CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (Circulatory System)

Transcription

1 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (Circulatory System)

2 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (Circulatory System) It is a system that is created to transport materials like nutrients and even waste products throughout the body cells and organs. According to McGraw-Hill (2009) It consists of the HEART, BLOOD and BLOOD VESSELS. It sends blood to LUNGS (for oxygen) and DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (for nutrients) It circulates waste products to certain organ systems for removal from blood.

3 Characteristics of the circulatory system Connects all parts of an organism Allows individual cells to thrive as well as for organisms to function as a unit It is an entirely CLOSED SYSTEM

4 The HEART is a cardiac involuntary muscle that pumps blood throughout the blood vessels reaching body organs Extends from the level of the 2 nd rib to about the level of the 6 th rib in the MEDIASTINUM made of cardiac muscle surrounded by the PERICARDIUM 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies

5 The HEART is bordered laterally by the lungs, posteriorly by the vertebral column & anteriorly by the sternum rests on the diaphragm inferiorly Heartbeat: 72 beats per minute (100,000 times each day) Cone-shaped organ about the size of a clenched fist; mass (250 to 350 grams) 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies

6 Structure of the Heart (cross section) layer on top of the visceral pericardium Innermost layer; thin & smooth; Stretches as the heart pumps Covers the heart & large blood vessels Middle layer; primary cardiac muscle Outermost layer; fat to cushion heart Innermost layer; directly on the heart 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies

7 The Heart consists of four (4) chambers. The atrioventricular septum separates the atria from the ventricles. Two ATRIA TWO VENTRICLES upper chambers (left & right) pumps blood into the 2 lower chambers thin walls & smaller separated by ATRIAL SEPTUM fnv5mycfc8lkgodnpgaxg&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.imagekb.com%2f4-chamber-of-the-heart lower chambers (left & right) pump blood throughout the body larger; thick muscular wall Separated by VENTRICULAR SEPTUM 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies

8 The Heart also consists of four (4) valves. Prevents blood from flowing back into the LEFT ventricle Prevents blood from flowing back into the RIGHT ventricle Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts Prevents blood from flowing back into the LEFT atrium when the ventricle contracts

9 The heart rate or pulse rate is the number of times your heart beats every minute. Consists of 2 parts: DIASTOLE & SYSTOLE DIASTOLE (heart muscle relaxes, allowing blood to flow into the atria and ventricles) SYSTOLE (ventricles contract, pumping blood to the body) NODES (masses of nerve & muscle cells control center of the heart) 1) PACEMAKER or SA NODE (signals atria to contract) 2) AV NODE (relay signals to ventricles to pump blood out of the heart)

10 Blood Pressure Force blood exerts on the inner walls of blood vessels Highest in arteries Lowest in veins Systolic pressure Ventricles contract Blood pressure is at its greatest in the arteries Diastolic pressure Ventricles relax Blood pressure in arteries is at its lowest Reported as the systolic number over the diastolic number 27-10

11 Blood Pressure Control is based mainly on the amount of blood pumped out of the heart The amount of blood entering should equal the amount pumped from the heart Starling's law of the heart Blood entering the left ventricle stretches the wall of the ventricle The more the wall is stretched The harder it will contract and thee more blood it will pump out 27-11

12 Heart Sounds One cardiac cycle two heart sounds (lubb and dubb) when valves in the heart snap shut Lubb First sound when the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut Dubb Second sound when the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut

13 Blood is a type of connective tissue. Average-sized adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood Amount depends on: Size of person Amount of adipose tissue Concentrations of ions Females have less than males It consists of the following: Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leukocytes) Platelets cell fragments Plasma fluid part of blood

14 Blood Components Hematocrit The percentage of red blood cells Normal is about 45% Plasma = 55% (White cells and platelets = 1%)

15 Erythrocytes Transport oxygen throughout the body Small biconcave-shaped cells The pigment in RBCs is called HEMOGLOBIN Oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen; bright red Deoxyhemoglobin DOES NOT carry oxygen; darker red Carries carbon dioxide, so also called carboxyhemoglobin Anemia low RBC count Erythropoietin regulates production of RBCs Red Blood Cells

16 Granulocytes Neutrophils (55%) destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the bloodstream (phagocytes) White Blood Cells (WBC) Eosinophils (3%) get rid of parasitic infections such as worm infections Basophils (1%) control inflammation and allergic reactions 27-16

17 Agranulocytes White Blood Cells (WBC) Monocytes (8%) destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in blood Lymphocytes (33%) provide immunity for the body 27-17

18 White Blood Cells (WBC) WBC count normally 5,000 to 10,000 cells per cubic millimeter of blood Leukocytosis Elevated WBC count Usually due to infection Leukopenia Low WBC count Some viral infections and other conditions

19 Platelets Fragments of cells found in the bloodstream Also called thrombocytes Important in the clotting process of blood Normal count 130,000 to 360,000 platelets per cubic millimeter of blood 27-19

20 Bleeding Control Three processes of hemostasis Blood vessel spasm Platelet plug formation Blood coagulation 27-20

21 Platelet plug formation 27-21

22 Plasma Liquid portion of blood composed mostly of water Proteins Albumins Smallest plasma proteins Pull water in to help maintain blood pressure transport lipids and fatsoluble vitamins Fib needed for blood clotting 27-22

23 27-23 Plasma Nutrients Amino acids Glucose Nucleotides Lipids from the digestive tract Gases oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen Electrolytes Waste products

