6 months West Road Scapula Dog Unfused shaft Absent Right <6 months West Road Skull Dog Indeterminate Absent Unsided <6 months West Road First phalanx Dog Unfused shaft Absent Unsided <6 months 1

21 West Road First phalanx Dog Unfused shaft Absent Unsided <6 months West Road Rib x almost all Dog Indeterminate Absent Unsided <6 months West Road Vertebrae x almost all Dog Indeterminate Absent Unsided <6 months West Road Tibiotarsus Chicken Absent Fused Left Adult Park Drive Roman-Late Rib Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Park Drive Roman-Late Loose maxillary Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Left Adult Park Drive Roman-Late Long bone Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Park Drive Roman-Late Rib Large mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Park Drive Roman-Late Tibia Pig Unfused shaft Absent Left <3-3.5 years &8 1 Park Drive Roman-Late Cottenham Road Cottenham Road Cottenham Road Cottenham Road Cottenham Road Cottenham Road Cottenham Road Cottenham Road Cottenham Road Sheep Indeterminate Absent Left 4-8 years Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Left 1-4 years Incisor Small mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided Metatarsus Cattle Indeterminate Absent Left 3 Metapodial Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Unsided 1 Antler Deer Indeterminate Absent Unsided Sawn 3 Mandible Pig Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Sacrum Medium mammal Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2 Second phalanx Pig Fused Absent Unsided >1 year 2 Metatarsus Pig Indeterminate Absent Unsided Barrowcrofts (South) Early Radius Sheep/goat Absent Fused Left >3 years Barrowcrofts (South) Early Loose maxillary Cattle Indeterminate Absent Right Barrowcrofts (South) Early Loose maxillary Pig Indeterminate Absent Right Barrowcrofts (South) Early Metatarsus Sheep Indeterminate Indeterminate Unsided Barrowcrofts (South) Early Radius Sheep/goat Indeterminate Absent Unsided 2