Index* Biphasic carcinoma, 267 Black thyroid, 104 BRAF genes, 37 BRAF mutations, in papillary carcinoma, 371

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1 Index* A ADASP (Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology) reporting protocol, 468 Adenochondroma, 78 Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 320 Adenoid cystic variant of papillary carcinoma, 431 Adenolipoma, 78 Adenoma-associated parathyroid glands, 537 Adenoma, parathyroid gland, see Parathyroid adenoma Adenoma, thyroid gland, see Thyroid adenoma Adenoma, thyroid gland, with bizarre nuclei, follicular, 73 Adenoma, thyroid gland, with papillary features, follicular, 79 Adenomatoid/adenomatous goiter, 331 Adenomatous hyperplasia, 331 AKT gene, 39 ALK, 374 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) protocol, 468 Amphicrine cell medullary carcinoma, 264 Amyloid goiter, 349 Anaplastic carcinoma, see Undifferentiated carcinoma Anatomy, 3, 494 normal parathyroid gland, 494 normal thyroid gland, 3 Angioinvasive oncocytic carcinoma, 211 Angiolipoma, 315 Angiosarcoma, 291 Angiosarcoma-like medullary carcinoma, 265 Askanazy cells, 200 Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology (ADASP) report protocol, 468 Atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/ FLUS), 450 Atypical adenoma, 78, 532 parathyroid gland, 532 thyroid gland, 78 B B-catenin/APC/wnt pathway, 42 Benign follicular nodule, 73 Benign familial hypercalcemia, 571 Benign oncocytoma, 203 Benign thyroid nodule, 400 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology, 396, 453 Biphasic carcinoma, 267 Black thyroid, 104 BRAF genes, 37 BRAF mutations, in papillary carcinoma, 371 C C-cell, normal, 11 calcitonin, 12, 14 calcitonin gene-related peptide, 13 embryology, 3 gastrin-releasing peptide, 13 somatostatin, 13 C-cell carcinoma, 241 C-cell hyperplasia, 272 association with MEN 2, 272 peritumoral C-cell hyperplasia, 273 primary (neoplastic) C-cell hyperplasia, 273 secondary (physiologic) C-cell hyperplasia, 273 Calcitonin, 12, 14 Calcitonin gene-related peptide, 13, 14 Calcium homeostasis, parathyroid gland, 505 CAP reporting protocol, 468 Carcinoma, thyroid gland, see Thyroid carcinoma Carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation, 232, 319 Carcinosarcoma, 177 Cellular follicular lesion, 403 Chernobyl-related thyroid carcinoma, 58 Chief cell adenoma, parathyroid gland, 517 Chief cell hyperplasia, primary, parathyroid gland, see Primary chief cell hyperplasia, parathyroid gland *In a series of numbers, those in boldface indicate the main discussion of the entity. All entities refer to the thyroid gland unless specified otherwise. 597

2 Tumors of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Chromosomal DNA alterations, 369, 375 in follicular carcinoma, 369 in papillary carcinoma, 375 Chronic lymphocytic hyperplasia, 404 Classification of thyroid tumors, 61 Clear cell carcinoma, 221, 262, 439 cytopathology, 439 follicular, 222 lipid-rich follicular, 226 medullary, 227, 262 oncocytic, 222 papillary, 226 signet ring follicular, 225 undifferentiated, 227 Clear cell hyperplasia, parathyroid gland, 566 Clear cell medullary carcinoma, 227, 262 Clear cell tumors, 221, 439 cytology, 439 follicular, 222 lipid-rich follicular, 226 medullary, 227 oncocytic, 222 papillary, 226 signet ring follicular, 225 undifferentiated, 227 Clinical features of thyroid tumors, 465 College of American Pathologists (CAP) reporting protocol, 468 Colloid goiter, 331 Colloid nodule, 402 Columnar cell papillary carcinoma, 146, 378, 429 cytopathology, 429 molecular genetic alterations, 378 Composite/compound carcinoma, 267 Cribriform/morular papillary carcinoma, 149, 378 molecular genetic alterations, 382 CTNNB1 gene, 42 Cysts, parathyroid gland, 583 Cytopathology