LIMBIC SYSTEM. Dr. Amani A. Elfaki Associate Professor Department of Anatomy
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1 LIMBIC SYSTEM Dr. Amani A. Elfaki Associate Professor Department of Anatomy
2 Learning Objectives Define the limbic system Identify the parts of the limbic system Describe the circulation of the limbic system and its connections Mention the functional parts of the limbic system
3 Definition The term limbic refers to deep portions of the cerebrum that form a ring around the diencephalon. The limbic system includes nuclei and tracts along the border between the cerebrum and diencephalon. The term limbic system was loosely used to include a group of structures that lie in the border zone between the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus.
4 Definition Now it is recognized, as the result of research, that the limbic system is involved with many other structures beyond the border zone in the control of emotion, behavior, and drive. It also appears to be important to memory. The limbic system is a functional grouping rather than an anatomical one.
5 LIMBIC SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES OF THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE
6 Functions of the limbic system 1) Establishing emotional states. 2) Linking the conscious, intellectual functions of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious and autonomic functions of the brain stem. 3) Facilitating memory storage.
7 Motivational System The sensory cortex, motor cortex, and association areas of the cerebral cortex enable you to perform complex tasks, it is largely the limbic system that makes you want to do them. For this reason, the limbic system is also known as the motivational system.
8 Structures of the Limbic System Anatomically, the limbic structures include the subcallosal, the cingulate, and the parahippocampal gyri, the hippocampal formation, the amygdaloid nucleus, the mammillary bodies, and the anterior thalamic nucleus. The alveus, the fimbria, the fornix, the mammillothalamic tract, and the stria terminalis constitute the connecting pathways of this system.
9 THE COMPONENTS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM IN THE DIENCEPHALON
10 COMPONENTS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM IN THE CEREBRUM
11 Hippocampal Formation The hippocampal formation consists of the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, and the parahippocampal gyrus. Is located in the temporal lobe of each cerebral cortex, medial to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.
12 Hippocampus The hippocampus is a curved elevation of gray matter that extends throughout the entire length of the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. Its anterior end is expanded to form the pes hippocampus. It is named hippocampus because it resembles a sea horse in coronal section.
13 Hippocampal Formation Dissection of the right cerebral hemisphere exposing the cavity of the lateral ventricle, showing the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, and the fornix Coronal section of the hippocampus and related structures
14 Dentate gyrus The dentate gyrus is a narrow, notched band of gray matter that lies between the fimbria of the hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus. Posteriorly, the gyrus accompanies the fimbria almost to the splenium of the corpus callosum and becomes continuous with the indusium griseum.
15 Indusium griseum The indusium griseum is a thin, vestigial layer of gray matter that covers the superior surface of the corpus callosum. Dissection of both cerebral hemispheres showing the superior surface of the corpus callosum
16 Parahippocampal gyrus The parahippocampal gyrus lies between the hippocampal fissure and the collateral sulcus and is continuous with the hippocampus along the medial edge of the temporal lobe. The dentate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus form the posterior and inferior portions of the limbic lobe.
17 Amygdala The amygdalar nuclei, a major component of the limbic system, resemble almonds in shape and are located in the tip of the temporal lobe beneath the cortex of the uncus and rostral to the hippocampus and the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. There are two main groups of these nuclei: the corticomedial and central and the basolateral. The corticomedial-central group is relatively small and is phylogenetically older. It maintains connections with the phylogenetically older regions of the central nervous system, such as the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, and brain stem.
18 Amygdala The basolateral group is larger and phylogenetically more recent. It has extensive connections with the cerebral cortex. Several neurotransmitters have been demonstrated in the amygdala, including acetylcholine, gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine, substance P, and enkephalin.
19 CORONAL SECTION OF THE BRAIN SHOWING THE AMYGDALA AND ADJACENT STRUCTURES
20 AMYGDALA
21 A THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM, SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE MAJOR COMPONENTS
22 The fornix is a tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus. From the hippocampus, the fornix curves medially, meeting its counterpart from the opposing hemisphere. The fornix proceeds anteriorly, inferior to the corpus callosum, before curving toward the hypothalamus. Many fibers of the fornix end in the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus. Fornix
23 Anterior Commissure The anterior commissure is a band-like tract ofwhite fibers that crosses the midline to join both cerebral hemisphere. It contains two fiber systems: an interbulbar system, which joins both anterior olfactory nuclei near the olfactory bulbs, and an intertemporal system, which connects the temporal lobe areas of both cerebral hemispheres.
24 The septal area, also called the septal nuclei or septal complex, is an area of gray matter lying above the lamina terminalis and below the rostrum of the corpus callosum, near and around the anterior commissure. Septal Area The septal area is a focal point within the limbic system, and is connected with the olfactory lobe, amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. The septal area is a "pleasure center" in the brain.
25 Connecting Pathways of the Limbic System The connecting pathways of the limbic system are the alveus, the fimbria, the fornix, the mammillothalamic tract, and the stria terminalis. The alveus consists of a thin layer of white matter that lies on the superior or ventricular surface of the hippocampus. It is composed of nerve fibers that originate in the hippocampal cortex. The fibers converge on the medial border of the hippocampus to form a bundle called the fimbria.
26 DIAGRAM SHOWING SOME IMPORTANT AFFERENT AND EFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
27 Connecting Pathways of the Limbic System The fimbria now leaves the posterior end of the hippocampus as the crus of the fornix. The crus from each side curves posteriorly and superiorly beneath the splenium of the corpus callosum and around the posterior surface of the thalamus. The two crura now converge to form the body of the fornix, which is applied closely to the undersurface of the corpus callosum. As the two crura come together, they are connected by transverse fibers called the commissure ofthe fornix. These fibers decussate and join the hippocampi of the two sides.
28 DIAGRAM SHOWING SOME IMPORTANT AFFERENT AND EFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
29 Connecting Pathways of the Limbic System The mammillothalamic tract provides important connections between the mammillary body and the anterior nuclear group of the thalamus. The stria terminalis emerges from the posterior aspect of the amygdaloid nucleus and runs as a bundle of nerve fibers posteriorly in the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle on the medial side of the tail of the caudate nucleus. It follows the curve of the caudate nucleus and comes to lie in the floor of the body of the lateral.
30 MEDIAL ASPECT OF THE RIGHT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE SHOWING STRUCTURES THAT FORM THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
31
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