Brainstem: Midbrain. 1. Midbrain gross external anatomy 2. Internal structure of the midbrain:
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1 Brainstem: Midbrain 1. Midbrain gross external anatomy 2. Internal structure of the midbrain: cerebral peduncles tegmentum tectum (guadrigeminal plate)
2 Midbrain Midbrain general features location between forebrain and hindbrain the smallest region of the brainstem 6-7g the shortest brainstem segment ~ 2 cm long least differentiated brainstem division human midbrain is archipallian shared general architecture with the most ancient of vertebrates embryonic origin mesencephalon main functions: a sort of relay station for sound and visual information serves as a nerve pathway of the cerebral hemispheres controls the eye movement involved in control of body movement Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 2
3 Midbrain Midbrain gross anatomy dorsal part tectum (quadrigeminal plate): superior colliculi inferior colliculi cerebral aqueduct ventral part cerebral peduncles: dorsal tegmentum (central part) ventral cerebral crus substantia nigra Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 3
4 crus cerebri two thick semilunar white matter bundles composition somatotopically arranged motor tracts: corticospinal corticobulbar Midbrain Cerebral crus internal structure Cerebral peduncle: tegmentum mesencephali substantia nigra corticopontine fibers: } pyramidal tracts medial ⅔ frontopontine tracts medially temporopontine tracts laterally interpeduncular fossa (of Tarin) posterior perforated substance Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 4
5 Midbrain Midbrain tegmentum internal structure crus cerebri tegmentum mesencephali substantia nigra location: ventral to the cerebral aqueduct dorsal to the substantia nigra grey matter content: periaqueductal grey matter nuclei of cranial nerves III & IV midbrain reticular formation red nucleus, nucleus ruber: parvocellular part rostral third magnocellular part caudal portion ventral tegmental area NB: tegmentum is Latin for covering The Red and the Black Stendhal (1830) Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 5
6 Red nucleus: ovoid mass ~ 5 mm in diameter pinkish-yellow in color iron-containing pigment Rubral inputs: contralateral cerebellum cerebellorubral tract ipsilateral motor cortex corticorubral tract Rubral outputs rubrospinal projections (tract of Monakow) to: contralateral side (crossed in ventral tegmental decussation of Forel) of: rhombencephalic reticular formation spinal cord Midbrain Red nucleus, nucleus ruber Functions extrapyramidal system: controls the muscles of the shoulder&upper arm in humans vestigial (dominated by corticospinal tract): large muscle movement such as that for arms and legs arm-swinging in normal walking crawling of babies Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 6
7 Ventral tegmental area Midbrain a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain dorsomedial to the substantia nigra ventral to the red nucleus rich in dopaminergic (50-60% of all neurons) and serotoninergic neurons comprises the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system (A10) important projection to nucleus accumbens Functions: implicated in the reward system, motivation, cognition, drug addiction process various types of emotion output from the amygdala role in avoidance and fear-conditioning Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 7
8 Substantia nigra Midbrain crus cerebri tegmentum mesencephali substantia nigra pigmented grey matter (also called Black Matter though it is not entirely black!) neuromelanin and dopamine: nigrostriatal pathway part of the basal ganglia subdivisions two entirely different parts: pars compacta: dorsal cell-rich zone of numerous medium-sized neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons pars reticularis: ventral cell-poor zone of dopaminergic and nonpigmented GABAergic neurons intermingled with nerve fibers Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 8
9 Midbrain Substantia nigra: efferent connections pars compacta input to the basal ganglia: nigrostriatal projection dopamine pars reticulata output conveying signals from the basal ganglia to numerous other brain structures: thalamus nigrothalamic pathway (GABA) superior colliculus reticular formation Functions: pars compacta: motor control Parkinson's disease learned responses to stimuli "spatial learning" pars reticulata: important processing center Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 9
10 Midbrain Tectum, quadrigeminal plate superior colliculi (Latin, higher hills) inferior colliculi (lower hills) Location: rostral half of the tectum, beneath the thalamus brachium of superior colliculus lateral geniculate body alternate grey and white layers superior colliculus nucleus oculomotor nucleus accessory oculomotor nucleus (of Edinger-Westphal) Functions: primary integrating center for visual responses visual coordination of eye and head movements start reflex corpora quadrigemina = "quadruplet bodies" Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 10
11 Midbrain Tectum, quadrigeminal plate superior colliculi inferior colliculi Location: caudal to the superior colliculus, above the trochlear nerve inferior brachium medial geniculate body principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway inferior colliculus nucleus lateral lemniscus trochlear nucleus trochlear decussation Function: principal way station for ascending sound information Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 11
12 Thank you Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 12
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