of thyroid tumors, 395 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology, 396 clear cell neoplasms, 439 diffuse hyperplasia, 404 fine-needle aspiration biopsy, 395, see also Fine-needle aspiration biopsy follicular neoplasms, 406 Hashimoto thyroiditis, 404 insular carcinoma, 431 lymphoma, 445 medullary carcinoma, 441 nodular hyperplasia, 400 normal gland, 397 oncocytic neoplasms, 433 papillary carcinoma, 416 papillary carcinoma variants, 427 secondary tumors, 447 specimen adequacy, 397 squamous cell neoplasms, 440 undifferentiated carcinoma, 433 D Density gradient measurement, parathyroid gland, 591 DeQuervain thyroiditis, 342 Differentiated carcinoma, 267 Diffuse hyperplasia, 335, 404 cytopathology, 404 Diffuse lipomatosis, 315 Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary carcinoma, 141, 377, 429 cytopathology, 429 DNA cytometry, parathyroid gland, 591 Dyshormonogenetic goiter, 336 Ectopic cervical thymoma, 315 Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma, 316 Ectopic thyroid tissue, 355 Embryology, 1, 493 normal parathyroid gland, 493 normal thyroid gland, 1 Encapsulated follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, 135, 377 Encapsulated medullary carcinoma, 265 Encapsulated oncocytic carcinoma, 211 Encapsulated papillary carcinoma, 130 Encapsulated oncocytic papillary neoplasm, 216 E F Familial hyperparathyroidism syndromes, 568 familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, 571 familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, 572 hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, 571 multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1, 568 multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2, 570 multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 4, 571 neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism,

3 Index Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, 571 Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, 572 Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, 242 Fat stains, parathyroid gland, 590 Fibrosing thyroiditis, 342 Fine-needle aspiration biopsy, thyroid gland, 395, see also Cytopathology, thyroid gland accuracy of, 452 Bethesda classification, 396 classification scheme, 396 complications, 456 histologic alterations following FNAB, 456 indications for, 395 molecular pathology, 450 normal gland, 397 pitfalls of, 455 specimen adequacy, 397 Follicular adenoma, 65, 95, 203, 226, 365, 367, 407 cytopathology, 407 differentiation from carcinoma, 72; from nodular hyperplasia, 73; from oncocytic carcinoma, 214 hereditary syndromes, 367 general and clinical features, 65 gross findings, 65 immunohistochemical findings, 71 microscopic findings, 66 molecular genetic alterations, 365 treatment, 73 ultrastructural findings, 72 variants, 73 adenochondroma, 78 adenolipoma, 78 adenoma with bizarre nuclei, 73 adenoma with papillary features, 79 atypical adenoma, 78 hyalinizing trabecular adenoma, 73, 367 lipid rich, 226 of oxyphilic cell type, 203 toxic adenoma, 81, 367 with focal atypical features, 95 Follicular adenoma of oxyphilic cell type, 203 Follicular carcinoma, 72, 85, 233, 367, 370, 406 clear cell type, 222 cytopathology, 407 differentiation from follicular adenoma, 72; from parathyroid adenoma, 530 follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, 85, see also Papillary thyroid carcinoma hereditary syndromes, 370 lipid rich, 226 medullary carcinoma, follicular, 261 minimally invasive (encapsulated) type, 86 capsular invasion, 87 differentiation from adenoma, papillary carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, 94 pseudoinvasion, 89 vascular invasion, 90 noninvasive follicular carcinoma, 94 oncocytic variant, 85, 209 poorly differentiated, 85, 172 squamous cell, 232 widely invasive type, 