LIFE! (A BRIEF snapshot)
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- Gordon Hood
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1 LIFE! (A BRIEF snapshot)
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4 Atmospheric Stuff of Life- Coacervates
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6 When exactly (what criteria) do we obtain a living cell? Cellular Reproduction Growth/Development Metabolize Respond Evolve
7 Prokaryotes-life s first fully independent creatures
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10 So, what are some basic environmental conditions cells had to evolve to overcome? (In order to exsist and thrive?)
11 So what drove complexity? In no small part, the cyanobacteria
12 Evolutionary flow chart for cellular achievement Coacervate (empty cell) formation- anaerobic prokaryotes- aerobic prokaryotes aerobic eukaryotes & anaerobic eukaryotes (individual cells) multicellular aerobic and anaerobic organisms
13 First mass extinction-end of the archaea-bacteria reign! Darn the cyanobacteria! Favored heterotrophic chemosynthetic bacterium Increase complexity of DNA Who is LUCA? (Traits) Who is still around? Who is more ancestral? Revisit diagram (hand out)
14 So the environment is the spark to cellular evolution.
15 Today s relationship? Endosymbiosis chapter4/animation_-_endosymbiosis.html
16 Cell size and function! Why do cells remain small? SA:V ratio How do we compensate for small size?
17 Why does evo favor all this additional boundary complexity? HOMEOSTASIS (Mr Prey!)
18 The Leftovers? Viruses Prion
19 Back to the idea of maintenance of cellular life? How do we maintain internal homeostasis? Cellular structures Chemical properties- Water potential Enzyme reactions Chemical reactions/chemical presence (+/-)
20 What do ALL (cells) continue to share? (Structurally) Although ONLY eukaryotes have all the extras!
21 Must knows: phospholipid by-layer (orientation), 5 types of glycoproteins (see next slide), cholesterol, carbohydrate chains/antenna
22 Critical components (extras) in eukaryote membrane evolution Phosphate (polar)-lipid (non-polar)molecule (phospholipids)-all about passive movement 5 types of large glycol-proteins : Adhesion, Communication, Identification, Transport, Receptor Sugar molecule (carbohydrate) antenna Sterols-support Why need all these extras??
23 Outside the cell membrane-cell walls Peptidoglycan (Prokaryotes only huge in medicine!) Chitin-fungi Cellulose-plants NONE-animals
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25 4 ways to communicate Carbohydrate antenna Ion concentration and exchange Chemical close or far Tactile
26 3 areas for communication
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28 For chemical communication There are three stages of cell signaling: Reception where the target cell detects a signaling molecule present in the exogenous environment. Transduction the conversion of the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response, we can amplify here. Response the specific cellular effect brought about by the signaling molecule.
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30 Reception: a signal molecule (ligand) binds to a receptor protein (receptor), causing it to change shape. The interaction between a ligand and receptor is highly specific. A conformational change in a receptor is often the initial stage in the transduction of a signal. Receptors are found in two places; Intracellular proteins are found inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The signalling molecule must cross the plasma membrane and therefore must be hydrophobic (for instance the steroid hormone testosterone), or very small (Nitric Oxide). Or Cell-surface proteins are embedded in the plasma membrane, and these receptors bind to water-soluble ligands. Transduction: cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecule in the cell. Enzymes called protein kinases. These proteins cause an amplification of the signal, thus exaggerating the Response: cell signaling leads to the regulation of cellular activities.
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32 Increase in cellular complexity= increase in cellular specificity=increase in # of cells=increase in cell to cell communications
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