DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
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1 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION Subject:- Anatomy, Physiology and Health Education Class:- B.P. Ed. Semester- I Presented By:- Dr. Mahesh Singh Dhapola
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3 Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. Definition of Cell:- A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. OR Cell is the structural and functional unit of life.
4 Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell
5 Typical Animal Cell
6 Cell Parts and Functions Nucleolus (Nucleoli) Makes ribosomes Location: inside the nucleus (dark spot) Nuclear Membrane Protects nucleus Lets things in/out of nucleus (pores) Location: around nucleus cell
7 Cell Parts Organelles Surrounding the Cell
8 Cell Membrane Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer
9 Cell Wall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Supports & protects cells
10 Inside the Cell
11 Inside the Cell Nucleus Largest structiure almost in the center of a cell, bounded by nuclear membrane. Directs cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material DNA Contains nucleolus and chromatin
12 Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of three layers contains lipids and proteins. Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus It measures 70A* Approx.
13 Chromosomes In nucleus Made of DNA Contain instructions for traits & characteristics
14 Nucleolus Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins
15 Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture Lying between the cell membrane and nucleus. It contains cell organells like endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondriya, lysosomes and centrosome. Surrounded by cell membrane
16 Endoplasmic Reticulum Moves materials around in cell. Most extensive cell organelle. It is of two types i.e. Granular & Agranular Consists of two membranes separated by a space Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface
17 Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands Make proteins Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell
18 Mitochondria Produces energy through chemical reactions breaking down fats & carbohydrates Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Also known as Power house of the Cell
19 Golgi Bodies (Apparatus) Cup shaped structured. Lies between the nucleus and apex of the cell Concerned with concentration of proteins prior to their secretion Move materials within the cell Move materials out of the cell
20 Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Contain variety of hydrolytic enzymes. Lysosome Small spherical or oval bodies surrounded by a single membrane It break down bacteria and cell debris engulfed by the cell
21 Cell Parts and Functions Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) Transports materials and sends messages to all parts of the cell Two types: smooth and rough (has ribosomes) Location: attaches from cell membrane to nuclear membrane Rough E.R.
22 Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape
23 Functions of Cell 1. Ingestion and Assimilation 2. Growth and Repair 3. Metabolism 4. Respiration 5. Excretion 6. Irritability and Contractility 7. Reproduction
24 Tissue Types in the Human A group of cells having the same origin, similar shape and specific or common generalised function is known as tissue. Epithelial primarily used for protection Connective primarily used for support Nerve primarily used for control Muscle primarily used for movement
25 Epithelial Tissue Consists almost entirely of cells, little extracellular material One side always exposed to: body exterior organ cavity Cells have high regeneration potential * Cells are avascular *. (Perfusion) Some epithelial cells rest on a Basement Membrane Basement Membrane nonliving adhesive substance secreted by epithelial cells (Similar to Scotch tape) composed of connective tissue (collagen and glycoproteins)
26 Adjectives Describing Epithelial Tissue Squamous (meaning scale ) - flat cells Cuboidal - cells as tall as they are wide Columnar - tall and column shaped Simple - having a single layer of cells Stratified - having multiple or stacked layers Transitional - dome shaped surface cells Examples SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM permeable - used for filtration and exchange examples: capillaries, alveoli, kidney glomeruli STRATEFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM used for protection - basil cells may be cuboidal examples: skin, inside of mouth
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28 Kidney tubules, glands, lining of terminal Dr. Mahesh bronchioles, Singh Dhapola etc.
29 Glands, bronchioles, stomach, intestines, Dr. Mahesh bile Singh ducts, Dhapola etc.
30 Mouth, throat, esophagus, urethra, Dr. Mahesh skin (keratinized) Singh Dhapola
31 Sweat gland ducts, salivary gland Dr. ducts, Mahesh etc. Singh Dhapola
32 Mammary gland ducts, larynx, urethra Dr. Mahesh (males) Singh Dhapola
33 Lines nasal cavity & sinuses, Dr. auditory Mahesh Singh tubes, Dhapola trachea, bronchi
34 Bladder lining, ureters, and superior Dr. Mahesh urethra Singh Dhapola
35 [A] Epithelium Tissue:- 1. Simple Epithelial Tissue (Single Layered) i. Squamous ii. Cuboidal iii. Columnar iv. Ciliated v. Glandular 2. Stratified Epithelium Tissue:- (More than one layer) i. Stratified Squamous Epithelium ii. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium iii. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
36 [B] CONNECTIVE TISSUE 1. Areolar Tissue 2. Adipose Tissue 3. White Fibrous Tissue 4. Tendon 5. Ligament 6. Blood 7. Bone i. Compact ii. Spongy 8. Cartilage
37 Collagen Fibers
38 Areolar Tissue Elastic Fiber Fibrocyte Nucleus Collagen Fiber
39 Adipose Tissue 200 X (bv = blood vessel) bv (arrow: adipocyte nucleus)
40 Fibrocartilage
41 Elastic Cartilage (note numerous chondrocytes and elastic fibers)
42 Epiphyseal Plates Marrow Endosteum Periosteum Bone Histology Compact (Cortical) Bone Haversian System (osteon) Haversian Canal (contain blood vessels) Lamellae (concentric rings of hard bone) Osteocytes in Lacunae Volkmans Canal Trabecular (Cancellous) Bone Canaliculi (connecting tunnels)
43 Cartilage Tissue is further classified into:- i. Hyaline Cartilage (Collagen fibres) ii. White Fibrous Cartilage iii. Elastic Cartilage [C] MUSCULAR TISSUE:- This tissue is specialized for contraction, and by means of this movement is performed. It is composed of cylindrical fibers which correspond to the other tissues. Three are three types of Muscles:-
44 1. Striped (Striated, Skeletal or Voluntary) 2. Unstriped (Unstriated, Smooth or Involuntary) 3. Cardiac Muscles (Only found in the heart) [D] NERVOUS TISSUE:- The nervous tissue consist of three kinds of matter i.e. grey matter forming the nerve cells, white matter, forming the nerve fibers and neuroglia, a special kind of supporting cell, found only in the nervous system, which holds together and support nerve cells and fibers. Each nerve cell with its processes is called a neuron.
45 Anatomy of Nerve
46 Higher Neural Processing Centers Sensory Neuron Sensory - Motor Structure & Signal transmission Afferent Signal Efferent Signal Axon Motor Neuron Hillock Efferent Signal Free Nerve Endings (type of receptor) Effector Muscle
47 ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES OF LIFE 1. Presence of protoplasm 2. Excitation and Irritability 3. Contractility and Conductivity 4. Respiration 5. Assimilation and Digestion 6. Metabolism 7. Growth and Development 8. Excretion and Secretion 9. Reproduction
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What is a tissue? Points to ponder. Tissues Connective Tissue. 1. Connective tissue 2/23/2019. Organization and Regulation of Body Systems
Organization and Regulation of Body Systems Chapter 04 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.