97 Follicular cells, normal, 8 hormones, 10 Follicular lesion of undetermined significance, 406, 450, 453 Follicular lymphoma, cytopathology, 452 Follicular tumor of uncertain malignant potential, 95, 135 Follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPTC), 85, 131, 135, 376, 416, 427 cytopathology, 416, 427 differentiation from medullary carcinoma, 257 microfollicular variant, 135 Frozen section evaluation, thyroid gland, 466 G Gastrin-releasing peptide, 13 Genes in tumorigenesis, thyroid gland, 23 AKT gene, 40 B-catenin/APC/wnt pathway, 42 BRAF genes, 37 CTNNB1 gene, 42 GNAS gene, 30 MAPK gene pathway, 31 MET gene, 36 NTRK1 gene, 34, 374 NTRK3 gene, 374 PAX gene, 41 PAX/PPRG rearrangement, 41 PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway, 39 PPARg rearrangement, 41 PRKAR1A gene, 31 PTEN gene, 40 RAS genes, 36 RET gene, 32 RET/PTC oncogene,

4 Tumors of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands TERT, 41, 375 TP53 gene, 45 TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) receptor/ camp (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) gene pathway, 25 TSHR gene, 29 tyrosine kinase receptors (RET, NTRK1, MET), 31 Genetic alterations, see Molecular genetic alterations Giant cell medullary carcinoma, 261 GNAS gene, 30 Grading thyroid tumors, 468 Granular cell tumor, 315 Graves disease, 335, 404 cytopathology, 404 H Hashimoto thyroiditis, 339, 404, 465 association with thyroid carcinoma, 465 cytopathology, 404 hashitoxicosis, 340 nodular Hashimoto thyroiditis, 340 Hemangioma, 314 Hemangiopericytoma, 314 Histology, normal thyroid gland, 4 Hodgkin lymphoma, 305 Hormones, thyroid gland, 10 Hürthle cells, 199 Hürthle cell adenoma, see Oncocytic adenoma Hürthle cell carcinoma, see Oncocytic tumors Hürthle cell tumors, see Oncocytic tumors Hyalinizing parathyroid adenoma, 522 Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma, 73, 367, 412 cytopathology, 416 molecular genetic alterations, 367 Hyalinizing trabecular tumor, differentiation from medullary carcinoma, 258 Hypercalcemia, 506 Hypercalcemia of malignancy, 509 Hyperfunctioning adenoma, 81, 367 Hypernephroid tumor, 223 Hyperparathyroidism, 245, 506, 513 and medullary thyroid carcinoma, 245 and parathyroid adenoma, 513 bone manifestations, 507 general considerations, 506 primary hyperparathyroidism, 506 renal manifestations, 509 secondary hyperparathyroidism, 506, 575 tertiary hyperparathyroidism, 506, 579 Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, 571 Hyperplastic papillary adenoma, 81 Implanted thyroid tissue, 358 Immunohistochemical markers, 481 Inclusion in lymph node, 360 Inflammatory pseudotumor, 307 Insular carcinoma, 85, 165, 431 cytopathology, 431 International union against cancer (UICC) grading scheme, 468 Intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay, 591 Intraoperative parathyroid tumor diagnosis, 589 Intrathyroidal epithelial thymoma, 319 Intrathyroidal glands, 311 Iodine deficiency and thyroid carcinogenesis, 57 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 347 Large B-cell lymphoma, cytopathology, 445 Large cells, 200 Leiomyoma, 315 Leiomyosarcoma, 289 Lingual thyroid tissue, 355 Lipid-rich follicular adenoma/carcinoma, 226 Lipoadenoma, parathyroid gland, 532 Lipohyperplasia, parathyroid gland, 562 Lymphangioma, 314 Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, 189 Lymphoma, 191, 258, 299, 445 Burkitt lymphoma, cytology, 447 cytopathology, 445 differentiation from undifferentiated carcinoma, 191; from medullary carcinoma, 258 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, 300 follicular type lymphoma, cytopathology, 447 Hodgkin lymphoma, 305 large B-cell lymphoma, cytopathology, 445 marginal zone B-cell lymphomas, 300 mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 300, 445 cytopathology, 445 plasma cell granuloma, 307 plasmacytoma, 307 Lymph nodes, thyroid inclusions in, 360 I L 600

