PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
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1 PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. 11/25/2011. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY Neurobiológia alapjai OLFACTORY SYSTEM (Szaglórendszer) ZSOLT LIPOSITS 11/25/2011. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
3 FEATURES OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM ODORANTS ARE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES OF THE ENVIRONMENT THAT ARE SENSED BY THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM. THEY PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT MEMBERS OF THE BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY AND POTENTIAL HAZARDS THREATENING THE INDIVI-DUALS. SPECIES SPECIFIC ODORANTS, CALLED PHEROMONES, ARE LINKED WITH REPRODUCTION THE HUMAN BEING IS MICROSMATIC AND DEPENDS LESS ON THIS PARTICULAR CHEMICAL SENSE IN COMPARISON WITH DIFFERENT ANIMAL SPECIES ODORANTS TRIGGER SPECIFIC G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS OF THE OLFAC- TORY EPITHELIUM CELLS. THE INFORMATION OF SMELL IS CONVEYED BY THE OLFACTORY NERVE TO THE OLFACTORY BULB FOR INITIAL PROCESSING THE OLFACTORY BULB PROJECTS VIA THE OLFACTORY TRACT TO HIGHER PRO- CESSING CENTERS LIKE THE PYRIFORM CORTEX AND THE AMYGDALA. THESE AREAS RELAY THE INFORMATION FURTHER TO THE ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX, HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS THESE CONNECTIONS ALLOW THE CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION OF SMELL AND PROCESSING ITS EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND MEMORY-RELATED COMPONENTS 11/25/2011. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
4 GENERAL DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM PROCESSING OLFACTORY INFORMATION OLFACTORY NERVE OLFACTORY RECEPTORS ODORANTS OLFACTORY BULB UNCUS OLFACTORY TUBERCLE AMYGDALA ENTORHINAL CORTEX ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX THALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION 11/25/2011. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
5 A THE OLFACTORY APPARATUS IN SITU OLFACTORY BULB B OLFACTORY TRACT SNIFF OLFACTORY NERVES NASAL SEPTUM BREATHING IN BREATHING OUT PRIMARY SENSORY EPITHEL CELLS ARE EMBEDDED IN THE OLFACTORY MUCOSA SITUATED AT THE TOP OF THE NASAL CAVITY. THE CELLS POSSESS CILIA THAT CONTAIN ODORANT RECEPTORS. WATER SOLUBLE ODORANT SUBSTANCES ARE TAKEN THROUGH THE NASAL CAVITY DURING A SNIFF OR BREATHING (A) WHERE THEY BIND TO THEIR RECEPTORS. FIGURE B DEPICTS THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM IN SITU 11/25/2011. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
6 THE STRUCTURE OF THE OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM THE SENSORY EPITHEL CELLS ARE BIPOLAR. THEIR PERIPHERAL POLES FORM OLFACTORY VESICLES THAT ARE DECORATED WITH CILIA. THE VESICLES WITH THE CILIA ARE EMBEDDED IN A MUCOUS FLUID PRODUCED BY SPECIAL GLANDS. THE SENSO- RY CELLS ARE SURROUNDED BY SUPPORTING EPITHEL CELLS. THE OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM HAS A REMARKABLE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY. THERE ARE ABOUT 25 MILLION CELLS ON EACH SIDE AND SURVIVE FOR TWO MONTHS. THE RENEWAL ORIGI- NATES FROM THE BASAL CELLS THAT SHOW HIGH MITOTIC ACTIVITY. THE AXON PROCESSES OF THE BIPOLAR CELLS GATHER INTO 20 BUNDLES ON EACH SIDE AND ENTER THE ANTERIOR CEREBRAL FOSSA OF THE SKULL THROUGH THE CRIBRIFORM PLATE. THEY TERMINATE IN THE OLFACTORY BULB. NOTE, THAT THE BULB HAS TO ADAPT TO THE CONTINUOUSLY INGROWING AXONS 11/25/2011. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
