Contents. Chapter 1 Ocular Adnexal Lymphoproliferative Disease Timothy J. Sullivan

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1 Contents Chapter 1 Ocular Adnexal Lymphoproliferative Disease Timothy J. Sullivan 1.1 Pathogenesis Chronic Antigen Stimulation Immunosuppression Pathology Cytogenetics Clinical Features Imaging Findings Staging Positron Emission Tomography Treatment Follicular Lymphoma Mantle Cell Lymphoma Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Radioimmunotherapy Outcome The Future References Chapter 2 Pearls in Cosmetic Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Jonathan A. Hoenig 2.1 General Introduction The Aging Process and Facial Analysis Endoscopic Brow Lift Introduction Endoscopic Browlift Anesthesia Pearls Endoscopic Browlift Surgical Procedure Pearls Endoscopic Browlift Postoperative Care Pearls Upper Blepharoplasty Introduction Patient Evaluation Upper Blepharoplasty Anesthesia Pearls Upper Blepharoplasty Surgical Procedure Pearls Lower Blepharoplasty, Fillers, and Midface Augmentation Introduction Patient Evaluation Lower Blepharoplasty Anesthesia Pearls Lower Blepharoplasty Surgical Procedure Pearls References Chapter 3 Current Concepts in the Management of Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation Katherine A. Lane and Jurij R. Bilyk 3.1 Introduction What Is the Diagnosis? Pitfalls of Diagnosis A Diagnostic Corticosteroid Trial? The Question of Biopsy Treatment Corticosteroids Radiation Other Agents Special Circumstances Pediatric IOIS Sclerosing Pseudotumor Tolosa Hunt Syndrome References Chapter 4 Lacrimal Canalicular Inflammation and Occlusion: Diagnosis and Management David H. Verity and Geoffrey E. Rose 4.1 Introduction Embryology, Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the Canalicular System Infective Causes

2 x Contents Periocular Herpes Simplex Infection Bacterial Canaliculitis Systemic Inflammatory Disease Lichen Planus Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid Drug Eruptions (Stevens Johnson Syndrome) Iatrogenic Causes Systemic Drugs Fluorouracil (5-FU) Docetaxel (Taxotere) Radiotherapy Topical Ophthalmic Treatments Preservative-Related Chronic Conjunctivitis Mitomycin C Therapy Lacrimal Stents and Plugs The Surgical Approach to Managing Canalicular Disease Surgical Technique for Dacryocystorhinostomy with Retrograde Canaliculostomy Placement of a Jones Canalicular Bypass Tube References Chapter 5 Orbitofacial Neurofibromatosis 1: Current Medical and Surgical Management William R. Katowitz and James A. Katowitz 5.1 Introduction Nomenclature Clinical Manifestations of NF Orbitofacial Tumors in NF Neurofibromas Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Optic Pathway Gliomas Genetics The NF1 Gene Overlapping NF1-Like Phenotype (SPRED1) Management of Neurofibromatosis Type Introduction Medical Management of Neurofibromas Surgical Management of Orbitofacial Tumors in NF Introduction Timing of Surgery Periorbital Involvement The Upper Eyelid The Lower Eyelid and Midface Orbital Involvement Proptosis Proptosis Due to Orbital Neurofibromas Proptosis Due to Optic Nerve Glioma Orbital Enlargement with Dystopia and Hypoglobus The Natural History of NF1 Tumor Growth from Birth to Senescence References Chapter 6 Clinicopathologic Features of Lesions Affecting the Lacrimal Drainage System in External Dacryocystorhinostomy Ludwig M. Heindl, Anselm G. M. Jünemann, and Leonard M. Holbach 6.1 Introduction Surgical Anatomy of the Lacrimal Drainage System Basic Diagnostics for Disorders of the Lacrimal Drainage System Selective Lacrimal Sac Biopsy in External Dacryocystorhinostomy Definitive Treatment and Prognosis of Lesions Affecting the Lacrimal Drainage System Case A Case B Case C Case D Case E Case F Case G References Chapter 7 Systemic and Ophthalmic Anomalies in Congenital Anophthalmic or Microphthalmic Patients Michael P. Schittkowski and Rudolf F. Guthoff 7.1 Introduction Patients and Methods Patients Examination Results Patient Data Age Family History Pregnancy History

