The Nervous System PART B
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1 7 The Nervous System PART B PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB
2 Central Nervous System (CNS) CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles Four chambers within the brain Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
3 Regions of the Brain Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum Figure 7.12b
4 Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain Include more than half of the brain mass Figure 7.13a
5 Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci) Figure 7.13a
6 Lobes of the Cerebrum Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes Surface lobes of the cerebrum Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe
7 Lobes of the Cerebrum Figure 7.15a
8 Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum Somatic sensory area receives impulses from the body s sensory receptors Primary motor area sends impulses to skeletal muscles Broca s area involved in our ability to speak
9 Sensory and Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Figure 7.14
10 Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum Cerebral areas involved in special senses Gustatory area (taste) Visual area Auditory area Olfactory area
11 Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum Interpretation areas of the cerebrum Speech/language region Language comprehension region General interpretation area
12 Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum Figure 7.13c
13 Layers of the Cerebrum Gray matter Outer layer Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies Figure 7.13a
14 Layers of the Cerebrum White matter Fiber tracts inside the gray matter Example: corpus callosum connects hemispheres Figure 7.13a
15 Layers of the Cerebrum Basal nuclei internal islands of gray matter Figure 7.13a
16 Diencephalon Sits on top of the brain stem Enclosed by the cerebral heispheres Made of three parts Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
17 Diencephalon Figure 7.15
18 Thalamus Surrounds the third ventricle The relay station for sensory impulses Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation
19 Hypothalamus Under the thalamus Important autonomic nervous system center Helps regulate body temperature Controls water balance Regulates metabolism
20 Hypothalamus An important part of the limbic system (emotions) The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus
21 Epithalamus Forms the roof of the third ventricle Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland) Includes the choroid plexus forms cerebrospinal fluid
22 Brain Stem Attaches to the spinal cord Parts of the brain stem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
23 Brain Stem Figure 7.15a
24 Midbrain Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers Has two bulging fiber tracts cerebral peduncles Has four rounded protrusions corpora quadrigemina Reflex centers for vision and hearing
25 Pons The bulging center part of the brain stem Mostly composed of fiber tracts Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing & relaxation
26 Medulla Oblongata The lowest part of the brain stem Merges into the spinal cord Includes important fiber tracts Contains important control centers Heart rate control Blood pressure regulation Breathing Swallowing Vomiting
27 Reticular Formation Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem Involved in motor control of visceral organs Reticular activating system plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness
28 Reticular Formation Figure 7.15b
29 Cerebellum Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces Regulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination
30 Cerebellum Figure 7.15a
31 Protection of the Central Nervous System Scalp and skin Skull and vertebral column Meninges Figure 7.16a
32 Protection of the Central Nervous System Cerebrospinal fluid Blood brain barrier Figure 7.16a
33 Meninges Dura mater Double-layered external covering Periosteal attached to surface of the skull Meningeal layer outer covering of the brain Folds inward in several areas
34 Meninges Arachnoid layer Middle layer Web-like Pia mater Internal layer Clings to the surface of the brain
35 Removing the Dura Mater 618sE
36 Cerebrospinal Fluid Similar to blood plasma composition Formed by the choroid plexus Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
37 Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 7.17a b
38 Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 7.17c
39 The Brain is Delicate som-g
40 Blood Brain Barrier Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body Excludes many potentially harmful substances Useless against some substances Fats and fat-soluble molecules Respiratory gases Alcohol Nicotine Anesthesia
41 Traumatic Brain Injuries Concussion Slight brain injury No permanent brain damage Contusion Nervous tissue destruction occurs Nervous tissue does not regenerate Cerebral edema Swelling from the inflammatory response May compress and kill brain tissue
42 Sports and Brain Injuries sc6s
43 Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Commonly called a stroke The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies Loss of some functions or death may result
44 Stroke
45 Alzheimer s Disease Progressive degenerative brain disease Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death
46 CTE aaron-hernandez-cte-brain.html aaron-hernandez-brain-cte.html
47 Cranial Nerves 12 pairs of nerves that mostly serve the head and neck Numbered in order, front to back Most are mixed nerves, but three are sensory only
48 Distribution of Cranial Nerves Figure 7.21
49 Cranial Nerves I Olfactory nerve sensory for smell II Optic nerve sensory for vision III Oculomotor nerve motor fibers to eye muscles IV Trochlear motor fiber to eye muscles
50 Cranial Nerves V Trigeminal nerve sensory for the face; motor fibers to chewing muscles VI Abducens nerve motor fibers to eye muscles VII Facial nerve sensory for taste; motor fibers to the face VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve sensory for balance and hearing
51 Cranial Nerves IX Glossopharyngeal nerve sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx X Vagus nerves sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and viscera XI Accessory nerve motor fibers to neck and upper back XII Hypoglossal nerve motor fibers to tongue
52
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