7 THE OLFACTORY RECEPTOR AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION Cl - Ca 2+ camp NOBEL PRIZE WAS AWARDED TO R. AXEL AND L. BUCK IN 2004 FOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE SEVEN TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAIN ODORANT RECEPTOR PROTEIN. BINDING OF THE LIGAND ACTIVATES G PROTEINS THAT IN TURN ACTIVA- TE ADENYL CYCLASE III GENERATING camp. IT IS FOLLOWED BY THE OPENING OF SODIUM/CALCIUM CHANNELS. THE INFLOW OF CALCIUM OPENS CALCIUM-GATED CHLORIDE CHANNELS LEADING TO DEPOLARIZATION OF THE MEMBRANE OF CILIA 11/25/2011. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
8 HISTOLOGY OF THE OLFACTORY BULB MITRAL CELL LAYER INTERNAL GRANULE CELLS INTERNAL PLEXIFORM LAYER EXTERNAL PLEXIFORM LAYER GLOMERULAR LAYER FIBERS OF OLFACTORY TRACT 11/25/2011. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
9 MAIN LAYERS OF THE OLFACTORY BULB CORONAL IMAGE OF THE MOUSE OLFACTORY BULB. BLUE - GLOMERULAR LAYER; RED - EXTERNAL PLEXIFORM AND MITRAL CELL LAYERS; GREEN - INTERNAL PLEXIFORM AND GRANULE CELL LAYERS. COURTESY OF VALLEY M. 11/25/2011. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
10 NEURONAL NETWORKS OF THE OLFACTORY BULB GRANULE CELL LAYER MITRAL CELL LAYER EXTERNAL PLEXIFORM LAYER FIBERS OF OLFACTORY TRACT GRANULE CELL MITRAL CELLS PERIGLOMERULAR CELL LAYER OF GLOMERULI NERVE FIBER LAYER CRIBRIFORM PLATE OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM TUFTED CELL 11/25/2011. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
11 CHARACTERISTICS OF OLFACTORY BULB NETWORKS THE BULB RECEIVES TWO KINDS OF AFFERENT INPUTS. THE OLFACTORY NERVES FROM OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM AND CENTRIFUGAL FIBERS FROM THE OLFACTORY TUBERCLE AND DIAGONAL BAND CONVEY INFORMATION. THESE SIGNALS ARE EXCITATORY WITHIN THE BULB, OLFACTORY FIBERS ESTABLISH CONNECTIONS WITH DENDRITES OF MITRAL, TUFTED AND PERIGLOMERULAR CELLS. THESE STRUCTURES TOGETHER FORM THE CHARACTERISTIC COMPOSITIONS OF THE OLFACTORY BULB, THE GLOMERULI THE CENTRIFUGAL FIBERS COMMUNICATE MAINLY WITH THE INHIBITORY PERIGLOMERULAR AND THE GRANULE CELLS GRANULE CELLS HAVE NO DEFINITIVE AXONS. THEIR DENDRITES PICK UP THE INFORMATION FROM THE CENTRIFUGAL FIBERS AND ESTABLISH CONNECTIONS WITH MITRAL CELL DENDRITES. THEY CONTRIBUTE TO LATERAL INHIBITION. THE INHIBITORY CELLS ARE REPLACED THROUGHOUT LIFE THE EFFERENT PROJECTIONS ARE SENT BY AXONS OF MITRAL AND TUFTED CELLS VIA THE OLFACTORY TRACT 11/25/2011. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
12 PROJECTIONS OF THE OLFACTORY BULB. PRIMARY OLFACTORY AREA OLFACTORY BULB OLFACTORY TRACT OLFACTORY STRIAE PRIMARY OLFACTORY AREA (PYRIFORM CORTEX) FROM THE OLFACTORY BULB, THE IN- FORMATION IS TAKEN VIA THE OLFAC- TORY TRACT AND OLFACTORY STRIAE TO HIGHER LEVEL PROCESSING CENTERS. THE LATERAL STRIA IS INTERCONNECTED WITH THE UNCUS, THE ENTORHINAL CORTEX AND THE LIMEN INSULAE. THESE STRUCTURES FORM THE PRIMARY OLFACTORY AREA WHICH IS PEAR-SHAPED IN RODENTS (PYRIFORM CORTEX). THE SYSTEM IS LINKED TO THE AMYGDALA AS WELL. THE CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION OF ODOR TAKES PLACE IN THE ORBITOFRONTAL AND CINGULATE CORTEX 11/25/2011. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
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PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
The chemical senses, olfaction and taste in many ways are on of the most important sensing
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PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY SEMMELWEIS CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
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PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
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PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
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PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER
PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
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PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
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PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY
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