Name SID # NST11 Second Midterm-Version A. You have Version A. Please mark A for question 1.

Transcription

1 Name SID # NST11 Second Midterm-Version A You have Version A. Please mark A for question 1. In 2013, the Syrian president Bashar Al Asad used the Organophosphorus chemical warfare agent sarin against his own population. Please answer the following questions. 2. What immediate symptoms arise from exposure to sarin? a. Euphoria, hallucinations, hyperexcitability, death b. Suppressed movement, less anxiety, a high c. Tremoring, convulsions, seizures, excessive tearing, salivation, death d. Initial euphoria, followed by pain in extremities, followed by gangrene of the limbs e. Loss of memory, neurodegeneration 3. What molecular target does sarin inhibit in the nervous system? a. Glutaminase b. Acetylcholinesterase c. Acetylcholine receptor d. Glutamate receptor e. Monoacylglycerol lipase 4. What happens when you inhibit this molecular target? a. Glutamine levels rise in the synapse b. GABA levels rise in the synapse c. 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels rise in the synapse d. acetylcholine levels rise in the synapse inhibiting acetylcholine receptors e. acetylcholine levels rise in the synapse hyperstimulating acetylcholine receptors 5. What is the mechanism underlying the sarin-induced symptoms? a. Increased levels of acetylcholine stimulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to cause seizures and convulsions and stimulate the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors to cause excess tearing b. Increased levels of acetylcholine stimulate the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors to cause seizures and convulsions and stimulate the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to cause excess tearing c. Increased levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol stimulates cannabinoid receptors leading to convulsions, tremoring, and excessive tearing. d. Increased levels of glutamate stimulate glutamate receptors leading to euphoria, hallucinations, hyperexcitability, and death e. Increased levels of glutamate stimulate the glutamate receptor leading to loss of memory, neurodegeneration

2 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer s disease. Answer the following questions. 6. Why would acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors improve memory in Alzheimer s disease patients? a. AChE inhibition causes glutamate levels to go up and regenerates neurons b. AChE inhibition raises the levels of dopamine leading to overall happiness and improved memory c. AChE inhibition raises the levels of acetylcholine produced by remaining neurons, leading to increased stimulation of acetylcholine receptors and improved memory d. AChE inhibition raises the levels of dopamine produced by remaining neurons, leading to increased happiness and euphoria e. AChE inhibition raises the levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol leading to cannabinoid receptor stimulation and happiness You re a CIA operative posing as a chef for a terrorist organization. Your mission is to eliminate the terrorist group. You decide to do so by serving them pufferfish sushi. You cut into the liver of the pufferfish allowing the liver contents to spill onto the sushi. You then serve the sushi to the terrorists. Answer the following questions 7. What happens to the terrorists after eating the sushi? a. Euphoria, hallucinations b. Convulsions, seizures c. Tearing, diarrhea, vomiting d. Tingling lips, paralysis, death e. Extreme happiness 8. What is the active toxicant in pufferfish? a. Metrodotoxin b. Tetrodotoxin c. Saxitoxin d. Sarin e. Sodium 9. How does this toxicant work? a. Opens voltage-gated sodium channels b. Opens voltage-gated calcium channels c. Inhibits acetylcholinesterase d. Stimulates glutamate receptors e. Closes voltage-gated sodium channels You re studying for the NST11 exam and are getting tired. You decide that you need to some more energy and decide to take some cocaine, so you go to People s Park and buy some from a local dealer. Answer the following questions 10. After taking your first non-overdosing level of cocaine, what symptoms do you experience? a. Reduced heart and respiratory rate, reduced activity, lethargic, high, increased appetite b. Seizures, convulsions c. Increased activity, talkativeness, euphoria, increased heart and respiratory rate, reduced fatigue d. Hallucinations, euphoria, depression, paranoia e. Paralysis, coma, and death

3 11. You eventually become addicted to cocaine needing to take more and more cocaine to get the same response. What neurotransmitter is responsible for this reinforced behavior? a. Glutamate b. Acetylcholine c. 2-arachidonoylglycerol d. dopamine e. GABA 12. What is one of the mechanisms through which addiction happens with various drugs of abuse? a. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase leads to accumulation of acetylcholine and stimulation of acetylcholine receptors making you want to take more drug b. Overstimulation of dopamine receptors leads to desensitization of dopamine receptors, requiring more drug to gain the same level of happiness from the drug c. Overstimulation of opioid receptors leads to desensitization of acetylcholine receptors requiring more drug to gain the same level of happiness from the drug d. Drugs gets metabolized faster the more times you take the drug so the you need to take more drug to get the same effect. e. The more drug you take, the more off-target effects you get from taking the drug, leading to various unanticipated side effects including addiction. 13. How does cocaine work? a. It inhibits acetylcholinesterase b. It inhibits dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine reuptake transporters c. It stimulates cannabinoid, opioid, and GABA receptors leading to a general suppression of the nervous system d. It stimulates opioid receptors leading to a general suppression of the nervous system e. It stimulates GABA receptors You re an organic farmer and decide to use organic pesticides on your crops. A few years later, you are diagnosed with Parkinson s disease. Answer the following questions. 14. Which organic pesticide has been linked to Parkinson s disease? a. Organophosphorus pesticides b. Neonicotinoid pesticides c. Pyrethrum d. Rotenone e. DDT 15. How does this insecticide possibly cause Parkinson s disease? a. Complex I inhibition leading to ATP depletion and neuronal death, followed by neuroinflammation and further neurodegeneration b. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition leading to excitotoxicity, excess calcium influx into neurons, and neurodegeneration c. Opens voltage-gated sodium channels leading to hyperexcitation of neurons leading to neuronal death d. Hyperstimulation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor leads to rigidity and reduction in spontaneous motor activity associated with Parkinson s disease