5 Index M Macrofollicular variant of papillary carcinoma, 430 Malakoplakia, 347 Malignant hemangioendothelioma, 291 Malignant lymphoma, see Lymphoma Malignant teratoma, 318 MAPK gene pathway, 30 Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, 300 Mechanical implantation of thyroid tissue, 357 Medullary carcinoma, 190, 227, 241, 266, 441, 531 association with MEN 2, 242 clear cell, 227 clinical features, 244 cytopathology, 441 definition and general features, 241 differential diagnosis, 257; differentiation from undifferentiated carcinoma, 189; from mixed medullary and follicular carcinoma, 271; from paraganglioma, 313; from parathyroid adenoma, 531 familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, 242 gross findings, 246 heritable forms, 266 histochemical and immunohistochemical findings, 251 hyperparathyroidism, 242 laboratory diagnosis, 245 microscopic findings, 246 mixed medullary and follicular cell carcinoma, 266 molecular pathogenesis, 243 spread and metastases, 259 treatment and prognosis, 259 ultrastructural findings, 256 variants, 261 amphicrine cell, 264 angiosarcoma-like, 265 clear cell, 262 encapsulated, 265 follicular, 261 giant cell, 261 medullary microcarcinoma, 265 melanotic, 262 oncocytic, 262 papillary, 261 paraganglioma-like, 264 small cell, 261 squamous cell, 264 Medullary microcarcinoma, 265 Melanotic medullary carcinoma, 262 MET gene, 36 Metaplastic carcinoma, 177 Metastatic tumors, see Secondary tumors Mixed follicular and C-cell carcinoma, 267 Mixed medullary and follicular cell carcinoma, 266 clinical features, 271 definition and general features, 266 differentiation from medullary carcinoma, 271 gross and microscopic findings, 271 treatment and prognosis, 272 Molecular genetic alterations, 365, 450 fine-needle aspiration biopsy alterations, 450 follicular adenomas, 365 hereditary syndromes, 367 hyalinizing trabecular adenoma, 367 toxic adenoma, 367 follicular carcinoma, 367 chromosomal alterations, 369 hereditary syndromes, 367 PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway dysregulation, 369 PPARg rearrangement, 368 RAS mutation, 367 papillary carcinoma, 371 BRAF mutations, 371 chromosomal alterations, 375 NTRK1 and NTRK3 rearrangements, 374 RAS mutations, 373 RET/PTC rearrangements, 374 papillary carcinoma variants, 376 cribriform-morular variant, 378 diffuse sclerosing variant, 377 encapsulated variant, 377 follicular variant, 376 hereditary syndromes, 378 microcarcinoma, 376 oncocytic variant, 378 solid trabecular variant, 377 tall and columnar cell variants, 378 Warthin-like variant, 378 poorly differentiated carcinoma, 379 undifferentiated carcinoma, 381 Mucin-producing microfollicular adenoma, 226 Mucinous carcinoma, 234, 258 differentiation from medullary carcinoma, 258 Mucinous tumors, 233 mucinous carcinoma, 234 mucoepidermoid carcinoma,

6 Tumors of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands oncocytic carcinoma, 235 papillary carcinoma, 234 signet ring follicular adenoma/carcinoma, 234 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 230, 233, 441 squamous type, 234 Mucoepidermoid mucinous carcinoma, 233 Mucoepidermoid squamous cell carcinoma, 234, 441 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 300, 445 Multifocal fibrosing (sclerosing) thyroiditis, 345 Multifocal granulomatous folliculitis, 347 Multinodular goiter, 331 Multiple endocrine neoplasia, parathyroid gland, 568 type 1, 568 type 2, 570 type 4, 571 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and medullary thyroid carcinoma, 242 Myxoid stromal changes, 235 N National Cancer Institute (NCI) consensus conference on FNAB classification (Bethesda system), 