Plant Biochemistry 31S2-33. ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto. P.M. Dey. J.B. Harborne. edited by.

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1 31S2-33 Plant Biochemistry edited by P.M. Dey Division of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK. and J.B. Harborne Department of Botany, Plant Sciences Laboratories, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AS, UK. ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto

2 Contents Contributors Preface 1 The Plant, the Cell and its Molecular Components P.M. Dey, M.D. Brownleader and J.B. Harborne 1.1 Introduction Comparative biochemistry The eukaryotic plant cell Techniques of cell fractionation Molecular aspects Further reading 47 2 Photosynthesis J.R. Bowyer and R.C. Leegood 2.1 Introduction Light energy utilization to produce ATP and NADPH The Benson-Calvin cycle Photorespiration C 4 photosynthesis Crassulacean acid metabolism 100 Acknowledgements 102 Background reading 102 Further reading 102 Other reference Carbohydrate Metabolism: Primary Metabolism of Monosaccharides M.D. Brownleader, J.B. Harborne and P.M. Dey 3.1 Introduction Glycolysis Pentose phosphate pathway The citric acid cycle Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation 126 and further reading Carbohydrate Metabolism: Storage Carbohydrates G. Avigad and P.M. Dey 4.1 Introduction Sucrose a,a-trehalose Other oligosaccharides Fructans Starch Other reserve polysaccharides Further reading Carbohydrate Metabolism: Structural Carbohydrates J.S. Grant Reid 5.1 Introduction The plant cell wall or extracellular matrix Structures and interactions of plant cell wall polysaccharides Supratnolecular interactions of structural polysaccharides in cell walls 218 ix xi

3 VI CONTENTS 5.5 Biosynthesis of structural polysaccharides 5.6 Metabolic turnover of structural components 5.7 Conclusions 6 Plant Lipid Metabolism John L. Harwood 6.1 The chemistry of plant lipids 6.2 Fatty acid biosynthesis 6.3 Triacylglycerol synthesis 6.4 Membrane lipid biogenesis 6.5 Lipid catabolism and turnover 6.6 Cutins, suberins and waxes 6.7 Plant membranes Further reading 7 Primary Nitrogen Metabolism Peter J. Lea 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nitrogen fixation 7.3 Nitrate uptake and reduction 7.4 Ammonia assimilation 7.5 Asparagine metabolism 7.6 Aminotransferases 7.7 The aspartate family 7.8 The branched chain amino acids 7.9 The biosynthesis of proline and arginine 7.10 Sulfur amino acids 7.11 Histidine Acknowledgements 8 Nucleic Acids and Proteins Eric Lam 8.1 Introduction 8.2 DNA 8.3 RNA 8.4 Proteins 8.5 Summary 9 Regulation of Gene Expression in Plants J.A. Gatehouse 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Nuclear genes 9.3 Organellar genes 9.4 Signaling mechanisms in gene regulation 9.5 Gene regulation in plant development 9.6 Transgenic plants 9.7 Conclusion Further reading 10 Phenolic Metabolism D. Strack 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Shikimate/arogenate pathway

4 CONTENTS Vll 10.3 Phenylalanine/hydroxycinnamate pathway Phenylpropanoid pathways Hydroxycinnamate conjugates Hydroxycoumarins Hydroxybenzoates Flavonoids Lignins Lignans and Neolignans Tannins Quinones Isoprenoid Metabolism Peter M. Bramley 11.1 Introduction Nomenclature, classification and occurrence General pathway of terpenoid biosynthesis Monoterpenoids Sesquiterpenoids Diterpenoids Triterpenoids Carotenoids Polyterpenoids Minor classes of terpenoids _ Control and compartmentation of isoprenoid biosynthesis Special Nitrogen Metabolism Michael Wink 12.1 Introduction Non-protein amino acids Amines Cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates Alkaloids Auxins, cytokinins and ethylene Nitrogen bases and cofactors Biochemical Plant Pathology Jonathan D. Walton 13.1 Introduction Genetics of host/pathogen interactions Mechanisms of pathogenicity: penetration and spread Mechanisms of plant resistance Further reading Biochemical Plant Ecology Jeffrey B. Harborne 14.1 Introduction Plant responses to the environment Plant response to herbivory: toxin production Constitutive defense mechanisms Induced phytochemical response to herbivory Conclusion

5 Vlll CONTENTS 15 Plant Cell Biotechnology M.D. Brownleader and P.M. Dey 15.1 Introduction Plant cell culture Micropropagation Commercial exploitation of plant biotechnology Definitions 528 Further reading 529