24 27-24 Blood Types Types are distinguished by antigen and antibodies Agglutination Clumping of red blood cells Antigens on surface of RBCs bind to antibodies in plasma

25 Blood Types Blood Type Antigen Present Antibody Present Blood That Can Be Received A A B A and O B B A B and O AB AB None A, B, AB, and O O None A and B O 27-25

26 Apply Your Knowledge True or False: Write T if the statement is TRUE. If the statement if FALSE underline the word/s that made it incorrect and write the correct answer. ANSWER: F Hematocrit is the percentage of WBCs in the blood. T Neutrophils destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the bloodstream. T Platelets are important to the clotting process. F Albumin is a small plasma protein that pushes water out of the bloodstream. T Hemostasis is the control of bleeding. F A person with type AB blood can only receive type AB blood. RBCs pulls water into can receive any type of blood

27 Strongest of the blood vessels Blood Vessels Carry blood AWAY from the heart Under high pressure Vasoconstriction Vasodilation 27-27

28 Aorta Takes blood from the heart to the body MAIN ARTERY in the human body Coronary arteries Supply blood to heart muscle Arterioles Small branches of arteries that leads to a capillary 27-28

29 Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels Smallest type of blood vessel Connect arterioles to venules Only about one cell layer thick Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into a body cell Carbon dioxide and other waste products pass out of a body cell into a capillary 27-29

30 From the Latin word VENA Superior and inferior vena cava Largest veins Carry blood into right atrium Carry blood from parts of the body TOWARD the heart Most veins carry DEOXYGENATED blood from the TISSUES back to the heart Exceptions; PULMONARY & UMBILICAL VEINS (carry oxygenated blood to the heart) 27-30

31 Small vessels formed when capillaries merge FUNCTION: collect blood from the capillary beds (network of capillaries); allows blood to return from the capillary beds to drain into the larger blood vessels, the veins 27-31

32 Apply Your Knowledge How do arteries control blood pressure? ANSWER: The muscular walls of arteries can constrict to increase blood pressure or dilate to decrease blood pressure

33 Circulation Pulmonary circuit right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery trunk pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins heart (left atrium)

34 Circulation Systemic circuit Left atrium left ventricle aorta arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins vena cava heart (right atrium)

35 The Heart: Blood Flow Deoxygenated blood in from body Oxygenated blood in lungs Oxygenated blood out to body Deoxygenated blood out to lungs Atria Contract Ventricles Contract

36 The Heart: Blood Flow (cont.) Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Valve Body Lungs Aortic Semilunar Valve Left Ventricle Bicuspid Valve Left Atrium Pulmonary Semilunar Valve 27-36

37 The Heart: Cardiac Cycle Influenced by Exercise Parasympathetic nerves Sympathetic nerves Cardiac control center Body temperature Potassium ions Calcium ions 27-37

38 What does having chest pain mean? Cardiac Myocardial infarction Angina Pericarditis Coronary spasm Take all complaints of chest pain seriously! Non-cardiac Heartburn Panic attacks Pleurisy Costochondritis Pulmonary embolism Sore muscles Broken ribs 27-38

39 27-39 Chest Pain Determine cause Electrocardiogram Stress tests Blood tests Chest x-ray Nuclear scan Coronary catheterization Echocardiogram Endoscopy

40 Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Disease Description (Blood vessels) Aneurysm A ballooned, weakened arterial wall Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits within the arteries Varicose Veins Artherosclerosis Stroke Twisted, dilated veins Disease of the arteries; cholesterol buildup (plaque) Blockage & hardening of arteries in the brain or neck vessels

41 Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Disease Description (Heart) Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms Carditis Endocarditis Murmurs Myocardial Infarction Inflammation of the heart Inflammation of the innermost lining of the heart, including valves Abnormal heart sounds Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a lack of blood supply

42 Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Disease (Heart) Ischemic heart disease Description Inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscles due to impaired blood flow to the heart. Angina Hypertension A condition marked by severe pain in the chest caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart also called high blood pressure often results from arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis; consistent resting blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg

43 Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Disease (Heart) Myocarditis Pericarditis Congestive Heart Failure Description Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart Inflammation of the membranes that surround the heart (pericardium) Weakening of the heart over time; heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body s needs

44 Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Disease Description Sickle Cell Anemia Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick in capillaries Thalassemia Thrombophlebitis Leukemia Inherited form of anemia; defective hemoglobin chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein Bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal WBCs

45 Apply Your Knowledge The doctor has told your patient she has anemia. How would you explain this to the her? ANSWER: Anemia is a condition in which a person does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to body cells.

46 In Summary Cardiovascular system Transport system for body Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries Blood Transport medium RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma 27-46

47 End of Chapter Your work is to discover your world and then with all your heart give yourself to it. ~ Buddha

48 REFERENCES J. Ferriols-Pavico, A. Morales-Ramos, A. Bayquen, A. Silverio. Exploring Life Through Science. Phoenix Publishing House C. Capco & G. Yang. You and the Natural World. Biology. Phoenix Publishing House The McGraw-Hill Companies.2009 B. Essenfeld, C. Gontang & R. Moore. Biology Second Edition. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company d=rja&uact=8&ved=0cayqjb1qfqotcmdbsfnv5mycfc8lkgodnpgaxg&url=http% 3A%2F%2Fwww.imagekb.com%2F4-chamber-of-the-heart