396 Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, 571 Neuroendocrine carcinoma of thyroid gland, 241 Nodular goiter, 331 Nodular Hashimoto thyroiditis, 339, 359 and parasitic nodule, 360 Nodular hyperplasia, 72, 331, 400 and Hashimoto thyroiditis, 340 cytopathology, 400 differentiation from follicular adenoma, 72, 334; from carcinoma, 334 Nonencapsulated sclerosing tumor, 127 Non-neoplastic goiter, 400 NTRK1 gene, 33, 374 NTRK1 and NTRK3 rearrangements, in papillary carcinoma, 374 O Occult papillary carcinoma, 127 Occult sclerosing carcinoma, 127 Oncocytes, 199 Oncocytic adenoma, 203 Oncocytic carcinoma, 209, 262 angioinvasive, 211 clear cell, 221 clinical features, 209 differentiation from oncocytic hyperplastic nodule, follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, 214 follicular type, 214 general features, 209 gross findings, 209 immunohistochemical findings, 212 medullary type, 262 microscopic findings, 210 minimally invasive, 211 molecular genetic findings, 208 papillary type, 143, 214 spread and metastases, 215 treatment and prognosis, 215 widely invasive, 212 Oncocytic cells, 199 Oncocytic clear cell neoplasms, 222 Oncocytic follicular carcinoma, 214 Oncocytic hyperplastic nodule, differentiation from oncocytic carcinoma, 214 Oncocytic medullary carcinoma, 262 papillary oncocytic neoplasms, 215 Oncocytic papillary carcinoma, 143, 216 Oncocytic parathyroid adenoma, 521 Oncocytic thyroid adenoma, 203 Oncocytic tumors, 199, 423 cytopathology, 423 encapsulated papillary oncocytic neoplasm, 216 malignancy, 203 nature of oncocyte, 201 oncocytic adenoma, 203 oncocytic carcinoma, 209 oncocytic cells, 199 oncocytic change, 202 oncocytoma, 202 Oncocytic variant of papillary carcinoma, 216, 433 cytopathology, 433 Oncocytoma, 202 Ontogenous parathyromatosis, 583 Oxyphilic cells, 200 Palpation thyroiditis, 347 Papillary carcinoma, 85, 103, 227, 228, 371, 416 adenoid cystic variant, 431 associated syndromes, 103 P 602

7 Index clinical features, 103 columnar cell variant, 146 cribriform/morular variant, 149, 378 cytopathology, 416 differentiation from undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma, 189; from oncocytic carcinoma, 214; from medullary carcinoma, 257; from parathyroid adenoma, 530 diffuse sclerosing variant, 141, 377 encapsulated follicular variant, 135, 377 encapsulated papillary carcinoma, 130 follicular variant, 85, 131, 376 microfollicular variant, 133 general features, 103 grading, 118 gross findings, 104 hereditary syndromes, 378 immunohistochemical findings, 119 macrofollicular variant, 430 medullary carcinoma, papillary variant, 261 metastasis, 121 microscopic findings, 105 nuclear features, 107 papillary, 105 psammoma bodies, 113 pseudoinclusions, 107 squamous metaplasia, 111 molecular genetic alterations, 369, 375 oncocytic type, 143, 199 papillary microcarcinoma, 127, 376 prognosis, 125 radiation exposure, 103 solid/trabecular variant, 139, 377 squamous cell, 232 tall cell variant, 146, 378 treatment, 124 variants, 127, 376 ultrastructural findings, 118 Warthin-like variant, 144, 378 with clear cell features, 149, 227 with exuberant nodular fasciitis-like stroma, 430 Papillary medullary carcinoma, 261 Papillary microcarcinoma, 127, 376 Papillary oncocytic neoplasms, 215 Paraganglioma, 259, 311 differentiation from medullary carcinoma, 259, 313 Paraganglioma-like medullary carcinoma, 264 Parasitic nodule, 358 in nodular Hashimoto thyroiditis, 359 Parastruma, 222 Parathyroid adenoma, 513, 565 adenolipoma, 530 adenoma-associated parathyroid glands, 537 atypical adenoma, 532, 554 chief cell adenoma, 517 clinical features, 514 cytologic findings, 525 differentiation from parathyroid carcinoma, 530, 554; from thyroid neoplasms, 530; from chief cell hyperplasia, 565 general features, 513 gross