Orientation, Development, Gross Anatomy, Blood Supply and Meninges References... 3

Transcription

1 Section I Orientation, Development, Gross Anatomy, Blood Supply and Meninges Orientation... 3 References Development... 7 Early Morphogenesis... 7 FormationoftheBrainRegions... 9 Histogenesis Fundamental Morphological Pattern SpinalCord Hindbrain Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Telencephalon New Insights into the Development of Forebrain References Gross Anatomy References Blood Supply, Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation Introduction Arteries of the Brain Meninges, Cisterns and Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation Circumventricular Organs Veins of the Brain Vessels and Meninges of the Spinal Cord References

2 VIII 5 Brain Slices Introduction CoronalSections Sections Perpendicular to the Axis of the Brain Stem Sagittal Sections HorizontalSections Section II Structure of Spinal Cord and Brain Parts Topography of Spinal Cord, Brain Stem and Cerebellum SpinalCord Introduction The Grey Matter of the Cord Primary Afferents TheWhiteMatteroftheCord Topography of the Brain Stem and the Cerebellum Introduction Cranial Nerve Nuclei in the Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata Metencephalon and the Cerebellum Mesencephalon Addendum: Diencephalon and the Corpus Striatum References Diencephalon: Introduction and Epithalamus Introduction Epithalamus References Diencephalon: Dorsal Thalamus IntroductoryNotes Parcellation of the Thalamus Thalamic and Thalamocortical Circuits Ventral Nuclear Group Anterior Nuclear Group and Lateral Dorsal Nucleus Mediodorsal Nucleus Medial Geniculate Body Lateral Geniculate Body Lateral Nuclear Group Posterior Nuclear Complex Intralaminar and Midline Nuclei FunctionalAspects References

3 IX 9 Diencephalon: Ventral Thalamus or Subthalamus IntroductoryNotes Subthalamic Cell Masses Subthalamic Fibre Systems References Diencephalon: Hypothalamus IntroductoryNotes Topography and Subdivision Major Conduction Channels FunctionalAspects1:IntroductoryNotes Functional Aspects 2: Organization of Specific Hypothalamic FunctionalSystems Circadian Rhythms Wakefulness and Sleep StressResponse Thermoregulation FoodIntake Thirst Sexual Behaviour Defensive Behaviour Functional Aspects 3: Summary and Concluding Remarks References Telencephalon: Introduction and Olfactory System Introduction OlfactorySystem GrossFeatures OlfactoryReceptors OlfactoryBulb Secondary Olfactory Projections and Their Sites of Termination Further Spread of Olfactory Information Accessory Olfactory System and Terminal Nerve References Telencephalon: Hippocampus and Related Structures Introduction Topography and Structure of Hippocampus Microcircuitry of Ammon s Horn IntrinsicConnectionsoftheHippocampus Major Fibre Systems Connecting the Hippocampal Formation and Its Dependencies with Other Parts of the Brain Afferents to the Hippocampus EfferentsfromtheHippocampus The Circuit of Papez

4 X Synopsis of Anatomical Data: Functional and Clinical Aspect References Telencephalon: Amygdala and Claustrum Amygdala Topography, Subdivision and Structure Development Fibre Systems Related to the Amygdala Afferents to the Amygdala Intra-Amygdaloid Connections Efferents from the Amygdala The Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and the Extended Amygdala Concept FibreConnectionsoftheBST Functional and Clinical Aspects Claustrum Topography, Subdivision and Structure FibreConnections Circuitry and Function References Telencephalon: Basal Ganglia Introduction CellMasses Fibreconnections IntroductoryNotes The Direct Circuit: Cerebral Cortex Striatum Globus Pallidus Thalamus Cerebral Cortex; or: Cerebral Cortex Striatum Substantia Nigra, pars reticulata Thalamus Cortex Subdivision of Direct Striatal Circuit ABriefExcursiontotheCerebellum Thalamostriate Projections The Indirect Circuit: Cerebral Cortex Striatum External Segment of Globus Pallidus Subthalamic Nucleus Internal Segment of Globus Pallidus and Substantia Nigra, pars reticulata Thalamus CerebralCortex The Striato-Nigro-Striatal Circuit Additional Striatal Connections InputSystems Output Channels ConnectionsoftheVentralStriatum Connections of the Substantia Innominata, Basal Nucleus ofmeynertandrelatedcellgroups Clinical Aspects IntroductoryNote Résumé of the Circuitry of the Basal Ganglia Disorders of the Basal Ganglia References

