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1 ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y a n i n t r o d u c t i o n 18 Practical Applications of Immunology PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
2 Vaccine History Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox into skin (18th century). Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox into skin. Herd immunity results when most of a population is immune to a disease.
3 Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Bacterial Diseases in Humans DtaP Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid Meningococcal meningitis: Purified polysaccharide from N. meningitidis Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: Polysaccharides conjugated with protein Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: S. pneumoniae antigens conjugated with protein
4 Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Viral Diseases in Humans Smallpox: Live vaccinia virus Poliomyelitis: Inactivated virus Rabies: Inactivated virus Hepatitis A: Inactivated virus Influenza: Inactivated or attenuated virus Measles: Attenuated virus Mumps: Attenuated virus Rubella: Attenuated virus Chickenpox: Attenuated virus Hepatitis B: Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine)
5 Monoclonal Antibodies (Mabs) Alemtuzumab: For leukemia Infliximab: For Crohn s disease Rituximab: For non-hodgkin s lymphoma Trastuzumab: Herceptin for breast cancer Basiliximab and daclizumab: Block IL 2, immunosuppresives for transplants Palivizumab: Treatment of RSV
6 Monoclonal Antibodies Figure 18.2
7 Monoclonal Antibodies Immunotoxins: Mabs conjugated with a toxin to target cancer cells. Chimeric mabs: Genetically modified mice that produce Ab with a human constant region. Humanized mabs: Mabs that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen-binding. Fully human antibodies: Mabs produced from a human gene on a mouse.
8 Precipitation Reactions Involve soluble antigens with antibodies. Figure 18.4
9 Agglutination Reactions Involve particulate antigens and antibodies. Antigens may be On a cell (direct agglutination). Attached to latex spheres (indirect or passive agglutination). Figure 18.5
10 Antibody Titer Is the concentration of antibodies against a particular antigen. Figure 18.6
11 Viral Hemagglutination Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs. Some viruses agglutinate RBCs in vitro. Figure 18.8
12 Viral Hemagglutination-Inhibition Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs. Some viruses agglutinate RBCs in vitro. Antibodies prevent hemagglutination. Figure 18.9b
13 Neutralization Reactions Eliminate the harmful effect of a virus or exotoxin. Figure 18.9b
14 Complement Fixation Test Figure (1 of 2)
15 Complement Fixation Test Figure (2 of 2)
16 Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Direct) Figure 18.11a
17 Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Indirect) Figures 18.11b, 3.6b
18 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Direct ELISA) Figure 18.14a
19 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Indirect ELISA) Figure 18.14b
20 Serological Tests Figure 18.13
21 Serological Tests Direct tests detect antigens (from patient sample). Indirect tests detect antibodies (in patient s serum).
22 Serological Tests Agglutination: Particulate antigens Hemagglutination: Agglutination of RBCs Precipitation: Soluble antigens Fluorescent-antibody technique: Antibodies linked to fluorescent dye. Complement fixation: RBCs are indicator. Neutralization: Inactivates toxin or virus. ELISA: Peroxidase enzyme is the indicator.
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