findings, 514 hyalinizing adenoma, 522 immunohistochemical findings, 526 lipoadenoma, 532 microadenomas, 514 microscopic findings, 517 molecular genetic findings, 529 oncocytic adenoma, 531 treatment and prognosis, 531 ultrastructural findings, 529 water clear cell adenoma, 532 Parathyroid carcinoma, 543 clinical features, 543 cytologic findings, 552 differentiation from parathyroid adenoma, from parathyromatosis, 554 general features, 543 gross findings, 544 immunohistochemical findings, 552 microscopic findings, 544 molecular genetic findings, 553 staging, 556 treatment and prognosis, 554 ultrastructural findings, 553 Parathyroid chief cell adenoma, 517 Parathyroid cysts, 583 Parathyroid microadenoma, 514 Parathyroid gland, normal, 493 anatomy, 494 calcium homeostasis, 505 embryology, 493 gross and microscopic findings, 494 immunohistochemical findings,

8 Tumors of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands parathyroid hormone, 505 ultrastructural findings, 501 Parathyroid grafts, 580 Parathyroid hormone, 505, 591 intraoperative assay, 591 Parathyroid hormone-related protein, 505 Parathyroid tumors, 311, 589 diagnosis of, 589 in thyroid gland, 311 Parathyroiditis, chronic, 565 Parathyromatosis, 498, 554, 562, 583 differentiation from parathyroid carcinoma, 554 primary (ontogenous) parathyromatosis, 583 secondary (postsurgical) parathyromatosis, 585 Parenchymatous goiter, 331 Pathologic evaluation of thyroid tumors, 467 PAX gene, 41 PAX/PPRG rearrangement, 41 Pediatric tumors, 58 Pendred syndrome, 337 PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway, 37, 369 in follicular carcinoma, 369 Plasma cell granuloma, 307 Plasmacytoma, 307 Pleomorphic adenoma, 320 Pleomorphic carcinoma, 177 Plummer adenoma, 81, 367 Poorly differentiated carcinomas, 165, 258, 379 differentiation from medullary carcinoma, 258 insular carcinoma, 165 molecular genetic alterations, 377 mucinous type, 235 Turin proposal, 173 Postoperative necrotizing granuloma, 347 Postpartum thyroiditis, 347 Postsurgical parathyromatosis, 585 PPARg rearrangement, 41, 368 in follicular carcinoma, 368 Primary chief cell hyperplasia, parathyroid gland, 561 differentiation from parathyroid adenoma, 565 Primary hyperparathyroidism, 506 Primary parathyromatosis, 583 PRKAR1A gene, 31 Prognostic scoring systems, 125, 474 Pseudolymphoma, 307 PTEN gene, 40 R Radiologic evaluation of thyroid tumors, 465 Radiation exposure, 57, 103, 348 and papillary thyroid carcinoma, 103 and thyroid tumors, 57 RAS genes, 36 RAS mutations, 367, 373 in follicular carcinoma, 367 in papillary carcinoma, 373 Reporting thyroid tumors, 468 ADASP/CAP protocols, 468 AJCC/UICC TNM scheme, 468 Riedel thyroiditis, 190, 342 differentiation from undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma, 190 RET gene, 31, 243 and medullary carcinoma, 243 RET/PTC oncogene, 33 RET/PTC rearrangements, in papillary carcinoma, 373 Rosai-Dorfman disease, 347 S Sanderson polster, 5 Sarcoidosis, 347 Sarcomas, 189, 289 angiosarcoma, 291 differentiation from undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma, 189 leiomyosarcoma, 289 Sarcomatoid carcinoma, 177 Schwannoma, 315 Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia, 230, 233 squamous type, 232 Secondary hyperparathyroidism, 506, 575 Secondary parathyromatosis, 585 Secondary tumors, parathyroid gland, 585 Secondary tumors, thyroid gland, 232, 235, 325, 447 cytopathology, 447 mucinous, 234 renal cell carcinoma, 327 squamous cell, 232 Signet ring cell follicular adenoma/carcinoma, 225, 234 clear cell type,

