posted on the College of Applied Human Sciences S drive, as well as classic papers listed below.

Transcription

1 COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Health and Exercise Science Loren Cordain, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus HES 545 EVOLUTIONARY BASIS FOR HEALTH AND FITNESS COURSE SYLLABUS (SPRING, 2013) COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course will present students with the evolutionary processes that shaped the human genome in regard to health, fitness and well being, and show them how modern activity and dietary patterns are discordant with those chosen by natural selection over eons of evolutionary experience. This genetic discordance increases the likelihood of phenotypic expression of nutritionally and hypokinetically related chronic disease. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this course the students will have developed proficiency in the following objectives: 1. Develop an understanding of human origins and the environment that shaped the modern human genome. 2. Develop an understanding of natural selection and how evolution shaped our present day nutrition and exercise requirements 3. Apply the general principles of evolution and natural selection to the understanding of diet and exercise 4. Demonstrate knowledge of the dietary and exercise patterns of pre-agricultural humans. 5. Demonstrate knowledge of the discordance between past and present environments and how this discordance can result in ill health and low fitness levels. 6. Demonstrate knowledge to remedy certain diseases of civilization via remedying genetic discordance between modern and past environments. READING MATERIALS: Lectures will be supplemented by reading assignments from recent journal articles posted on the College of Applied Human Sciences S drive, as well as classic papers listed below. GRADING: 1 st Exam -100 pts 90% or greater = A 2 nd Exam -100 pts 80% to 89.4% = B

2 3 rd Exam -100 pts 70% to 79.4% = C 4 th Exam -100 pts 60% to 69.4% = D Below 60% = F TENTATIVE LECTURE SCHEDULE: DATE TOPIC READING ASSIGNMENT 1/23 Introduction None 1/25 Natural selection and evolution: The genetic basis for human (ref 1, 2) health and well being 1/28 Human origins the evolution of the hominids (ref 3-5) 1/30 Human origins the peopling of the planet (ref 5) 2/1 Environmental selective pressures and diet the environment (ref 6) of our primate ancestors 2/4 Environmental selective pressures and diet the environments (ref 7) of early hominids 2/6 Lipid metabolism, diet and evolution (ref 8) 2/8 The expensive tissue hypothesis (ref 9, 10) 2/11 Biochemical evidence in human dietary evolution (ref 11) 2/13 Fossil evidence for hominid dietary patterns (refs 12, 13) 2/15 Isotopic evidence for ancestral hominid diets (ref 14) 2/18 FIRST EXAM 2/20 The genetic discordance theory (ref 15) 2/22 The diets of Hunter-Gatherers (ref 16, 17)

3 2/25 The diets of Hunter-Gatherers (ref 18) 2/27 The activity patterns of Hunter-Gatherers (ref 19) 3/1 Nutrient analyses of wild foods (ref 16, 20) 3/4 Body composition in wild animal nutrient considerations (ref 18, 21) 3/6 The reconstruction of pre-agricultural diets (16-20, 22, 23) 3/8 The reconstruction of pre-agricultural diets (16-20, 22, 23) 3/11 The nutritional adequacy of pre-agricultural diets (16-20, 22, 23) 3/13 The western diet vs. pre-agricultural diets (16-20, 22, 23) 3/15 SECOND EXAM 3/25 Neolithic and wild food composition and genetic discordance (24) with the human genome 3/27 The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) and the Neolithic (25, 26) transition 3/29 Cereal grains: a double edged sword (24) 4/1 Cereal and legume antinutrients 4/3 Dietary lectins and gastrointestinal and immune interactions (27) 4/5 Molecular mimicry (28) 4/8 Molecular mimicry and autoimmune disease (29, 30) 4/10 Celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis (24, 31) 4/12 Rheumatoid arthritis (32) 4/15 Epidemiology of autoimmune disease and the Neolithic transition (24, 25, 33) 4/17 THIRD EXAM 4/19 Exercise, Neolithic diet and chronic disease (19, 34)

4 4/22 Atherosclerosis (35) 4/24 Cardiovascular disease and the lipid composition of the (22, 23) western diet 4/26 Paleolithic exercise patterns & cardiovascular disease (19, 36) 4/29 Dietary sodium and chronic disease (37) 5/1 Acid/base regulation, diet and bone demineralization (38, 39) 5/3 Acid/base balance in Paleolithic diets (40) 5/6 Carbohydrate content of Paleolithic diets and insulin resistance (41) 5/8 Diseases of insulin resistance (Metabolic Syndrome) (42) 5/10 Diseases of insulin resistance (the IGF-I & IGFBP axis) (43, 44) 5/13 (Mon) FINAL EXAM (FOURTH EXAM) 7:30am to 9:30am Reading List 1. Jones S. The nature of evolution. In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Jones S, Martin R, Pilbeam D (eds), Cambridge University Press, NY, 1992: Williams GC, Nesse RM. The dawn of Darwinian medicine. Quart Rev Biol 1991;66: Stringer CB. The emergence of modern humans. Sci Am 1990;263: Wood BA. Origin and evolution of the genus Homo. Nature 1992;355: Tattersall I. Out of Africa again... and again? Sci Am 1997;276: Milton K. Diet and primate evolution. Sci Am 1993;269: Milton K. A hypothesis to explain the role of meat-eating in human evolution. Evol Anthropology 1999;8: Cordain L, Watkins BA, Florant GL, Kehler M, Rogers L, Li Y. Fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: Evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2002;56:1-11.