5 XI 15 Telencephalon: Neocortex Introduction Sulcal Pattern Structural and Functional Subdivision of Neocortex Structural Subdivision 1: Cytoarchitecture Structural Subdivision 2: Myeloarchitecture Structural Subdivision 3: Myelogenesis Structural Subdivision 4: Connectivity Functional Subdivision Structural and Functional Subdivision: Overview Structural and Functional Localization in the Neocortex: Current Research and Perspectives Neocortical Afferents Neocortical Neurons and Their Synaptic Relationships IntroductoryNote Typical Pyramidal Cells Atypical Pyramidal Cells Local Circuit Neurons Microcircuitry of Neocortex Introduction Networks of Pyramidal Neuron Interneuronal Systems Neocortical Columns and Modules Introduction The Investigations of Lorente de Nó: Elementary Units and Glomérulos The Columnar Organization of the Somatosensory Cortex The Columnar Organization of the Visual Cortex The Auditory Cortex TheMotorCortex Columnar Patterns Shown by the Cells of Origin and the Terminal Ramifications of Cortico-cortical Connections Minicolumns and the Radial Unit Hypothesis of Cortical Development Dendritic Clusters, Axonal Bundles and Radial Cell Cords As (Possible) Constituents of Neocortical Minicolumns Microcircuitry of Neocortical Columns Neocortical Columns and Modules: A Critical Commentary ComparativeAspects Synopsis of Main Neocortical Regions Introduction Association and Commissural Connections Functional and Structural Asymmetry of the Two Hemispheres Occipital Lobe Parietal Lobe TemporalLobe Limbic Lobe and Paralimbic Belt

6 XII FrontalLobe Insula References Section III Functional Systems General Sensory Systems and Taste Introduction Peripheral Receptors and Sensory Afferents ArchitectureoftheDorsalHornoftheSpinalCord Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus System The Sensory Relay Nuclei of the Thalamus andthesomatosensorycortex Descending Control by the Somatosensory Cortex Ascending Pathways from the Spinal Cord: Anterolateral Fasciculus and Spinothalamic Tract. Conduction of Pain, Itch and Temperature Control Mechanisms of Nociceptive Transmission The Trigeminal System The Visceral Afferent System References Vestibular System Introduction The Vestibular Labyrinth, the Vestibular Nerve and the Vestibular Nuclei Nonvestibular Afferents, Intrinsic and Commissural Connections of the Vestibular Nuclei Efferents From the Vestibular Nuclei Vestibular Projections to the Cerebellum ProjectionstotheSpinalCordandtheOculomotorCentres Vestibulo-ocular Reflex Pathways Vestibulo-collic Reflex Pathways Projections From the Vestibular Nuclei to the Thalamus andthecerebralcortex References Auditory System Auditory Centres Auditory Pathways Ascending Auditory Projection Nuclei of the Lateral Lemniscus and the Inferior Colliculus Medial Geniculate Body and Auditory Cortex Descending Auditory Projection Auditory Reflex Pathways References

7 XIII 19 Visual System Retina Optic Nerve, Chiasm and Tract Lateral Geniculate Body and the Visual Cortex: Retinotopical Projections to the Lateral Geniculate Body and the Primary Visual Cortex (V1) Visual Areas: Localization Visual Areas: Thalamocortical Projections of the Lateral Geniculate Body Visual Areas: Functional Streams. Intrinsic and Interareal ConnectionsofV1andV Visual Areas: Dorsal and Ventral Processing Streams VisuomotorPathways The Saccade Generating System Superior Colliculus Afferent Connections of the Superficial Layers of the Superior Colliculus Afferent Connections of the Intermediate and Deep Layers of the Superior Colliculus Efferent Connections of the Superior Colliculus Accessory Optic System and the Nucleus of the Optic Tract The Frontal and Parietal Eye Fields Pretectum and the Visual Reflexes VisualSystemandtheCerebellum References Cerebellum Introduction GrossAnatomy Lattice Structure of the Cerebellar Cortex and the Microcircuitry ofthecerebellum The Cerebellar Nuclei, the Modular Organization of the Cerebellar Output and the Efferent Connections of the Cerebellum Localization in the Cerebellum FunctionandMalfunctionoftheCerebellum References Motor Systems Introduction Kuypers Concept of the Motor System: Medial and Lateral Brain Stem SystemsandtheProjectionoftheMotorCortex TheMotorCortex The Primary Motor Cortex and the Premotor Areas The Origin of the Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts Corticocortical, Cerebellar and Pallidal Connections of the Primary Motor Cortex and the Premotor Areas

8 XIV Properties of the Primary Motor and the Premotor Areas The Primary Motor Area Premotor Cortical Areas The Cranial Motor Nuclei The Motor Nucleus of the Trigeminal Nerve The Nucleus of the Facial Nerve The Nucleus Ambiguus and the Nucleus of the Hypoglossal Nerve: Swallowing and Vocalization Brain Stem Control of Spinal Motor Systems Locomotion Brain Stem Control of Micturition and Ejaculation References Reticular Formation and the Monoaminergic and Cholinergic Cell Groups Introduction Subdivisions of the Reticular Formation Monoaminergic Cell Groups and Pathways SerotonergicCellGroups Adrenergic and Noradrenergic Cell groups Dopaminergic Cell Groups Cholinergic Cell Groups Connections of the Reticular Formation and Associated Cell Groups References Greater Limbic System Historical Introduction: From Limbic Lobe to Limbic System The Concept of a Greater Limbic System (GLS) Functional, Structural and Chemical Features of GLS A Brief Guide to Discussions of Limbic Structures in Previous Chapters 930 Inputs to Limbic Domains TheLimbicMotorSystem Concluding Remarks References Subject Index

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