abstract Key words: Hard palate, Tongue, Buccal floor, Sambar deer, Gross anatomy

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1 Gross anatomical studies on the hard palate, tongue and buccal floor in sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) a.r sreeranjini 1, c.v rajani 2 and n. ashok 3 Department of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad, Kerala abstract The present study was conducted on the hard palate, tongue and buccal floor of three sambar deer. The hard palate was wide rostrally and caudally with a narrow middle part at the level of the commissures. Its anterior two thirds presented transverse ridges on either side that were curved, serrated and met each other at the median palatine raphae. Between the dental pad and the first pair of ridges a diamond shaped incisive papilla was noticed. A distinct median palatine raphae divided the palate into two halves. The caudal smooth part of the hard palate showed numerous orifices of palatine glands. The apex of tongue was flat with a rounded border. The frenulum linguae was wide. A torus linguae with prominent median sagittal sulcus and transverse fossa linguae was present over the dorsum. The mucous membrane of the tongue presented different types of papillae such as filiform, fungiform, lenticular, conical, vallate and foliate. The buccal floor contained orobasal organ just behind the central incisors. Sublingual caruncles were less distinct and the lateral sublingual recess presented a sublingual fold bearing large conical papillae. Key words: Hard palate, Tongue, Buccal floor, Sambar deer, Gross anatomy introduction Sambar deer is the largest among Indian deer and is common in forested hillsides. They belong to herbivorous ruminant species. In domestic ruminants the transverse ridges on the hard palate and the projections on the tongue help in the backward movement of ingesta. The tongue and the dental pad help in prehension in ruminants (Nickel et al., 1979). Literature on the anatomical peculiarities of the hard palate, tongue and buccal floor in sambar deer is scanty. To bridge the deficiency, the present work was undertaken. materials and methods The present study was conducted on the hard palate, tongue and buccal floor of three sambar deer brought for post mortem examination to the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad. Various morphological parameters were studied and recorded (Table.1). Biometry was done with vernier calipers, twine and a measuring scale. Present Address : 1 Assistant Professor, 3 Professor, Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Assistant Professor, Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad, Kerala

2 Gross anatomical studies on the hard... results and discussion hard palate Hard palate (Palatum durum) formed the major part of the roof of the oral cavity. It was wide both rostrally and caudally with a narrow middle part at the level of the commissures as in ox and sheep (Fig.1). However, in goat the hard palate was of uniform width (Nickel et al., 1979). The hard palate was flat and its anterior two thirds presented transverse ridges (ruguae palatinae) whereas the posterior one third was smooth. These ridges assist in the passage of ingesta backwards. The anterior end of hard palate showed a semi lunar dental pad made of dense connective tissue and covered by a thick cornified epithelium. The dental pad served as a counterpart to lower incisors. Between the dental pad and the first pair of ridges, a diamond shaped incisive papilla was noticed. These findings are in agreement to those of other domestic ruminants (Getty, 1975). The incisive papilla was surrounded by a groove and contained the palatine openings of the incisive duct on either side. These incisive ducts opened into the vomeronasal organs located at the floor of the nasal cavity on either side of the nasal septum. A distinct median groove called median palatine raphae as seen in cattle divided the palate into right and left halves. Each half presented fifteen transverse palatine ridges and was curved with its convexity directed anteriorly as compared to the ox wherein these ridges were straight (Getty, 1975). The free edges of these ridges were serrated due to the presence of small caudally directed papillae as in ox. The ridges of both sides met each other at the median raphae as reported by Maala et al., (2007) in cattle. However, in sheep and goat these ridges were smooth, irregular and met alternately at the raphae (Dyce et al., 1996). These findings suggest a combination of the features of hard palate of ox and small ruminants, in sambar deer. The ridges gradually diminished in size rostro-caudally and disappeared about the level of second cheek tooth. Papillae were absent in the last few ridges. The caudal smooth part of the hard palate continued caudally as soft palate and showed numerous fine orifices of palatine glands. The epithelium covering the hard palate was heavily keratinized as in other herbivores (Dyce et al., 1996). tongue The tongue presented three parts viz. the cranial apex, middle body (corpus linguae) and the caudal root (radix linguae). The free rostral part, the apex presented dorsal and ventral surfaces facing the palate and the floor of the mouth cavity respectively. The two surfaces met at the rounded lateral borders. From the ventral surface of the tongue a median fold of mucous membrane, the frenulum linguae extended to the floor of the mouth cavity which was wide as in various domestic ruminants (Nickel et al., 1979). The apex was flat with a rounded border as noticed in White fallow deer (Sarma et al., 2006 ) The body constituted the bulk of the organ. The caudal part of the body presented an elliptical dorsal prominence, the torus linguae (Fig.2) and was demarcated anteriorly by the transverse fossa linguae as in White fallow deer (Sarma et al., 2006). As reported in domestic ruminants by Nickel et al., (1979), in sambar deer also there are chances of wounding the delicate epithelium of the fossa linguae by sharp food particles and thereby acting as a vulnerable location for infection. The torus lingua was less prominent as in sheep and goat (Getty, 1975). Unlike in domestic ruminants, the dorsum of torus showed a prominent median sagittal sulcus. The lateral surface of the body of the tongue was extensive as in other herbivores. The body and the root were wide and were attached to the floor of the mouth. The root of the tongue sloped caudally and ventrally towards the base of the epiglottis. In the root, the lateral margins were not distinct. The mucosa of the dorsum of tongue was pigmented, 152