5 9. Leonard WR, Robertson ML. Evolutionary perspectives on human nutrition: the influence of brain and body size on diet and metabolism. Am J Hum Biol 1994;6: Aiello LC, Wheeler P. The expensive tissue hypothesis: the brain and the digestive system in humans and primate evolution. Curr Anthrop 1995;36: MacDonald ML, Rogers QR. Nutrition of the domestic cat, a mammalian carnivore. Ann Rev Nutr 1984;4: Blumenschine RJ, Cavallo JA. Scavenging and human evolution. Sci Am 1992;267: Blumenschine RJ. Percussion marks, tooth marks, and experimental determination of the timeing of hominid and carnivore access to long bones at FLK Zinjanthropus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzainia. J Hum Evol 1995;29: Sillen A, Hall G. Strontium calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) and strontium isotopic ratios ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) of Australopithecus robustus and Homo sp. From Swartkrans. J Hum Evol 1995;28: Eaton SB, Konner M. Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med 1985; 1985;312: Eaton SB, Eaton III SB, Konner MJ. Paleolithic nutrition revisited: a twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51: Eaton SB, Eaton III SB, Konner MJ, Shostak M. An evolutionary perspective enhances understanding of human nutritional requirements. J Nutr 1996;126: Cordain L, Brand Miller J, Eaton SB, Mann N, Holt SHA, Speth JD. Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71: Cordain L, Gotshall RW, Eaton SB, Eaton SB III. Physical activity, energy expenditure and fitness: an evolutionary perspective. Int J Sports Med 1998;19: Brand-Miller JC, Holt SHA. Australian Aboriginal plant foods: a consideration of their nutritional composition and health implications. Nutr Res Rev 1998;11: Pitts GC, Bullard TR. Some interspecific aspects of body composition in mammals. In: Body Composition in Animals and Man. National Academy of Sciences Publication 1598, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1968,

6 22. Eaton SB, Eaton SB III, Sinclair AJ, Cordain L, Mann NJ. Dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the paleolithic. World Rev Nutr Diet 1998;83: Eaton SB. Humans, lipids and evolution. Lipids 1992;27: Cordain L. Cereal grains: humanity s double edged sword. World Rev Nutr Diet 1999;84: Simoons FJ. Celiac disease s a geographic problem; in Walcher DN, Kretchmer N (eds): Food, Nutrition and Evolution. New York, Masson Publishing, 1981, pp Dalton TA, Bennett JC. Autoimmune disease and the major histocompatibility complex: therapeutic implications. Am J Med 1992;92: Freed DLJ. Lectins in food: their importance in health and disease. J Nutr Med 1991;2: Barnett LA, Fujinami RS. Molecular mimicry: a mechanism for autoimmune injury. Faseb J 1992;6: von Herrath MG, Oldstone MBA. Role of viruses in the loss of tolerance to self-antighens and in autoimmune diseases. Trends Microbiol 1995;3: Baum H, Bulter P, Davies H, Sternberg MJE, Burroughs AK. Autoimmune disease and molecular mimicry: an hypothesis. Trends Biochem Sci 1993;18: Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. Gastroenterology 1992;102: Cordain L, Toohey L, Smith MA, Hickey MS. Modulation of immune function by dietary lectins in rheumatoid arthritis. Brit J Nutr 2000;83: Green A, Gale EAM, Patterson CC. Incidence of childhood-onset insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: the EURODIAB ACE study. Lancet 1992;339: Eaton SB, Konner M, Shostak M. Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. Am J Med 1988;84: Ross R. Cell biology of atherosclerosis. Ann Rev Physiol 1995;57: Manson JE, Hu FB, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1999;341:650-8.

7 37. Antonios TF, MacGregor GA. Deleterious effects of salt intake other than effects on blood pressure. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1995;22: Chan JCM. Nutrition and acid-base metabolism. Fed Proc 1981;40: Barzel US. The skeleton as an ion exchange system: implications for the role of acid-base imbalance in the genesis of osteoporosis. J Bone Mineral Res 1995;10: Remer T, Manz F. Potential renal acid load of foods and its influence on urine ph. J Am Diet Assoc 1995;95: Miller JC, Colagiuri S. The carnivore connection: dietary carbohydrate in the evolution of NIDDM. Diabetologia 1994;37: Reaven GM. Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease. Physiol Rev 1995;75: Caprio S. Differences between African American and white girls in the insulin-like growth factor-i and the binding proteins: importance of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Pediatrics 1999;135: Attia N et al. The metabolic syndrome and insulin-like growth factor I regulation in adolescent obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83: Loren Cordain, Ph.D. All Rights Reserved.