4 You re a farmer in the Salinas Valley growing fruits and vegetables. You want to maximize your crop yield by using pesticides and genetically modified crops. Answer the following questions. 16. You decide to illegally use DDT as an insecticide for your farm. Initially, for the first few years, DDT works really well at killing insect pests in your field. How does DDT work to kill insects? a. Opens voltage-gated sodium channel b. Stimulates glutamate receptor c. Inhibits acetylcholinesterase d. Closes voltage-gated sodium channel e. Opens voltage-gated calcium channel 17. After a while of using DDT, you see a decline in bird populations in your area. Why? a. DDT kills birds by stimulating the voltage-gated sodium channels b. DDT inhibits reproduction in birds and inhibits egg shelling. c. DDT disrupts the ability of birds to fly and navigate d. DDT killed the insect food supply for the birds e. DDT caused increased motivation in bird hunters to kill more birds. 18. After a few years of using DDT, there are many more women in your community that have breast cancer. Why? a. DDT stimulates the voltage-gated sodium channel causing cancer b. DDT inhibits glutamate receptors causing cancer c. DDT is an endocrine disruptor that stimulates estrogen receptors causing cancer d. DDT inhibits acetylcholinesterase leading to cancer e. DDT inhibits egg shelling in women leading to cancer 19. You decide to become a responsible farmer and use neonicotinoids as insecticides for your farm. Why are neonicotinoids safer for people than nicotine as insecticides? a. Neonicotinoids inhibit an insect-specific receptor in the insect brain b. Neonicotinoids have a higher affinity for the insect acetylcholine receptor compared to mammalian receptors and nicotine has higher affinity for mammalian receptors over insect. c. Neonicotinoids act through multiple mechanisms including acetylcholinesterase inhibition, opening the voltage-gated sodium channel, and stimulating the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor d. Neonicotinoids make people happier by stimulating the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor like nicotine does in cigarettes e. People are likely to be more sensitive to neonicotinoids compared to nicotine 20. You also decide to use the herbicide Roundup in conjunction with Roundup-ready corn to optimize your yield. The active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup is glyphosate. What genes have been introduced into the Roundup-ready corn? a. Genes that make corn more sensitive to glyphosate combined with a gene for making an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor b. Genes that make corn insensitive to glyphosate and a bacterial endotoxin that kills insects c. Genes that produce harder shells around leaves that inhibit glyphosate absorption d. Genes that allow corn to develop consciousness and swat insects and squash weeds e. Genes that mutate your DNA so that you become resistant to glyphosate toxicity

5 21. Seldane was marketed as an anti-histamine anti-allergenic drug but it turned out to also cause heart-attacks and cardiac arrhythmias and was taken off the market. Was this toxic side-effect an on- or off-target effect and what was the mechanism for toxicity? a. On-target effect through the histamine receptor b. Off-target effect through the HERG cardiac channels c. On-target effect through glutamate receptors d. Off-target effect through inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels e. off-target effect through inhibiting acetylcholinesterase 22. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, like aspirin and ibuprofen, are used widely to reduce fever and inflammation. However, they also cause gastrointestinal side-effects. Are the gastrointestinal side-effects on-target or off-target effects and what is the mechanism for this toxicity? a. Off-target by acting as proton-pump inhibitors b. Off-target by stimulating the voltage-gated sodium channel c. On-target through inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX1/2) enzymes d. On-target through selectively inhibiting COX2 e. On-target through stimulating cannabinoid receptors 23. Benadryl is prescribed as an anti-allergenic agent, but also causes drowsiness. How do the anti-allergenic and drowsiness effects happen and is the drowsiness an on or off-target effect? a. Benadryl inhibits acetylcholinesterase and leads to anti-allergenic and drowsiness effects through desensitization of acetylcholine receptors drowsiness is due to ontarget toxicity b. Benadryl antagonizes the histamine receptor to cause anti-allergenic effects and stimulates the GABA receptors to cause drowsiness drowsiness is an off-target effect c. Benadryl antagonizes the histamine receptor to cause both the anti-allergenic and drowsiness effects drowsiness is an on-target effect d. Benadryl stimulates the histamine receptor to cause the anti-allergenic effect and stimulates dopamine receptors for the drowsiness drowsiness is an off-target effect. Thalidomide was a drug prescribed for morning sickness in pregnant women but turned out to cause major birth defects leading to infants being born with shortened limbs. 24. What is the therapeutic target of thalidomide that caused the birth defects? a. Glutamate receptors b. GABA receptors c. Acetylcholinesterase d. Histamine receptor e. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 25. What was the mechanism that led to the birth defects? a. GABA receptors leading to impaired neurotransmission b. Binding to a protein called dopamine receptors c. Binding to a protein called cereblon and lowering the levels of growth factors d. Inhibiting acetylcholinesterase leading to impaired neurotransmission and motor function e. Stimulating HERG channels and causing arrhythmias

6 26. How does thalidomide work as an anti-cancer agent? a. Thalidomide inhibits HMGCoA reductase and starves the cell of cholesterol needed for the cell to divide. b. Thalidomide inhibits angiogenesis in tumors starving the cancer of nutrients it needs to survive c. Thalidomide activates GABA receptors to suppress tumor growth d. Thalidomide inhibits acetylcholinesterase and causes overexcitation and death of cancer cells e. Thalidomide stimulates HERG channels on the tumor killing the cancer cells.