3 table.1 morphological parameters of the hard palate and tongue of sambar deer parameters measurements (in cm) Hard Palate maximum length 13 At the level of commissures of mouth At the middle of anterior half At the middle of posterior half Dental pad Length Incisive papilla Length B. Tongue maximum length At the level of root At the middle of torus At the level of fossa linguae At the middle of apex At the tip of apex thickness Body Middle of apex Tip of apex lingual fossa Length Depth Sreeranjini et al., thick, rough and cornified, whereas the mucosa on the ventral and lateral surfaces was thin and delicate. The mucous membrane of the tongue presented different types of papillae such as filiform, fungiform, lenticular, conical, vallate and foliate. 153 The caudally directed, pointed filiform papillae were distributed throughout the dorsum. In the apical half of dorsum, rostral to torus they were numerous, fine, soft and thread like as in sheep and goat (Getty, 1975). The fungiform papillae were scattered among the filiform papillae over the entire dorsum and were larger as in Bengal Goat and Garole Sheep (Hemram and Ray, 2009). They were more numerous along the edges of the apex

4 Gross anatomical studies on the hard... of the tongue. The conical and lenticular papillae were present over the torus linguae as in domestic ruminants (Nickel et al., 1979) (Fig.3). Conical papillae were larger and directed anteriorly, laterally and caudo- laterally. Lenticular papillae were round, flat and sessile. Both papillae decreased in number towards the root. The filfiform, conical and lenticular papillae have mechanical functions. Vallate papillae were indistinct unlike in other ruminants and were distributed along the lateral sides of the torus linguae. Foliate papillae were noticed on the border of the tongue rostral to palatoglossal arches. They appeared as a series of parallel folds separated from one another by small furrows (Nickel et al., 1979). Fungiform, vallate and foliate papillae have gustatory function. The mucosa covering the dorsum of the root of the tongue was irregular due to the presence of lingual follicles. The root was connected with the soft palate by two lateral mucosal folds, the palatoglossal arches. A central glossoepiglottic fold connecting the root of tongue to the base of epiglottis was also present. fig -1 hard palate of deer - dorsal view Buccal floor The buccal floor was a crescent shaped space and consisted of a rostral prefrenular part and two lateral sublingual recesses. The prefrenular part contained the orobasal organ just behind the central incisors as seen in ox (Nickel et al., 1979). It was in the form of two epithelial ridges containing an opening on each ridge. Anterior to the frenulum linguae and opposite to the corner incisors on either side, sublingual caruncles were noticed which were less distinct than that in cattle and goat. (Fig.4). The lateral sublingual recess on either side presented a sublingual fold bearing large posteriorly directed conical papillae as in large ruminants (Getty, 1975) I- Incisive papilla, D-Dental pad, M- Median palatine raphae, R-Palatine ridges, Sp - Soft palate, Sh - Smooth part of hard palate 154 Tamilnadu J. Veterinary & Animal Sciences 6 (4) , July -August 2010

5 Sreeranjini et al., fig -2. tongue of deer - dorsal view. T-Torus linguae, F- Fossa linguae, A- Apex, B- Body, R- Root, Fg- Fungiform papilla, M- Median sagittal sulcus, P- Palatoglossal arch fig -3. tongue of deer - dorsal view of torus linguae. Fi-Filiform papilla, V- Vallate papilla, L- Lenticular papilla, C- Conical Papilla, 155

6 Gross anatomical studies on the hard... fig 4. Sublingual floor of Deer : Antero -dorsal view O- Orobasal organ, Sc - Sublingual caruncle, Fl-Frenulum linguae, Sf- Sublingual fold references Dyce, K. M., Sack, W. O., and Wensing, C. J.G. (1996). Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, 2nd edn, W B Saunders Company, Philadelphia. pp: Getty, R. (1975). Sisson and Grossman s The Anatomy of The Domestic Animals Vol. II 5 th edn. W B Saunders Company, Philadelphia. pp: Hemram, S. and Ray, S. (2009).Comparative anatomical study of tongue in Black Bengal goat and Garole sheep. Journal of Interacademicia. 13(3) : Maala, C. P., Ducusin, R. J. T. and Rizon, J. A. (2007). The gross anatomy of the hard palate and palatine printing in cattle. Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44 (1): 1-7. Nickel, R., Schummer, A. and Seiferle, E. (1979). The viscera of the domestic mammals. 2 nd edn, Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, Hamburg. pp: Sarma, M., Choudhury, K. B. D., Sarma, K. K. and Gogoi, B. (2006). Gross anatomical observations on the tongue of an adult white fallow deer.indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 76(12):

HUMAN ANATOMY II STUDY NOTES. At the end of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions:

HUMAN ANATOMY II STUDY NOTES. At the end of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: HUMAN ANATOMY II STUDY NOTES CHAPTER ONE The Special Senses Learning objectives At the end of this chapter the student should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What is the gross and histological