9 Index Signet ring cell mucinous adenoma, 225 Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, 347 Small cell medullary carcinoma, 261 Solid carcinoma with amyloid stroma, 241 Solid cell nests, 15 Solid/trabecular variant of papillary carcinoma, 139, 377, 429 cytopathology, 429 molecular genetic alterations, 377 Solitary fibrous tumor, 314 Somatostatin, 13 Spindle cell adenoma, 78 Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation, 316 Spontaneous silent thyroiditis, 347 Sporadic nodular goiter, 331 Squamous cell carcinoma, 232, see also Squamous cell tumors Squamous cell tumors, 228, 264, 440 carcinoma with thymus-like differentiation, 232 follicular tumors, 232 medullary carcinoma, 232, 264 mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 230 non-neoplastic conditions, 233 papillary carcinoma, 226 sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia, 230 secondary tumors, 232 squamous cell carcinoma, 232 Squamous cell epithelial nests, 233 Squamous cell medullary carcinoma, 233, 264 Staging, 469, 556 parathyroid tumors, 556 thyroid tumors, 469 Stem cell carcinoma, 267 Struma ovarii, 361 Strumal carcinoid, 361 Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, 342 T Tall cell papillary carcinoma, 146, 372, 429 cytopathology, 429 Teratoma, 313, 361 with thyroid tissue, 361 TERT, 369, 375 Tertiary hyperparathyroidism, 506, 579 Third pharyngeal pouch cysts, 583 Thyroglobulin, 10, 466, 486 and clear cell tumors, 221 in thyroid tumors, 466 Thyroid carcinoma, see under individual entities Thyroid hormones, 10, 11 Thyroid spindle cell tumor with mucous cysts, 316 Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 1, 11 Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 11 Thyroid transcription factor-1, 1, 9, 487 Thyroid tumors, general features, 57, 465, 481, 530, see also under individual tumors/ carcinomas and Hashimoto thyroiditis, 465 childhood tumors, 58 classification, 61 clinical evaluation, 465 cytopathology, 395 differentiation from parathyroid adenoma, 530 frozen section evaluation, 466 grading, 468 immunohistochemical markers, 481 incidence, 57 iodine deficiency, 57 molecular genetic alterations, 369 pathologic evaluation, 467 prognostic factors, 474 prognostic score, 474 radiation exposure, 57 reporting tumors, 467 staging, 469 treatment, 472 Thyroiditis, 339 fibrosing thyroiditis, 339 Hashimoto thyroiditis, 339 malakoplakia, 347 multifocal fibrosing (sclerosing) thyroiditis, 345 other forms, 347 subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, 342 Thyrolipomatosis, 315 Thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone), 11 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, 11 Thyroxine, 10 TNM staging scheme, 471 Toxic adenoma, 81, 367 molecular genetic alterations, 367 Toxic nodular hyperplasia, 332 TP53 gene, 45 Triiodothyronine,

10 Tumors of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands TSH receptor/camp gene pathway, 25 TSHR gene, 29 Turin proposal, 173 Tyrosine kinase receptors, 31 U UICC grading scheme, 468 Undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma, 177, 227, 380, 433 anaplastic transformation, 194 clear cell, 227 clinical features, 177 cytopathology, 433 differentiation from sarcomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, lymphoma, Riedel thyroiditis, 189 giant cell pattern, 180 gross findings, 177 immunohistochemical findings, 184 lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, 189 microscopic findings, 177 microscopic types, 187 rhabdoid tumor, 189 spindle cell pattern, 178 spread and metastasis, 190 squamoid pattern, 178 squamous type, 232 treatment and prognosis, 192 ultrastructural findings, 186 Uremic refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism, 579 W Warthin-like variant of papillary carcinoma, 143, 378, 429 cytopathology, 429 Water clear cell adenoma, parathyroid gland, 532 Wegener granulomatosis, 347 Well-differentiated carcinoma, not otherwise specified, 136 Well-differentiated tumor of uncertain malignant potential, 95,