3 Contents xi Birth Associated Systemic and Ocular Diseases Developmental Anomaly and Potential Visual Capacity of the Fellow Eye in Unilateral Disease Neuroradiological Findings (Brain MRI) Nasolacrimal System Findings Discussion Patients Obstetric and Family History Associated Pathologies Ophthalmological Findings in Unilateral Disease Neuroradiological Findings Systemic Diseases Nasolacrimal Duct Findings Conclusions References Chapter 8 Brow Suspension in Complicated Unilateral Ptosis: Frontalis Muscle Stimulation via Contralateral Levator Recession Markus F. Pfeiffer 8.1 Introduction Evaluation of Complicated Ptosis Compensatory Eyebrow Elevation Examples of Complicated Unilateral Ptosis with Insufficient Compensatory Brow Elevation Innervation Patterns of the Frontalis Muscle Checklist of Preoperative Evaluation of Complicated Ptosis Planning Partial or Total Levator Muscle Recession Combined with Unilateral or Bilateral Brow Suspension Surgical Technique of Levator Muscle Recession Principle Approach to the Levator Partial Levator Recession Total Levator Recession The Lid-Lowering Effect and Eyelid Symmetry: Evolution of the Eyelid Level After Levator Recession Undercorrection and Overcorrection Surgical Technique of Brow Suspension Materials for Brow Suspension Nonautogenous Materials Autogenous Fascia Lata Our Technique of Harvesting Autogenous Fascia Lata Mechanical Principals of Brow Suspension Upper Lid Approach Fascia Implantation References Chapter 9 Modern Concepts in Orbital Imaging Jonathan J. Dutton 9.1 Computerized Tomography Three-Dimensional Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging The T1 Constant The T2 Constant Creating the MR Image Imaging of Common Orbital Lesions Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Cavernous Hemangioma Dermoid Cyst Fibrous Dysplasia Lymphangioma Lymphoma Myositis Optic Nerve Glioma Pseudotumor Rhabdomyosarcoma Diffusion MRI (Diffusion-Weighted Imaging) Positron Emission Tomography Orbital Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation Topographic Echography Quantitative Echography Kinetic Echography Extraocular Muscles Optic Nerves References Chapter 10 Management of Periorbital Cellulitis in the 21st Century Michael P. Rabinowitz and Scott M. Goldstein 10.1 Introduction The Infection: Stages, Symptoms, and Effects Etiology Microbiology

4 xii Contents 10.5 Changing Pathogens and Resistance CA-MRSA Versus Hospital-Acquired MRSA Orbital MRSA Evaluation of Orbital Cellulitis Medical Treatment of Orbital Cellulitis Surgical Treatment of Orbital Cellulitis Prevention of Orbital Cellulitis after Orbital Fracture References Chapter 11 Current Concepts in the Management of Capillary Hemangiomas: Steroids, Beta-Blockers, or Surgery François Codère and Julie Powell 11.1 Clinical Picture Clinical Phases Etiology, Histology, and Classification Differential Diagnosis of Infantile Hemangioma Ocular Complications Investigation Angiography Management Active Nonintervention Indications for Treatment Modalities of Treatment Steroids Topical Steroids Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection Oral Corticosteroids Interferon-Alfa Vincristine Laser Embolization Surgery Beta-Blockers: A New Promising Modality of Treatment References Chapter 12 Evaluation and Management of Metastatic Orbital Tumors Alejandra A. Valenzuela and Alan A. McNab 12.1 Introduction Epidemiology Biological Behavior and Timing of Metastasis Lateralization Localization Clinical Features Imaging and Patterns of Orbital Metastatic Disease Biopsy Common Types of Orbital Metastases Breast Carcinoma Lung Carcinoma Prostatic Cancer Melanoma Carcinoid Tumor Differential Diagnosis Treatment Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Hormonal Therapy Surgery Prognosis and Survival References Chapter 13 Targeted Therapy in the Treatment of Orbital and Periorbital Malignancies Aaron Savar and Bita Esmaeli 13.1 Introduction Rituximab Yttrium-90-Labeled Ibritumomab Tiuxetan Imatinib Mesylate Cetuximab References Chapter 14 Controversies in Enucleation Technique and Implant Selection: Whether to Wrap, Attach Muscles, and Peg? David R. Jordan and Stephen R. Klapper 14.1 Introduction Porous Orbital Implants Orbital Implant Selection in Adults Orbital Implant Selection in Children Volume Considerations in Orbital Implant Selection Orbital Implant Wrapping and Attaching Extraocular Muscles Which Wrap to Use To Peg or Not to Peg Porous Implants Summary References

5 Contents xiii Chapter 15 Non-surgical Volume Enhancement with Fillers in the Orbit and Periorbital Tissues: Cosmetic and Functional Considerations Ana M. Susana Morley and Raman Malhotra 15.1 Introduction Etiology and Presentation Etiology of Orbital Volume Loss Etiology of Periorbital Volume Loss Features of Orbital Volume Loss Features of PeriOorbital Volume Loss Background to Injectable Soft-Tissue Fillers Historical Perspective on Volume Replacement Advantages of Injectable Soft-Tissue Fillers Complications of Injectable Soft-Tissue Fillers Types of Injectable Soft-Tissue Filler Collagen Fillers Hyaluronic acid Fillers Semipermanent Injectable Soft-Tissue Fillers Treatment Areas Orbit Upper Eyelid and Brow Tear Trough Temple and Brow Other Periorbital Uses of Injectable Soft-Tissue Fillers Upper Eyelid Loading Lower Eyelid Elevation Treatment of Cicatricial Ectropion Future Developments References Index

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